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Volume 4, Issue 1
Articles
Revisiting Porter Five Forces Model: Influence of Non-Governmental Organizations on Competitive Rivalry in Various Economic Sectors |
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| Abstract: | This study aims to revisit an influential model in management literature—i.e., Michael Porter’s five forces model. It is used to determine the attractiveness of an industry through—buyers power, competitive rivalry, threat of new entrants, suppliers power and substitution goods. Notwithstanding the acclaim that this model has won, it is now facing mounting criticism due primarily to its limited applicability in ever changing global context. This study critically analyzes the literature available on the subject to bring into limelight the weaknesses of this model. We propose an integrated, comprehensive and updated model that captures effects of all forces including a new force—i.e., non-governmental organizations. We suggest that NGO activism interacts with each force to either ameliorate or reduce its effect on the competitive rivalry of the firms. Strategists, consultants and managers are recommended—based on this updated model—to include NGO activism in their assessment of industry’s attractiveness. | |
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| Keywords: | Porter Five Forces, Government, Strategy, NGOs Activism, Competitive Rivalry | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)01 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)01 | |
| Page Nos: | 01-15 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 1 | |
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Altruistic and Emotive Legitimization Strategies in Pakistani, Indian and US Politicians’ Discourse |
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| Abstract: | Research into manifestations of altruism and emotions in political discourse suggests that these facilitate in legitimizing the decisions and actions of political leaders. An important aspect of the political rhetoric is the strategies used by political actors to justify their acts and decisions. Drawing upon Critical Discourse Analysis and using textual analysis, this study focuses on altruistic legitimization strategies employed by Pakistani, Indian and US politicians. The scope of the present study is limited to explaining the linguistic construction and shaping of altruistic legitimization strategies. This is done through analysis of the discursive structures from the speeches of Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and US President Donald Trump. Results show striking similarities among their speeches when it comes to altruistic legitimization strategies and strategies based on fear are concerned. However, Trump stands apart from other two leaders in that his strategies are less emotive | |
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| Keywords: | Altruistic and Emotive Legitimization Political Discourse textual analysis | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)02 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)02 | |
| Page Nos: | 16-26 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 2 | |
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Self-efficacy and Students’ Academic Performance: Examining Gender Differences at Higher Secondary Level |
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| Abstract: | This research aims to explore gender differences in self-efficacy and its relationship with students’ educational performance. Self-efficacy is an individual’s faith to achieve an objective or accomplish a level of performance within a given situation. Self-efficacy in academics is an essential indicator of success at higher secondary level study success. A better transformation to the university will experience students at the end of their secondary education by high academic self-efficacy. The study was descriptive, and survey design was used. Students studying in 12th class in public sector higher secondary schools served as a population for this study. A questionnaire was designed as a data collection tool for obtaining information from a sample consisting of 1507 students from 18 higher secondary institutions of nine districts of Punjab. Results showed that male science students feel more confident about their success in the final output as compared to female science students studying at the higher secondary level. Gender difference in self-efficacy was a significant reason which affects their academic performance. | |
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| Keywords: | Academic Achievement, Cognition, Self-Efficacy, Gender Differences | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)03 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)03 | |
| Page Nos: | 27-39 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 3 | |
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“Sell-outs, Fatsos or Whores?”: Representation of Politically Active Pakistani Women on Social Media |
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| Abstract: | The democratic nature of social media coupled with its unprecedented growth due to easy access and somewhat anonymity of users have had implications for various social groups during the last few years. A natural corollary to the vast amount of discourse on social media is the competition and conflict among individuals and groups to gain control and dominance. Like the male politicians, the politically active women in Pakistan also take to Twitter, a social media platform, to express their ideas. Since Twitter is a public platform, politically active men as well as women are exposed to a variety of comments from their followers as well as critics. Through textual analysis of tweets, and using the feminist lens, the present study found issues of women objectification and de-legitimization. It was found that younger women political activists were framed as immoral while senior politicians were body shamed. Vocabulary used by members of Twitter to develop their discourse for representing various politically active women in Pakistan shows uncivil behavior and gendered prejudices. | |
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| Keywords: | Social Media, Twitter, Whatsapp, Pakistani Women | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)04 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)04 | |
| Page Nos: | 40-50 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 4 | |
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Impact of Agitational Politics on Inflation: A Case Study of Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This research explores the impacts of agitational politics on economic development especially in a developing state like Pakistan. Political stability is a basic requisite for economic development and social integrity. Political parties play a pivotal role in political stability. Economic development and advancement are possible if the country is politically stable. It directly influences economic growth. In the case of Pakistan agitational politics, political vulnerabilities and inside security issues have undermined the financial advantageous situations. Shocks and effects of political events such as Lawyer movement 2007, Azadi and Inqilab March 2014 directly influenced the inflation rate from 2007 to 2018. Inflation is a negative proportional factor in economic growth. The inflation rate is an annual percentage of the cost of goods and services of the consumer’s basket. In this research paper, Inflation is used as the dependent variable, whereas agitational politics as an independent variable. Due to agitational politics, the inflation rate and consumer price index (CPI) directly affected. | |
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| Keywords: | Agitational Politics, Economic Growth, Political Stability, Inflation, CPI | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)05 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)05 | |
| Page Nos: | 51-64 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 5 | |
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Indigenization in Multilingual Setting: Evidence from Pakistan English Written Discourse |
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| Abstract: | This study aims at highlighting the process of indigenization in Pakistani English written discourse. Certain features of Pakistani English have been found indigenized and variant because of the influence of Urdu and non-native Pakistani context. Such variations and modifications result in indigenization. English in Pakistan is influenced by the socio-cultural aspects of multilingual society. It has led to capture the certain variation in English at all levels. These innovative changes have been recognized as indigenized features of Pakistani English because these features occur quite regularly in different genres in Pakistani multilingual society. The data for this study comprise Pakistani English novels, short stories and newspapers. The results of the study suggest that these features of Pakistani English could be documented in the form of codification and reference books. | |
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| Keywords: | Worldenglishes, Indigenization, Written Discourse, Pakistani English | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)06 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)06 | |
| Page Nos: | 65-78 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 6 | |
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Media Coverage and Political Interests: Portrayal of Syrian Conflict by Saudi and Iranian Press |
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| Abstract: | This study focuses to probe the portrayal of pro and anti-government Syrians groups in Saudi and Iranian press. It is hypothesized that Arab news and Tehran times portrayed pro and anti- government Syrians groups differently. It is also hypothesized that press of both countries framed pro and anti-government groups differently. The theoretical framework for this research was based on framing theory. The research follows the quantitative research design content analysis strategy. The times frame was selected from 1st January to 31 December 2013 and researcher designed a coding sheet by selecting two frames, pro-government and anti-government frame. The data was analyzed through SPSS and Chi-Square test was applied on data .The findings of the study revealed that there is significant difference in portrayal and framing of both newspapers. Both hypotheses were accepted. | |
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| Keywords: | Portrayal, Pro-Syrian, Anti-Syrian Groups, Saudi, Iranian, Media | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)07 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)07 | |
| Page Nos: | 79-92 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 7 | |
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Extremist Narratives of Political Islam in Pakistan in/after 1980s |
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| Abstract: | This article discusses factors of extremism in Pakistan which emerged in result of the misuse of political Islam concept during 1980s. This concept of political Islam was hijacked and manipulated by political parties, extremist religious groups, and military establishment. This article makes the situation analysis in local and regional contexts. It also highlights current shifts in the extremist ideologies from Deobandi to Barelvi school of thought with the alleged supported of the military establishment. Military establishment and political parties always tried to have their vested interests fulfilled through religiously extremist groups in the country. The religious groups, too, tried to heap the benefits for themselves underhand. The strange nexus between the two kept on worsening the situation as both sides used the ignorant or the innocent pubic nefariously. With practice approach, this paper presents theories of change and their potential intervention design to help understand stakeholders the misuse of political Islam in Pakistan. Such understanding may help the masses of Pakistan in developing the ways to counter the propagated concept of political Islam. | |
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| Keywords: | Political Islam, Muslims, Pakistan, Violent Extremism, Religious | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)08 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)08 | |
| Page Nos: | 93-105 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 8 | |
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Political Dynasties and Candidate Selection: A Case of Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This research explores that the political leadership of major political parties relies on candidate that belonged to dynastic background. Political dynasties became the emerging trend of politics in all political system of the world. Pakistan is one of those countries where more than 50% public representative belongs to some sort of dynasties. An electable candidate is acceptable for nomination and favorable for the voters due to winning position. Contrarily, voters are also motivated and deeply persuaded by dynastic candidate in elections. So the selection of the candidate and the voting trend of the voters both support the dynastic candidate on elections day. The data to predict this argument is collected in two steps. Firstly, from the nomination papers of each candidate to submit the Election Commission of Pakistan and secondly the General Elections 2013 result. | |
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| Keywords: | Political Parties, Leadership, Political Dynasties, Electoral System, Democracy | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)09 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)09 | |
| Page Nos: | 106-120 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 9 | |
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Representation of Genderlect and Social Identities in Pakistan: An Analysis |
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| Abstract: | This paper endeavors to study how male and female characters reflect differences in social identities through speech, gendered way of talking and misinterpretation in their articulation. Deborah Tanen’s Difference theory as framework is used and data is collected from the dialogues of Pakistani drama serial “Anaa” and analyzed qualitatively using thematic approach. The results show that language of men is significantly different from that of women because of traditional gender roles assigned and assumed under the influence of ideologies propagated by different agencies including family, society, institutions and media discourses. Findings of the study can be useful to bridge the gap between the opposite sexes to bring harmony and healthy atmosphere especially in educational institutions and workplace. The study suggests that awareness about cross cultural communication should be made an integral part of syllabus especially in foreign and second language acquisition to bring harmony in opposite sexes and avoid social conflict | |
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| Keywords: | Social Constructivism, Pakistani Society, Traditional Gender Roles, Communication | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)10 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)10 | |
| Page Nos: | 121-129 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 10 | |
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Z. A Bhutto’s Bout for Civil Supremacy in Pakistan: An Analysis |
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| Abstract: | Civil-military relations in Pakistan have been remained, predominantly, smooth and straight in the history of Pakistan with it is, explicitly, more tilt towards military establishment. Period of Z.A Bhutto has been marked as a unique period in the history of civil-military relations in Pakistan due to efforts for radical changes in these relations as a result of constitutional reforms and politico-administrative measures. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto adopted the policy of curtailment of power of military through constitutional-cum-administrative measures on the one hand, and the strategy to restore the lost morale of the army by increasing its budget and through enhancement of salaries of the military personnel on the other hand. This paper locates the independence, autonomy and strength of the democratic parliament and democratic regime of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto as well as the power and area of influence of the army in the political affairs of Pakistan. | |
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| Keywords: | Civil-military relations , Civil Supremacy, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)11 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)11 | |
| Page Nos: | 130-140 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 11 | |
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Transformation of Legal Texts into Simplified Accounts to Make the Justice Accessible |
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| Abstract: | This research determines the impact of plain English on legal texts by making the comparison with the original legalese for the legal discourse community of Pakistan. In this regard, the linguistic competence of law practitioners and law teachers is computed in terms of comprehension and time spent on reading original and simplified versions of extracts of judicial judgments. For this, two questionnaires were generated, comprising of five extracts of civil judicial judgments with both versions; for gathering the perceptions of lawyers and law teachers. And, then data was systematically analyzed by making relative impact of original and simplified versions of judicial texts. The findings clearly revealed that the simplified versions of judicial texts gained momentum in terms of time saving and raising intelligibility among the participants. In light of findings, Plain English Language Movement is suggested in Pakistani legal and academic settings which can revolutionize the legal system of Pakistan. | |
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| Keywords: | Legalese, Language and Law, Plain English Judicial Judgments, Legislation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)12 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)12 | |
| Page Nos: | 141-153 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 12 | |
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One-Unit Period and Sindh: A Bitter Reminiscence |
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| Abstract: | This study inquires the political, cultural and economic grievances of indigenous Sindhis and role of the actual or perceived injustices for the rise of Sindhi ethno-nationalism. One-Unit was a scheme introduced by the Pakistani government to amalgamate all the areas of West Pakistan in a single province. Its implementation deprived existing provinces of their autonomy. The defunct provinces were not mere administrative units but were historical homelands of communities possessing distinctive ethno-cultural identities. Hence, it was not only a loss of political autonomy but was also a loss of identity for the people of smaller provinces. Larger proportion of One-Unit population belonged to the former province of Punjab. Punjabis also formed the most advanced ethnic group of West Pakistan. So their dominance in One-Unit’s administration, economy and politics was quite obvious. The government was compelled to abandon the One-Unit scheme after a decade and a half because of the resolute opposition by smaller provinces nevertheless it left bitter memories. Indigenous population of Sindh akin to people of other smaller provinces considered the One-Unit period as the bitterest experience of their history. It is abominated as the colonial period during which people had to face many suffering and lead a miserable life. That strengthened ethno-nationalists sentiment among indigenous Sindhis. The perceptions of Sindhis’ exploitation are how much based on reality demand a comprehensive investigation based on empirical pieces of evidence | |
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| Keywords: | One-Unit, Sindh, Nationalism, Identity, Grievances, Representation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)13 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)13 | |
| Page Nos: | 154-166 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 13 | |
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No Modus Operandi for Seeking Solution to Liberate Kashmiri Muslims |
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| Abstract: | This study highlights the different perspectives of Kashmir conflicts which deprived the Kashmiri people from their basic rights like right of self-determination, right of life and property, right of communication. Kashmir is a bone of contention between the two South Asian players, India and Pakistan since their emergence on the globe in 1947. Both states failed to resolve the issue cordially. Round the years, the human rights violation of Indian armed forces in Indian held Kashmir (IHK) is a source of extreme concern for Pakistan. The provision and utilizations of promised right of self-determination is the only way which brought peace and harmony in Kashmir particularly and in the region generally. The failure of Bilateral efforts of India and Pakistan to determine the Kashmir issue has been made certain groups like, pro- Pakistan, pro-India, pro-independence of Kashmir who claimed to be the rightful owner of the issue. Their presence in the area of concerned parties (Pakistan, India and China) helped them to strengthen and propagate their point views among the domestic/international forums. United Nations should play a constructive role for holding a free and fair plebiscite in Kashmir according to its dates back Resolutions yet nothing viable suggested or implemented by this international agency | |
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| Keywords: | Pakistan-India, Human Rights, Violation, United Nations, Plebiscite | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)14 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)14 | |
| Page Nos: | 167-178 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 14 | |
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Level of Women’s Political Empowerment in Local Government System: A Study of Female Counselors in District Sargodha |
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| Abstract: | The current study is designed to examine the level of political empowerment of female councilors. Interview schedule was used as an instrument to collect data. A sample of 200 respondents was taken by Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling. Results indicated that half of the respondents were illiterate and belong to the poor families. Massive majority of women councilors were affiliated with PMLN and had no self-interest to participate in local government election but they participated due to the pressure of landlord, influential persons of community and their family. Large portion of councilors had no agenda or future plans for the women of their community. They were unaware regarding the decision making powers and responsibilities of local government institutions as given by Local Government Act, 2013. Study revealed that literacy and political background was significantly associated with women empowerment. Hence there should be trainings programs to create awareness about their roles and responsibilities to enhance their political empowerment. | |
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| Keywords: | Women Councilors Political Empowerment; Local Government | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)15 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)15 | |
| Page Nos: | 179-190 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 15 | |
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Teachers' Perception of English Language Teaching at Tertiary Level Education in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This study has investigated English Language Teaching (ELT) in Pakistan from the perspective of both male and female ELT teachers at a 4-year BS English program of public and private sector universities of Pakistan. Simple random sampling procedure was adopted for the selection of the sample of universities and teachers. Survey questionnaires on dichotomous scale were used to collect the data from 80 ELT teachers of both genders from 10 universities of Pakistan to investigate their perceptions. The survey responses were analyzed quantitatively by using the descriptive statistics. The results showed that the ELT teachers considered that Activity-based Interactive Method best suits English language pedagogic process and communicative competence is the most important outcome of ELT at tertiary level education in Pakistan. Based on the findings of the study, it has been recommended that capacity of in-service ELT teachers may be built and policy reforms in English language curricula and pedagogical practices should be introduced to synchronize the perceptions of ELT teachers | |
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| Keywords: | English Language Teaching (ELT), Language Teaching Methods, Pedagogy, Tertiary Education | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)16 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)16 | |
| Page Nos: | 191-203 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 16 | |
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Issues of National Integration in Pakistan with Reference to Balochistan |
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| Abstract: | The main focus of this paper is to investigate the issues which cause problems of National Integration in Pakistan with special perspective of Balochistan. Pakistan is a state where people having with various cultural, social, ethnical, lingual, racialism, caste and regional issues. All of these factors are caused the problems of national integration in Pakistan. Historical research approach has been applied to understand the issues of national Integration. National Integration has been supportive technique to shield the basic privileges or autonomy of community. Additionally, National Integration is a firm growth, where contrary divisions of society, offered with identical viewpoints, and the same privileges to enjoy numerous facilities, bear without any biasness. Moreover, for the formation of National Integration, role of federal body as facilitator may enhance the development of National Integration in Pakistan, especially in Balochistan Province | |
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| Keywords: | National Integration, Ethnicity, Nationalism, Balochistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)17 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)17 | |
| Page Nos: | 204-215 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 17 | |
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Modi’s New Foreign Policy Behavior: Transformations and Global Responses |
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| Abstract: | Paper explores linkages between Indian domestic and foreign policy aspirations with the rise of BJP government since 2014. Modi’s hyper-active approach to expand domestic manufacturing capabilities and to achieve self-sufficiency in economic and military domains has limited scope due to unavailability of required infrastructure and technological skills. Paper also aims to examine shifting allegiances in Indian foreign policy behavior and global responses on this transitional move. The study is supported by process tracing method as a tool for analysis that makes easy to understand issues in Modi’s aspiration to achieve global power status. Modi’s domestic and foreign policies are not aligning to each other that may not produce desired objectives. At the same time, existing global powers do not find India an immediate potential challenger at regional or global level. | |
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| Keywords: | Indian Foreign Policy, Modi, Global Responses, Foreign Policy Behavior. | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)18 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)18 | |
| Page Nos: | 216-228 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 18 | |
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Legislative Initiatives of 14th National Assembly of Pakistan: A Critical Analysis |
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| Abstract: | This paper explores the effective and active role of 14th National Assembly and Senate by utilizing resolutions, law making, parliamentary tools, and committees and throws light upon landmark achievements of 14th National Assembly during his five years of the term. Parliament established on the behalf of people to represent their voice and provide them opportunities for more participatory and open governance. Undoubtedly, Parliament of Pakistan is an exclusive and unique representative institution and performs key functions such as law-making, representation of constituents, amending laws, highlighting and aspirations their issues and through resolutions prescribe solutions to such key challenges faced by the polity. Constitution should be supreme law the country in its real spirit. Application should be with fidelity. The majority party should play an active role with the coordination of opposition parties particularly committees should be shared by opposition parties. The opposition of the parliament should play their positive role to strengthen the democracy. Parliament should complete its tenure. | |
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| Keywords: | 14th National Assembly, Senate, Legislations, Bills, Parliamentary Committees | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)19 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)19 | |
| Page Nos: | 229-246 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 19 | |
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Semi-Presidentialism and State-Centricism in Pakistan: A Case Study of Authoritarian Federalism during Pervez Musharraf Regime |
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| Abstract: | This study focuses upon the trends of center-province relations during 2002-08 by examining politics of centralization and patronage. As this era was ruled under an umbrella of authoritarian regime where president of Pakistan was also the chief of army staff himself; this is universal trend in entire world that when military took over the politics, it tries to adopt constitutional engineering regarding legitimize its rule. Same was the situation during 2002-08. This study investigates how this regime ensured political development by applying semi-presidentialism, state-centricism and authoritarian federalism. Constitutional engineering during the Pervez Musharraf regime was actually the exhibition of semi-presidentialism, state-centricism under authoritarian federalism. However, along with having criticism regarding worse Centre-provinces relations, there is also a list of admires from several political scientists. The study is based on the analytical version and primary and secondary sources are the part of the research | |
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| Keywords: | Federalism, Semi-Presidentialism, State-centricism, Authoritarianism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)20 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)20 | |
| Page Nos: | 247-258 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 20 | |
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The Skeptic Response of Consumer on Social Media towards Brands |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between Psychological Contract Breach (PCB) and employee's responses through the mediating mechanism of leader-member exchange (LMX). Globally, workplace leadership, employers, and employee’s relationship are crucial phenomena to explore. This study explores the impact of the psychological contract breach on employees' active and passive responses through the mediating role of leader-member exchange. Moreover, present study tested these tri-phenomena via a self-administered questionnaire of 250 employees from different organizations. In this regard, present study applied structure equation modeling to evaluate the defined relationship. Furthermore, an employee with high leader-member exchange was less likely to respond to psychological contract breach with exit and voice than the employees with the low leader-member exchange. This study recommends to policy makers, owners and decision makers that leader could play an important role during breach of psychological contract | |
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| Keywords: | Psychological contract breach, leader-member exchange, employees' responses | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)21 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)21 | |
| Page Nos: | 259-277 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 21 | |
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Bureaucratic Accountability Mechanism in Bangladesh during 21st Century: A Question Mark against Meritocracy and Transparency |
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| Abstract: | It is said that Bangladesh has weak administrative system because of having complex rules and procedures. This study investigates how meritocracy and transparency has almost been wiped out from bureaucratic accountability mechanism in respective country. Due to highly politicization of institutions, bureaucratic effectiveness has been reduced gradually in the Bangladesh. Although, democracy has been restored, but the mechanisms for institutional accountability within the bureaucracy could not be strengthen. Therefore, by comparatively analyzing different regimes since 1971, this study qualitatively examines how meritocracy and transparency in between bureaucratic functioning is not being followed in the country so far. Moreover, study also finds the role of political parties in Bangladesh, which played a vital role in politicization of institutional functioning and bureaucratic accountability mechanisms. Thus, the need of implementing true spirit of constitutionalization and democratization regarding applying meritocracy and transparency within the bureaucratic accountability mechanisms is being described in the last | |
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| Keywords: | Bureaucracy, Parliament, Governance, Bangladesh | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)22 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)22 | |
| Page Nos: | 278-291 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 22 | |
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China Pakistan Economic Corridor: Prospects and Challenges |
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| Abstract: | This paper analyzes prospects and challenges for Pakistan at national and international levels for the creation of mechanism to defeat the contemplations of rivals. The China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is being considered as a game changer project. It will be a source of bringing peace, harmony and prosperity not only in Pakistan but also in the entire region. It is a multidimensional developmental project in the global, regional, bilateral and domestic scenario. The power centers are being changed very rapidly due to CPEC, as many European countries are also interested in the project for their trade enhancement. The myth of “One Belt One Road” has international strategic implication. It would create opportunities not only for Asian, European and African states but also for Oceania through an effective diplomacy for the creation of new infrastructure and free trade zones. The role of international players to destabilize CPEC is also the burning question of the time that needs to be dealt with iron hands. | |
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| Keywords: | Prosperity, Mega Projects, Infrastructure, Free Trade Zones, Regional Integration | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)23 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)23 | |
| Page Nos: | 292-305 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 23 | |
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The Mediating Effect of Leader-Member Exchange on the Relationship between Psychological Contract Breach and Employees Responses |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between Psychological Contract Breach (PCB) and employee's responses through the mediating mechanism of leader-member exchange (LMX). Globally, workplace leadership, employers, and employee’s relationship are crucial phenomena to explore. This study explores the impact of the psychological contract breach on employees' active and passive responses through the mediating role of leader-member exchange. Moreover, present study tested these tri-phenomena via a self-administered questionnaire of 250 employees from different organizations. In this regard, present study applied structure equation modeling to evaluate the defined relationship. Furthermore, an employee with high leader-member exchange was less likely to respond to psychological contract breach with exit and voice than the employees with the low leader-member exchange. This study recommends to policy makers, owners and decision makers that leader could play an important role during breach of psychological contract | |
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| Keywords: | Psychological Contract Breach, Leader-Member Exchange, Employees' Responses | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)24 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)24 | |
| Page Nos: | 306-319 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 24 | |
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Compatibility of Laws Governing Contracts of Sale in Pakistan: An Analytical Study in the Light of Shari’Ah and Law |
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| Abstract: | This paper attempts to analyze the Shari’Ah compatibility of laws governing the ‘contracts of sale’ in Pakistan. The Transfer of Property Act, 1882 deals with the contracts of sale for immoveable property while the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 regulates the sale transactions involving goods or moveable property. This paper investigates the Shari’Ah compatibility of the provisions of two statutes. Three core transactions under the above mentioned legal regime have been identified to be incompatible with the Shari’Ah rules. The study finds that (i) sections 54 and 56 of Transfer of Property , 1882; and (ii) sections 5 and 6(2) of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 to be incompatible with Shari’Ah rules and need to be amended accordingly to bring the ‘sale contract’ in conformity with Shari’Ah principles. This study further finds the Marshalling of mortgaged property to be inconsonant with Shari’ah principles as it does not require the consent of mortgager to sell the mortgaged property and needs to be brought in conformity with Shari’Ah principles. | |
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| Keywords: | Analytical Study, Shari’Ah And Law, Shari’Ah Issues, Statutory Law and Contract of Sale | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)25 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)25 | |
| Page Nos: | 320-332 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 25 | |
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Delhi Pogrom and Cessation of Constitutional State: A Critique |
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| Abstract: | Endeavour of this research paper is to examine the prolific claims of Indian state on secularism, minorities’ rights and its commitment towards idea of Constitutional state in the wake of recent communal massacre in Delhi. Recurrent occurrence of communal riots in India is not unfamiliar rather a general phenomenon but magnitude of violence, participation of police in mass-killing of Muslims and compromised role of mainstream media outlets raises some pertinent questions about protection of human rights and right to life including ‘right not to be killed arbitrarily by the state itself’. The mainstream media has played a reprehensible role in spinning the bigotry and hatred against Muslims that culminated into mass-killing of Muslims and destruction of their houses, places of worship and sexual assaults of their women. The Delhi pogrom, has questioned blatantly India’s prolific stand of rule of law society and its proud claim of a Constitutional state, looking at the current state of affairs, it is seems that all proved merely hollows | |
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| Keywords: | Minorities, Communalism, Law, Police, Constitution, Pogrom, Shaheen Bagh | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)26 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)26 | |
| Page Nos: | 333-344 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 26 | |
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DREEM Inventory: Investigating Learning Environment of Pre-Service Teacher Education Programs |
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| Abstract: | Keeping in view the significance of learning environment of the academic institutions, this study was designed to explore the perceptions of students regarding the learning environment in the departments of teacher education of general universities in Punjab, Pakistan. The population of the study was comprised of students enrolled in 8th Semester of bachelor programs. Cluster sampling technique was applied to select the sample N=218. A standardized tool Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) was administered to explore the perceptions of students. The questionnaire comprised of 50 items. It was found that students have clear insight in view of academic self-perception and effective learning environment in teacher education institutes. The study recommends future research with mixed method designs and involving different academic disciplines and stakeholders addressing the learning environment that will contribute in creating awareness about learning environment in academic institutes. | |
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| Keywords: | Learning Environment, Teacher Education, Prospective Teachers, Effective Learning | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)27 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)27 | |
| Page Nos: | 345-356 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 27 | |
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Convolutions in Teaching English to ESL Learners in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | English language has established its importance in the modern world. English as second/foreign language is a trend now in various nations of the world as it has numerous benefits. ESL learning is different from 1st language learning in many ways. In ESL learning situations the importance of a teacher is undeniable. As for ESL learners teachers facilitates learning process of the students. In Pakistan English has been a craze since independence. This research emphasis to explore if there are any convolutions faced by the ESL teachers while teaching English to students in Pakistan. The population comprised teachers from Lahore whereas the sample size was 100.The data was collected through an opinionnaire which comprised of 10 questions related to different and possible difficulties a teacher can face. The finding revealed that there are a lot of convolutions, problems and issues for the teachers involved in ESL learning in Pakistan | |
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| Keywords: | Convolutions, English, ESL learning, Teacher, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)28 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)28 | |
| Page Nos: | 357-366 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 28 | |
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Analyzing Students’ Attitude towards E-Learning: A Case Study in Higher Education in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The study analyzes students’ attitude towards use of e-learning in higher education in Pakistan. The study was based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM).The study was mixed method and sequential explanatory. Questionnaire and semi-structured interview was used to gather the data. Stratified simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used. The sample was consisted of 2180 participants (2160 students and 20 IT specialized teachers).The findings exposed that male students showed more positive attitude towards e-learning in Pakistan in comparison with female students. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) has effectively determined students’ attitude towards e-learning. One can fairly suggest if the Government provides financial support, development of IT infrastructure and facilitation by electronic media and resources, than students’ attitude towards e-learning will be more positive | |
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| Keywords: | Students’ Attitude, E-learning, Information Technology | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)29 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)29 | |
| Page Nos: | 367-380 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 29 | |
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Role of Peer Tutoring on the Intrinsic Motivation of Student Teachers in Pakistan: An Experimental Investigation |
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| Abstract: | Peer tutoring is an adaptable, peer- facilitated approaches in which students serve as tutor and tutee. It focuses on shy and slow learner students and minimizes their fears that motivate them intrinsically. Intrinsic motivation drives a person to perform an assignment for the sake of his own satisfaction and pleasure. The purpose of the study was to find out the difference of peer tutoring on the intrinsic motivation of student teachers. Quasi experimental design of quantitative approach adopted to conduct the study. The population was comprised of all the prospective teachers who are enrolled inB.Ed. Hons. The Sample was comprised of final year student teachers (session 2016-2020) enrolled in the B.Ed. (Hons) program in Division of Education, University of Education, Lahore. To collect data Intrinsic Motivation Scale (IMS) developed by Ibrahim and Weal in 2016 was adapted. The study concluded on the basis of the finding that there was significant effect of peer tutoring on the intrinsic motivation of experimental group as compared to results of control group with regard to all three factors of Intrinsic Motivation Scale (IMS). It is recommended that similar kind of study should also be conducted by utilizing mixed method approach to validate the results of study | |
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| Keywords: | Peer Tutoring, Intrinsic Motivation, Student Teachers | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)30 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)30 | |
| Page Nos: | 381-388 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 30 | |
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Development of Students’ Learning Outcomes Based Standardized Achievement Test of Mathematics |
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| Abstract: | The present study was undertaken to promote a research on standardization of tests items for testing learning outcome in the subject of Mathematics at secondary level. An item bank consisting of 140 dichotomous items was developed using modern test theory-Item Response Theory (IRT). Each item was aligned, on the basis of Blooms’ taxonomy, with a unique students’ learning outcome SLO of National Curriculum for 9th Grade Mathematics. Three Item’s booklets were piloted over 960 students from four strata male, Female, rural and urban. Pilot data was analyzed using Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT) based software and sixty items were selected for final test based on item difficulty and discrimination indexes. Total 320 students were participated from 09 districts of the Punjab and four strata—male, Female, rural and urban. Data was analyzed by using SPSS, Conquest, and Multilog software. IRT based person item map showed the test item covered -3 to +3 range of abilities. Test characteristics and item characteristics curves and factor analysis supported the reliability and validity of the test. It explored that Math achievement test is appropriately constructed. One may replicate this study by using 2PLM and 3PLM of Item Response Theory (IRT) models. | |
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| Keywords: | Standardized, Mathematics, Achievement test, Learning Outcomes, Classical Test Theory (CTT), Item Response Theory (IRT), Rash Model | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)31 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)31 | |
| Page Nos: | 389-402 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 31 | |
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Scale Development and Exploration in Representativeness Bias Intervening Investment and Financial Decisions |
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| Abstract: | This research aims to explore the antecedents behind the generation of representativeness bias of investors in the Stock Market of Pakistan, as well as develop its scale. Schwab (1980)’s three-step analysis has been adopted; i.e. item establishment, scale development and scale assessment. 30 interviews were conducted and 250 questionnaires were distributed among brokers and investors of the Stock Market of Pakistan. The results indicate that stock market experts and investors can experience representativeness bias due to being, Overwhelmed by Recent Information, Misinterpretation of Chance and Misuse of Faith in Intuition. By confirming the causes of Representativeness bias, Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan can control said bias by providing workshops, leading to an improved economy | |
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| Keywords: | Representativeness Bias, Stock Market, Scale Development | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)32 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)32 | |
| Page Nos: | 403-417 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 32 | |
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Development and Validation of School Crisis Prevention/ Preparedness and Management (SCPP&M) Scale |
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| Abstract: | School Crisis Management, Prevention, Preparedness, Development & Validation, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) | |
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| Keywords: | School Crisis Management, Prevention, Preparedness, Development & Validation, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)33 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)33 | |
| Page Nos: | 418-431 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 33 | |
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The Impact of Authoritarianism, Benevolence and Morality on Task Performance with the Mediation of PO Fit |
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| Abstract: | Reflecting the task oriented performance of medical practitioners of hospitals in Asian context under the domain of high power distance, paternalistic leadership seems relevant in the leadership context. The major purpose of this quantitative study is pillared on positivist philosophy and to seek an insight of the three dimensions of paternalistic leadership and its relationship with the individual task performance in the presence of the person organization fit as a mediator. Data is collected through surveyed questionnaires distributed among 500 doctors and nurses working in public and private hospitals of Islamabad and 391 responses of medical practitioners are analyzed through multistage sampling technique. The study added the leadership literature by extending the role of paternalistic leadership unveiled on the basis of social identification theory and portraying the subordinate –centered approach. The results of data analyzed on SMART PLS 3.0 through structural equation modeling .The outputs showed the weak positive relationship exists between the authoritarian leadership and task performance while benevolence and morality both lead towards the positive evidences | |
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| Keywords: | Paternalistic Leadership, PO (PersonOrganization) Fit, Task Performance | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)34 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)34 | |
| Page Nos: | 432-446 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 34 | |
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Islamic Version on Objectives of Community Development: An Analysis |
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| Abstract: | Community development focuses on solution of community problems and bringing positive changes. This research aims to analyse relationship between practices of Islam and community development. This is qualitative nature research with secondary data analysis. All initiatives of community development bring social changes and Islam also believes in it as emergence of Islam itself brought big social changes in the Arab community. Social security measures introduced by Islam are beneficial for the welfare and adjustment of disadvantaged people in community. Community development improves quality of life and Zakat is an ideal example of it in Islam. Religion Islam guides its followers to help the needy through various services and community development also emphasizes on service provision. Islam and community development encompass principles of self-help and social justice and bring stability and solidarity in the community. Community development practitioners need to get guidance from Islamic practices for better working in local communities | |
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| Keywords: | Islam, Community development, Social change, Zakat | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)35 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)35 | |
| Page Nos: | 447-458 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 35 | |
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Causes of Drug Abuse Among University Students in Pakistan: Variation by Gender And Drug Type |
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| Abstract: | Objective of this research was to describe the causes behind drug abuse among students of universities. Qualitative approach was adopted to conduct this study. Semi-structured interviews of eight university students were conducted by using purposive snow ball sampling technique. The collected data was analyzed by using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that there are different causes due to which university students started abusing drugs: individual, interpersonal and institutional. The hard drugs such as heroin and cocaine are used in a very small ratio at the universities, whereas sedatives, ecstasy pills, shisha, cannabis (Charas), injected drugs and alcohol (Murree Brewery, whisky, vodka) are commonly used drugs by university students. The findings of this research show that men and hostelized students are more frequent drug users as compared to girls and non-hostellers. It is suggested that government and administration of universities need to cater to the needs of the students with diverse cultural backgrounds of the students and likewise curriculum should be designed to apprise students of the consequences & risks of drug abuse | |
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| Keywords: | Drug Abuse, University Students, Causes | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)36 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)36 | |
| Page Nos: | 459-468 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 36 | |
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Factors of Non-Achieving Universal Primary Education in South Punjab: A Sociological Study |
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| Abstract: | Pakistan is a developing country and is far away from achieving the national and international educational targets. There are many stumbling factors in this regard like lack of educational funds; poor school facilities; poor management; absence of schools; unavailability of teachers; patriarchy and lack of awareness about the importance of education. The study explored the resisting factors in accomplishing the educational targets in South Punjab, Pakistan. Qualitative research was done to complete this study and data were taken from secondary sources, National and International organizations, newspapers, books and periodicals and other published material were also used for completing the research. It was found that structural as well as community level disparities were responsible in non-achieving the educational targets to enroll every child in the school in South Punjab. On the basis of secondary data it is recommended that the enrollment rate in primary level could be achieved by increasing the educational budget, making new and more advance infrastructure, providing scholarships to needy children, motivating the community members to interact with school administration, hiring well qualified new appointment on the urgent basis for achieving the primary educational targets in south Punjab | |
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| Keywords: | Contributing Factors, Universal Primary Education, Southern Punjab | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)37 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)37 | |
| Page Nos: | 469-480 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 37 | |
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Role of Supervisor and Effectiveness of Practicum at Host Schools: A Quantitative Analysis |
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| Abstract: | The main objective of this study was to find out the role of supervisor in making the practicum effective at different host secondary schools of Multan and D.G Khan. It was a case study of University of Education and was delimited to Dera Ghazi Khan and Multan campuses. The study was descriptive in nature with quantitative design. The target population of the study was all the students enrolled in B. Ed (Honor) program at these campuses. There were 351 students of semester 2nd and 6th enrolled in B. Ed (Honor) program at these institutions. Sufficient Sample size of 183 (69 male and 114 female) students was taken in this study through stratified random sampling technique. A Questionnaire to determine the effective role of supervisor in Practicum (QERSP) was developed and used as a research tool in order to collect data. The data was analyzed by applying descriptive as well as inferential statistics. The results of the study showed the ineffective role of supervisors during Practicum. It was recommended that the role of supervisors may be made effective by establishing Laboratory schools within the premises of the Teachers training institutes | |
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| Keywords: | Host Schools, Supervisor, Practicum And Teachers Training Institutions | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)38 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)38 | |
| Page Nos: | 481-492 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 38 | |
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Frustration-Aggression Leading to Health Crisis: Case of Pakistani Young Doctors’ Movement |
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| Abstract: | This paper elucidates the theoretical relationship between the Frustration-Aggression as hypothesized by Dollard et al and the health crises in Pakistan. This research explains the theory of social movements, and posits that manifestation of aggression in Pakistan has been a result of conscious decisions by young doctors to participate in protests, strikes and absenteeism, organized YDM. A closed ended questionnaire survey containing 21 items was conducted across Pakistan during May 2018 to March 2019. It was observed that the young doctors participating in protests made conscious decision to show aggression through these protests. A realization was also observed, among the participating subjects that these protests will have a direct impact on the health system of Pakistan, which is already under crises. To bring the national health system out of crises, it is important for YDM and policy circles to negotiate and find the mutually agreeable premise | |
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| Keywords: | Aggression, Frustration, Health Crisis, Pakistani Young Doctors’ Movement | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)39 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)39 | |
| Page Nos: | 493-506 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 39 | |
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Association between Secondary School Students’ Attitude and Achievement in Mathematics: An Empirical Study in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this study was to gain insight about students’ attitude towards mathematics at secondary school level and its association with their academic achievement. The study was conducted by using correlation research design of quantitative approach. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 966 respondents from two district i.e. Kasur and Lahore. Firstly, 69 secondary schools were selected through proportionate stratified random sampling. Subsequently, simple random sampling was used to select 14 students from each chosen class. Attitude towards Mathematics Inventory (ATMI) has been adapted as a research tool. Data was analyzed using the Independent T-test sample and the Pearson coefficient of correlation. It is concluded from the overall attitude study of respondents that boys have a more positive attitude towards mathematics than girls. It is recommended that teachers be well-versed of the students' attitude and seek to improve them to have a positive impact on their academic achievement | |
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| Keywords: | Mathematics, Attitude, Academic Achievement, Secondary School Students, ATMI | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)40 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)40 | |
| Page Nos: | 507-516 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 40 | |
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Reclaiming the Lost Glory of Home: A Post-Colonial Study of The Selected Works of Abdullah the Cossack |
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| Abstract: | The aim of the present study is to explore the notion of reclamation of the lost grandeur of home in the symbolic representation of the city Karachi in the novel The Selected Works of Abdullah the Cossack (2019) written by H.M Naqvi. The textual analysis uses the theoretical framework taken from Homi K Bhabha's postcolonial concept of 'unhomeliness'. The Selected Works of Abdullah the Cossack (2019) is selected as a frame of reference for the purpose of study. The aim is to see how literature has hailed the past glories of the city and it is concluded from the analysis that through personification, symbolism, cultural markers and language used the author tries to regain the nostalgic glory that was once associated with the city and which thus provided the sense of pride and belongingness as home | |
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| Keywords: | Reclamation, Grandeur, textual analysis, Unhomeliness, Abdullah the Cossack | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)41 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)41 | |
| Page Nos: | 517-524 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 41 | |
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Insurgency in Afghanistan: Challenge to Liberal Peace and State Building |
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| Abstract: | The insurgency in Afghanistan continues to be an ongoing predicament that the afghan government and the international community continue to face. The insurgency has various underlying and immediate causes. The paper focuses the on the Post Liberal framework that had suggests that the one size fit all approach of liberal peace is no longer sufficient to address the realties on ground in cases like Afghanistan. the post liberal peace thus suggests in the inclusion of civil society and cases by case policy making to suit the circumstances. The paper opts a qualitative approach to study the cause and effect relationship of insurgency and state building. The most prominent cause of the Afghan insurgency is the failure of state building under the Liberal Peace Framework; these practices in Afghanistan have further aggravated the conflict. The cause and effect relationship thus developed is such that the insurgency undermines state building and the state building intensified the insurgency. Therefore, the case of Afghanistan suggests that the use of Post Liberal Peace can provide a workable solution of the Afghan Insurgency and creation of a sustainable peace | |
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| Keywords: | Insurgency , Afghanistan , Liberal Peace , Nation- Building , State- Building | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)42 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)42 | |
| Page Nos: | 525-539 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 42 | |
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Socio-Economic Indicators and Democratic Consolidation in Pakistan: An Analysis |
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| Abstract: | This paper looks to explore the relationship between socioeconomic indicators and democratic consolidation in contemporary Pakistan. Most of the indicators are extracted from modernization theory and impact on human development. These indicators refer to interaction of state and society in a country. It is argued that a healthy interaction leads to democratic consolidation while anything less would result in erosion. These indicators include per capita income, population, size of middle class, educational attainment, industrialization, urbanization, income distribution (Gini Coefficient), human development index (HDI). This is simply an analytical paper which analyzes the modernization theory. Based on the results and analysis of interaction between state and society, Pakistan faces a danger of erosion of democracy. If a state want to achieve Comfort comes and an upward trend in its growth is required to cut on non-material rights such as freedom of speech, freedom of association and access to alternate platforms of information | |
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| Keywords: | Socioeconomic Indicators, Democratic Consolidation Contemporary Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)43 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)43 | |
| Page Nos: | 540-554 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 43 | |
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Evaluation of Enrollment Trends in Science Subjects at Secondary Level in Punjab |
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| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to evaluate the enrollment trends in science subjects at secondary level. The study was descriptive in nature and quantitative approach was applied for conducting this study. Population of the study was comprised of all the teachers, students and parents of Gujranwala Division in Punjab. Stratified random sampling technique was applied for the selection of sample. The researcher developed three questionnaires for the collection of data. Percentage, mean and independent sample t-test was used for analysis of data. It was found that majority of students were enrolled in session 2015-16 on the demand of their parents and science subjects have fame among the students and boys enrollment in science subjects are better than girls in all the sessions 2015-16 to 2019-20. It is recommended that the government may arrange public awareness seminars at local level. The speakers may introduce different innovative aspects of science | |
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| Keywords: | Enrollment Trends, Science Subjects, Secondary Level | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)44 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)44 | |
| Page Nos: | 555-569 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 44 | |
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Quality Assurance of Teacher Education Programs: Teacher’s Perspective |
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| Abstract: | Higher Education Commission Pakistan is struggling hard for improving the quality of education and formation of QEC’s in all universities are one of the initiatives in this perspective. The current study explored the quality assurance practices in universities. For this purpose questionnaire, as a tool of research was developed. The tool was validated keeping in mind the opinion of five experts of Education department. For the measurement of reliability, Cronbach alpha reliability test was applied. The reliability of the tool was 0.944. Data was collected from 135 respondents from fifteen public sector universities of the Punjab offering teacher training programs. Convenient sampling techniques were applied. It was find out that display of mission and vision statement and promotion of faculty to next grade are mostly practiced quality assurance practices in universities offering teacher training programs. These practices are mostly followed in main campuses of the universities as compare to their sub campuses. It was suggested that emphasis should also be given to use quality assurance practice in sub campuses of the universities offering teacher training programs | |
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| Keywords: | Quality Assurance, Teacher Training Institutions, Teachers | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)45 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)45 | |
| Page Nos: | 570-580 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 45 | |
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Servant Leadership and Teachers’ Empowerment: A Case Study of Higher Secondary Schools of Azad Jammu and Kashmir |
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| Abstract: | This research study examined the relationship between servant leadership and teachers’ empowerment in the field of educational leadership. Servant leadership and empowerment has a potential to meet the present day demands of educational administration by seeking humanity within both the leader and follower. In order to investigate these two core elements of organizational success, a sample of 279 subjects was drawn from the academic staff of higher secondary schools on the basis of stratified random sampling technique. SPSS software version 20 was used to analyze the data by regression technique. Results of this study revealed that different dimensions of servant leadership, except the educational leaders’ attitude of forgiveness, were positively correlated with teachers’ empowerment. It is therefore necessary for educational administrators to comprehend the influencing power of servant leadership style for getting the teachers’ positive outcomes. For this purpose, higher authorities should encourage and promote the servant leadership culture in educational institutions | |
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| Keywords: | Servant Leadership, Teachers’ Empowerment, Forgiveness, Educational Administrators | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)46 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)46 | |
| Page Nos: | 581-597 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 46 | |
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Strategy to Tackle at Risk Students due to Absenteeism and Indiscipline |
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| Abstract: | The study was descriptive in nature and survey method was adopted to collect data. All the three thousand six hundred and one (3601) Headmasters and all the nineteen thousand two hundred sixty-five (19265) secondary school teacher working in Govt. Boys Secondary Schools of Punjab were the population of the study. By applying multi stage sampling technique three divisions were selected randomly (Rawalpindi from Northern Punjab, Faisalabad from Central Punjab and Bahawalpur from Southern Punjab) in first stage. In 2nd stage, the researcher selected Eighty-one headmasters and 324 secondary school teachers by using simple random sampling technique. Two questionnaires were developed for headmasters and secondary school teachers. It was found that absenteeism and indiscipline were the main causes of the students to be at risk. Fair assessment, punctuality, proper instructions, and activity based learning may be recommended to make students disciplined for effective learning of at risk students | |
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| Keywords: | At-risk Students, Absenteeism Indiscipline | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)47 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)47 | |
| Page Nos: | 598-612 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 47 | |
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Diagnosis of Alternative Conceptions Among Second Language Learners: A Case Study |
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| Abstract: | Ideas those are constructed without having any previous knowledge of the subject is not essentially false but can be said as alternative, original or pre concepts. The present study was conducted to diagnose alternative conceptions and to explore its best possible reasons in writing second language at secondary level. The present study was a case study. Diagnostic tests and interviews were used as research tools. The 300 second language learners of 9th class were selected purposively as sample for test and 15 learners for semi structured interview. Data was analyzed qualitatively using thematic approach. Moreover, data triangulation was used to compile the results of test and interview. Poor listening, interference of mother language and traditional teaching methodology were major reasons of these alternative conceptions. It was recommended that there would be proper environment for learning a second language and constructivist-teaching strategies should be employed. | |
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| Keywords: | Second Language Learning, Alternative conceptions, Interference of mother language, Traditional methodology | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)48 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)48 | |
| Page Nos: | 613-626 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 48 | |
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Max Webber’s Legitimacy and Iranian Political System after Islamic Revolution 1979 |
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| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to explore the concept of Max Weber regarding Legitimacy in prospect of traditional, Charismatic and Legal-Rational in relation to Ayatollah Khomeini who was the founder of Iranian Islamic Revolution 1979. This study tries to explore the returning to Weber can elucidate several facts about the legitimacy. By this paper tried to show that how much similarity of political system of Iran to the western context (Weberian) with demarcations of power. The system is unique as its roots of its legitimacy are traditional, charismatic and rational-legalistic. Today, Iranian political structure was developed by the teachings and models of Imam Khomeini which consists on the combination of Islamic theocracy and with bits of democracy on the thoughts of Max Weber. Max Weber considers the importance of strong legitimacy for political order’s constancy. The concept of Max Weber about legal legitimacy relating to democratic legitimation chucks the new light on the theoretical legitimacy discrepancy in transnational power that sorts it to look less histrionic. Historic, investigative and qualitative methods are used in this paper | |
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| Keywords: | Second Language Learning, Alternative Conceptions, Interference Of Mother Language, Traditional Methodology | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)49 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)49 | |
| Page Nos: | 627-640 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 49 | |
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Emerging Role of Parents for Evolving Speaking Skills of the Distance Learners: A Descriptive Study |
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| Abstract: | Researchers aimed to analyze the impact of parental involvement on English language speaking of distance learners. The objectives of this study were to find out the practices of parents for speaking development of distance learners, to enlist the facilities provided by parents at home, to identify the impact of parental involvement on speaking skill of the distance learners. The population of study was enrolled distance learners in B. Ed 1.5(session 2017-19), through Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad.200 distance learners were selected conveniently as sample of study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data and SPSS was used to analyze the collected data of study. Result elaborates that role of parents is very important for distance learners; it enhances their confidence and make them fluent which cause of good grades. It was recommended that parents might involve with their children in learning English, provide them environment and opportunities | |
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| Keywords: | Parental Involvement, English Language, Speaking Skills, Distance learners | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)50 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)50 | |
| Page Nos: | 641-652 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 50 | |
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Impact of Environmental Degradation, Financial Development and Human Capital on Agricultural Productivity: Insights From Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This research investigates the impact of financial development (F.D.), environmental degradation, and human capital on agricultural productivity in the presence of economic growth, technology, and consumer price index. The data from 1975 to 2017is used for the case of Pakistan, and Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) bounding technique and Johansen co integration approaches are employed to check long-run co integration among study variables. Similarly, with the ARDL model,the short-run and long-run dynamics are examined. The results of ARDL confirmed the long-run co-integrating relationships. Further, to investigate causality between study variables, the Granger Causality test is used. The results reveal bidirectional causality relationship between environmental degradation-agricultural productivity, financial development, agricultural productivity, and between human capital and agricultural productivity. The study suggests important policy implications to policymakers and research directions for future researchers. | |
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| Keywords: | Agricultural Productivity, Environmental Degradation, Financial Development, Human Capital | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)51 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)51 | |
| Page Nos: | 653-668 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 51 | |
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Determinants of Factors Influencing Dropout in Public Primary Schools in Rural Sindh |
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| Abstract: | Dropout of young students from schools in the province of Sindh has impacted the performance of students and teachers alike. A high rate of dropout adds to the illiterate and less-skilled workforce of the nation resulting in more economic stress on the country. This research is addressing the issues of young students’ dropouts from primary schools in the province of Sindh. A random representative sample of n = 167 male primary school students and n = 154 female students from primary schools in Sindh participated in the study from Hyderabad, Sukkar, Ghotki, Nawabshah, Dadu, Badin, Larkana, Jacobabad, Noshero, Tando Jam, Tando Adam and Sangharh. Independent sample t-test tested the developed hypotheses. The major findings emphasize that primary education dropout rate in the province of Sindh has reached an alarming stage as a result of professional negligence and poor check and balance system among all such schools in province. The study suggests reforms in educational policy and practices with respect to primary education in the province to prevent dropouts | |
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| Keywords: | Factors Influencing, Dropout, Public Primary Schools, Rural Sindh | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)52 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)52 | |
| Page Nos: | 669-687 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 52 | |
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Mob Lynching in Pakistan: An Integrated Conceptual Model |
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| Abstract: | Mob induced violence in prevalent across the cultures. Pakistan too has received spells of mob violence in the form of lynching. Theoretical models give access to multiple theoretical works on the issue by integrating them into one coherent framework. This way, they prove very useful in understanding, explaining and solving the problems in hand. This is a conceptual article that introduces an integrated model for the phenomenon of mob lynching. For this end, the researcher has used his previous experience on the theme by summarising the conceptual literature review of the relevant ideas. It is argued that this model caters to the need of researchers and academicians in the field in comprehending the problem in various contexts including Pakistan | |
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| Keywords: | Communal Responsibility, Conceptual Model, Lynching, Mob Violence, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)53 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)53 | |
| Page Nos: | 688-698 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 53 | |
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Impact of Mathematics Teacher’s Competency on Achievement of Primary School Students |
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| Abstract: | The present study focused on the effect of Mathematics teachers’ competency on the performance of students in the context of Baluchistan province of Pakistan. The study was set in the background of selected cities of Baluchistan. Policies and parameter were critically analyzed in order to develop strategies and better solutions to this problem. A sample of N = 280 (143 male and 137 female students) were interviewed and observed in their classrooms to find how they felt towards the subject. Head teachers were also interviewed in selected schools in sampled cities of Baluchistan. Review of literature helped draw the hypotheses. The tests of hypotheses were done through SPSS V 22. Correlation and t-tests were conducted to measure the difference of opinions among male and female students of primary mathematics in the province. The study concludes that effective teachers of primary Mathematics are the only solution to retain students’ in primary classes in the province through training and workshops for these teachers. Teacher’s encouragement and hard work are likely to lead to more motivated students and encourage parents to send the primary students to school on regular basis | |
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| Keywords: | Classroom Practices, Primary Mathematics, Teacher’s Attitude Teacher’s Competency, Teachers’ Training, Teaching of Mathematics | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)54 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)54 | |
| Page Nos: | 699-712 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 54 | |
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Standardization of Adapted Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) For Children with ASD in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The current experimental research aimed to standardize the adapted version of PECS for autistic children in Pakistan. The Adapted PECS was standardized by an experimental study on autistic children and normal children. As an adequate sample size of autistic children was difficult to collect, so a sample of normal children was also taken along with autistic children for standardization of PECS in Pakistan. Primary data was collected by deploying simple random sampling (sample of 70 normal children) and convenience sampling (sample of 30 autistic children). Statistics used to determine reliability and validity. An adapted version of PECS justifies the criteria of a suitable sample size, concurrent validity, predictive validity, measures of central tendency and variability, test-retest reliability, and inter-rater reliability. The data analysis results illustrated that adapted version of PECS is a valid and reliable tool to be managed in Pakistan for autistic children | |
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| Keywords: | Cultural Adaptation, Evidence Based Practices, Functional Communication, Psychometric Properties, Standardization | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)55 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)55 | |
| Page Nos: | 713-721 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 55 | |
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The Impact of Financial Socialization, Cognitive Ability and Self-efficacy on Financial Literacy of Investors in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of our study is to investigate the impact of financial socialization, cognitive ability and self-efficacy on financial literacy of investors in Pakistan. Data was collected from 429 individual investors and were analyzed with structural equation modeling on Smart PLS software. This study has used convenience sampling technique for the collection of data. The participation of male investors as compare to female investors is high in Pakistan stock market. The main results of our study exhibit that self-efficacy and cognitive ability positively influences financial literacy of investors, while financial socialization has no impact on financial literacy. Policy makers can use this study to make some policies to reduce gender gap of investor in stock market of Pakistan | |
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| Keywords: | Cognitive Ability, Financial Behaviour, Financial Literacy, Financial Socialization, Self-Efficacy | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)56 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)56 | |
| Page Nos: | 722-735 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 56 | |
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Legalizing Hijras (Transgenders) in Patriarchy: Barriers in Legal Registration of Hijras in Punjab, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | In the most recent decade, a couple of nations have made a category of transgender to the legally accepted gender deviants. We have little or no knowledge of the reaction by the gender deviant’s vis-à-vis the legislation of the “legal transgender identity”. In order to deal with this gap, the present study investigates the diverse socio-religious, and other organizational discourses that have developed over the recent transgender identity in Pakistani society. Notwithstanding the fact that the legal transgenders’ identity was reformed to define the unique gender character of the Hijras, however, most of these gender deviants are, for instance, adamant to keep registering themselves as “Men” amidst a patriarchal setting. The findings of the study reveal that the patriarchal stigma, high compliance cost, and, among many other factors, the inadequate substantial advantages related to the legal transgender identity prevent the Hijras from getting registered. It also indicates of the barriers with the legal transgenders identity within a patriarchal socio-legal system where significant advantages related to the “Man” are relinquished by registering. Moreover, the present study alerts against over highlighting the symbolic value of legal acknowledgment of the gender deviant groups | |
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| Keywords: | Legal Identity of Hijras, Social exclusion of Hijras, Transgender in Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)57 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)57 | |
| Page Nos: | 736-754 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 57 | |
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Electoral Engagement Patterns and Voters Professions in Pakistan General Elections 2013: Influence of Interpersonal Communication and Media |
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| Abstract: | This study measures how profession of voters affects their voting behaviour besides analysing the impact of interpersonal communication (IPC) and mass media on the electors belonging to various professions during General Elections 2013 in Punjab, Pakistan.A survey was conducted across Punjab to collect data from 18 districts of the province with sample size (n=1704) by applying the multi-stage cluster sampling technique to reach the respondents. Data was analyzed using the factor analysis and logistic regression analysis techniques. The study results revealed that self-employed persons of businessmen had the highest ratio to vote in the general elections as compared to other professions. Students, private employees, unemployed voters, laborers and housewives were significantly influenced by interpersonal communication for their vote decisions. Electronic media impacted positively to the shopkeepers. Overall, this study, concludes that IPC and electronic media played significant role to influence voters belonging to various professions in GE 2013 in Punjab, Pakistan. | |
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| Keywords: | Democracy, General Elections 2013, Interpersonal Communication, Media, Pakistan, Punjab, Voters Profession, Voting Behaviour | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)58 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)58 | |
| Page Nos: | 755-765 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 58 | |
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Ecriture Feminine Reconfiguration of Black Woman’s Identity in Morrison’s Beloved: A Poststructural Feminist Critique |
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| Abstract: | Deriving the theoretical approach from French feminist theory, this article aims to explore within the domain of Afro-American women writing the nature of the relationship between female subjectivity, body and the language through discursive modes of expression, appropriated by Afro-American women writers to (re)inscribe the multilayered black hybrid subjectivities of the Afro-American female subject. The analysis of the theoretical connection between Poststructuralist Feminist theory and its praxis in Afro-American women’s writing exposes the dynamics of gendered narratives about woman constructed by white male writers within phallogocentric patriarchal discourses. The present research employs ecriture feminine to analyze the discursive reconstruction of the subjectivities of Afro-American women in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. The analysis employs stylistic techniques anchored in the poststructural ecriture feminist theoretical framework proposed by Helene Cixous, the key French Feminist theorist of the poststructuralist feminist school of thought | |
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| Keywords: | Afro-American Literature, Ecriture Feminine, Phallogocentrism, Subjectivity, Women’s Writing | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)59 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)59 | |
| Page Nos: | 766-775 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 59 | |
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The Influence of a Five-Day Adventure-based Experience on International Students’ Perceptions of Self-Effectiveness: A Case Study |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a five-day adventure-based experience on international students’ perceptions of life effectiveness and to determine the perceived changes qualitatively in the eight dimensions of life effectiveness. This study used a case study research design and examined the perceptions and experiences of sixteen students of Master’s in Outdoor Education at a Swedish university. Participants were interviewed after two weeks. After approximately one and a half months, two focus groups were conducted with the participants. The study concluded that a five-day adventure-based experience had little effect on international students’ self-perceptions of personal capabilities and qualities. The factors identified were poor planning and the presence of already skillful and self-efficacious persons and multicultural groups. However, it was identified that cultural factors might have contributed to some of the international students’ perceptions of their self-effectiveness. Cultural identities may have worked as a powerful filter through which the adventure-based experience was interpreted | |
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| Keywords: | Adventure, Case Study, International Students, Life Effectiveness, Perceptions | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)60 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)60 | |
| Page Nos: | 776-792 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 60 | |
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Sexualisation and Adults: Experimenting Physical and Psychological Affects of TVCs in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This study intends to explore immediate interim psychological and physical effects of exposure to sexual appeals used in television advertisements on the youth. The researcher evaluates the psychological effects of television commercials in the discourse of the Elaboration likelihood model by Petty and Cacioppo (1986). Heartbeat, pulse scores, blood pressure and body temperature before, and after exposure to the commercials in physical effects are measured during the experiment. N = 102young adults age between 18 to 34 years, male and female respondents are selected to participate in the study. The employed experimental design is one group experimental research design. Exposure to sexual appeal advertisements is assured, within a controlled environment - the carefully constructed questionnaire provided to every participant for measuring the psychological impacts of sexual advertising appeal. Results revealed that there is some immediate and interim effect on the physical and psychological condition of the viewers after being exposed to advertising content with sexual appeals. | |
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| Keywords: | Adults, Elaboration Likelihood Model, Pakistan, Sex Appeals, TVC (Television Commercials) | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)61 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)61 | |
| Page Nos: | 793-806 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 61 | |
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Impact of Politics and Policy on University Students’ Attitudes towards the Use of English in Pakistani Universities |
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| Abstract: | The study has explored the language politics and policy in relation to university students’ negative and positive attitudes towards the use of English in Pakistani universities. The researcher has collected the qualitative and quantitative data from two large scale public universities located in Lahore, Pakistan. 451 university students and 35 faculty members participated in the research. The evidence demonstrates that worth mentioning outcome of Pakistan’s language policy is university students’ inadequate proficiency in English. It is evidently found out that university students’ language problems result into negative attitudes to use English confidently in universities. However, the university students are eager to improve their English language skills. English is a prerequisite for higher education and instrumental for technological and socio-economic development of the country. | |
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| Keywords: | Higher Education, Language Attitudes, Language Policy, Language Problems | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)62 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)62 | |
| Page Nos: | 793-806 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 62 | |
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Intellectual Property Promotes Economic Growth: Myth or Reality |
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| Abstract: | Intellectual property means the creation of mind. Creations of mind include names, symbols, inventions, images, artistic and literary works. There are two forms of intellectual property. First form is called industrial property and second form is called copyright. The concept of industrial property covers trademarks, industrial designs, geographical indications and patents for inventions. The concept of copyright covers artistic works and literary works. The artistic works include sculptures, paintings, architectural design, photographs and drawings. The literary works include music, films, plays, novels and poems. If the creations of mind are protected in a society, whether or not this thing brings prosperity to that society and whether its economic benefits are innumerable. Finding the answer to this question is the main purpose of this research. In the context of any country’s economy, it is impossible to deny the importance of this topic. The study is based on descriptive research and draws the conclusion that a strong linkage exists between intellectual property and economic growth. | |
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| Keywords: | Benefits, Economic growth, Intellectual property, Protection | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)63 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)63 | |
| Page Nos: | 820-834 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 63 | |
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Investigating the Efficacy of Discrete Trial Training Program in the Development of Sustained Eye Contact in an Adolescent Girl with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Study |
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| Abstract: | The current study focused on investigating the efficacy of discrete trial training (DTT) program in development of sustained eye contact in children with ASD. The single subject study design in this research was based on A-B-C-D-E-A and two follow up periods. The participant was the minimal verbal adolescent girl with ASD observed on DSM-5 by the psychologist. The researchers found her major area of deficit by using self-developed rating scale for the identification of social communication deficits of children with ASD which was validated by experts. DTT was then manipulated over developing social communication skills under four different contexts taken as treatment conditions of the experiment. Efficacy of DTT observed under triad analysis was found comparatively higher during E phase of treatment. It was recommended that furnished autism friendly training rooms should be established by the Punjab government to gain maximum advantages of the DTT program. | |
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| Keywords: | Autism Spectrum Disorder, Discrete Trial Training, Sustained Eye Contact | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)64 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)64 | |
| Page Nos: | 835-848 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 64 | |
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Redefining Americanism and American Literary Tradition: Hospitality, Ethics and A Transcendent Humanism in Cormac McCarthy’s Fiction Reality |
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| Abstract: | Cormac McCarthy’s fiction shows that the US and Others are not sealed off hermetically from each other but have a variety of complex relations with each other. Utilizing multiple perspectives, McCarthy examines alternatives to the “racist, nationalist, or ethnically absolutist discourses” that insist upon divisions, lines of demarcation, and oppositional structures as the way to define identity, nationalism and American-ness. In particular, McCarthy’s fiction makes it clear that it is necessary to appreciate the things that potentially connect people to one another rather than about divisions in the imagined community of the nations. He devises stories that overcome these divisions, constitute a fruitful mode of agreement that grows through hospitality and ethics, and propose a transcendent community composed of people who might be in conflict with one another | |
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| Keywords: | Americanism, Hospitality, Nationalism, Transcendent Humanism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)65 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)65 | |
| Page Nos: | 849-861 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 65 | |
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Quality of Teaching and Learning Environment in Weekend and Regular Programs Settings: A Comparative Study of a Public Sector University |
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| Abstract: | The quality of teaching and learning environment plays a significant role in enhancing students’ learning experiences, both in weekend programs settings and regular programs settings of the universities. The personal experiences of the researchers, however, observed some differences in the quality of teaching and learning environment in weekend programs settings and regular programs settings of the universities in public sector universities of Pakistan. This research study used descriptive survey research designs to address questions. This study was delimited to a public sector university of a Pakistan. All students of the selected university served as a population and of these 462 were selected as a sample using the multistage cluster sampling technique. Of these 462 students, 232 were studying in weekend program settings and 230 in regular program settings. For data collection, a five-point Likert scale questionnaire, comprising 32 statements, was developed and administered. For analysis of data, mean values, standard deviations, and independent sample t-test were computed. The results of this research found that the quality of teaching and learning environment in regular programs settings is statistically significant better than that of weekend programs settings, as perceived by students. | |
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| Keywords: | Teaching and Learning Environment, Weekend and Regular Programs, University | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)66 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)66 | |
| Page Nos: | 862-879 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 66 | |
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A Comparative Analysis of Legal Status of Fetus in Pakistan and the European Union |
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| Abstract: | This treatise aims to ascertain the status of the human fetus in Pakistan and European Union. In particular, is the fetus a person carrying legal personality, a form of property or something else? Additionally, whether moral status and legal status coexist in case of the fetus, and if so, how? These questions would be addressed by examining relevant legal and moral arguments and theories. The relevant case law and legislation have been taken into account. The researchers conclude that the Courts in Pakistan have gone a step forward than their EU counterparts in extending personhood to the fetus, however, the status in enactments is inadequately determined | |
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| Keywords: | European Union, Fetus, Janin, Legal of Fetus, Pakistan, Personhood of a Fetus | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)67 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)67 | |
| Page Nos: | 880-892 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 67 | |
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Evolution of Protectionist Approach for Investor-State Settlement of Investment Disputes: A Critical Analysis |
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| Abstract: | The protection of foreign private investment in the host states remained contesting issue among the stake holders. The development of international law on foreign investment has engendered ‘Protectionist Approach’ for interests of foreign investors by investor-state disputes settlement (ISDS) mechanisms. International organizations have facilitated for the establishment of specialized transnational adjudicative forums for investor-state disputes of foreign investments, which has been emerged to protect the interests of foreign investors. Qualitative method of research has been applied wherein primary and secondary sources have been consulted. This paper examined historical events in backdrop of contesting stakeholders of investment disputes. Contesting interests of developing and developed world has been led to establish an agreement to protect the interest of foreign investors and how treatification process of ICSID Convention ended up in an imbalance protectionist approach to protect the interests of foreign investors in host states. | |
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| Keywords: | ICSID, Investment Disputes, Protection of Investors | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)68 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)68 | |
| Page Nos: | 893-906 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 68 | |
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Impact of Employees’ Behavior on Sales: A Case Study of L’oreal Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this research is to find out the employee’s behavior impact on organizational sales and case study of L’Oreal Pakistan is chosen in this regard. Researcher investigate in this study that what are the factors which significantly impact employee behavior and sales of L’Oreal Pakistan. A quantitative approach was employed for this study. Data were collected from 120 participants using an online questionnaire. The findings of the research show that the independent variable is indicators of job responsibilities and organizational culture has changed the behavioral motivation of company employees and this motivational behavioral change has a positive impact on sales of L’Oreal Pakistan. This research investigated those factors which can directly influence employee behavioral motivation and can perform better and contribute more to sales. | |
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| Keywords: | Employee Behavior, Factors Influence on Employee Behavior | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)69 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)69 | |
| Page Nos: | 907-917 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 69 | |
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De-doxified Representation of History in Manto’s Fiction |
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| Abstract: | This paper studies Manto’s fiction as historiographic metafiction that de-doxifies the representation in the official narratives of Indo-Pak history. Manto enjoys a significant position in Urdu Literature due to his bold and iconoclastic writings, especially about partition. His relevance has grown enormously in recent times when the candors of historio-political grand narratives have been problematized. His art of characterization and storytelling explores various angles of human nature during the havocs of partition. The self-reflexivity of the acts and the position of the events in his historical works have questioned the naturalized historical discourse of this region. Linda Hutcheon’s The Politics of Postmodernism is used as the seminal text for developing a theoretical framework for this paper concentrating on the concept of de-doxified representation of history through historiographic metafiction. The paper concludes that Manto’s Afsanas have presented the de-doxified history which neither supports Pakistani nor Indian doxa of history rather he has represented history from an unbiased artistic perspective which reveals the huge impact that partition had over human beings regardless of their religion, caste and creed. | |
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| Keywords: | De-doxify, Doxa, Historiographic Metafiction, History, Metanarrative, Partition | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)70 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)70 | |
| Page Nos: | 918-929 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 70 | |
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Morphological Errors: A Study of the Written Expressions of Pakistani ESL Students |
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| Abstract: | This study analyzes the morphological errors and sources that caused those errors in the written expressions of Pakistani ESL students at intermediate level. The present study employs the qualitative interpretive research paradigm to describe the morphological errors. The sample for the study came from 100 ESL students and their descriptive texts were used as instrument of research. Data was analyzed by following Corder’s (1974) theoretical framework of Error Analysis. The findings of the study suggest that ESL students commit morphological errors in case of inflectional morphology, particularly in nouns, verbs and prepositions. Moreover, research findings show that ESL students commit addition errors, omission errors, substitution errors and permutation errors. This study also addresses the question of factors that contribute to such errors. The study highlights that intralingual transfer and interlingual transfer are two main causes of morphological errors | |
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| Keywords: | Morphology, Error Analysis, Inflectional Errors, Derivational Errors | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)71 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)71 | |
| Page Nos: | 930-942 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 71 | |
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Derivative Usage and Bank Stability: A Comparison of Islamic and Conventional Banking from Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | Objective of this study includes influence of derivative usage on performance of Islamic and conventional banking sector working in Pakistan. Various studies have testified the concept of derivative usage in Islamic banks while various authors have testified it in conventional banks. This study opted 12 commercial banks and 5 Islamic banks. Data is used from 2015 to 2019. Four types of derivatives i.e. forward, options, swaps and future are used. CAMEL method is used to evaluate the performance of banks that was used by Mohamed Rochdi Keffala (2020). The CAMEL variable are related to bank features like managerial skills, earning capital, quality of an asset, liquidity and market risk adherence. Results revealed that forwards and Swaps effects positively the bank stability in conventional banks while option and future affects negatively the bank performance in conventional bank while in Islamic mode of banking the results are different. Swaps and options increase the performance while forward and future destabilize the banks. | |
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| Keywords: | Bank Stability | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)72 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)72 | |
| Page Nos: | 943-954 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 72 | |
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Board Composition and Functioning, and Shareholders Rights to Information Impact on Earnings Management and Financial Performance: A Three Dimensional Analysis in Commercial Banking Sector of Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | Financial information particularly earnings management plays an important role to distort earnings in the banking sector. Many banking companies apply a lot of strategies to manipulate earnings. This paper used a quantitative approach using discretionary loan loss provisions to assess the extent of earnings management practices used in the commercial banking sector of Pakistan. The study applied Panel Corrected Standard Error Model on a data set of listed commercial banks during the period 2012-2018. The results showed a highly significant negative impact of Board Composition and Functioning, and Shareholders’ rights to information on earnings management. Furthermore, the study also found evidence that the rising score of Board Composition and Shareholder’s rights to information is more effective in limiting the earnings management and vice versa. The second phase of the paper focused on the direct effect of earnings management on financial performance (accounting-based measures and market-based measures) and the moderating impact of earnings management with these governance indicators on the financial performance. The results also showed a significant negative impact of the interaction of governance indicators and earnings management on the accounting-based measures (return on equity, return on assets) whereas the insignificant association with market-based measures (market valuation and Tobin’s Q). | |
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| Keywords: | Board Composition and Functioning, Earnings Management, Financial Information, Shareholders’ Rights to Information | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)73 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)73 | |
| Page Nos: | 955-975 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 73 | |
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K.K. Aziz’s Historiography: A Review on “The Making of Pakistan” in Perspective of Nationalist Muslims and Muslim Nationalism |
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| Abstract: | After 1857, the British intensified their efforts to create a constitutional and political environment for the gradual implementation of the Western democratic system in India. As a result in 1885, a regular political party, the Indian National Congress, was founded. It was the first modern nationalist movement to make an appearance in the British Empire in Asia and Africa. While on the other hand, in December 1906, the All India Muslim League was established in Dacca. Both were the remarkable political parties of the colonial period. During the imperial period in the Indian subcontinent, the two major political parties of the independence movement had different national ideologies. All India Muslim League was a supporter of Muslim Nationalism, while the Indian National Congress was a supporter of the Nationalist Muslim ideology. This was the basic and main difference that causes the partition of the Indian Subcontinent in 1947. K.K. Aziz is one of Pakistan's top historians. Although his work is multi-faceted, his scholarly work on Muslim nationalism in the subcontinent is highly commendable. In this paper, an attempt has been made to explain it in the light of his work and a comparative analysis of Muslim nationalism and Nationalist Muslims have been taken under consideration. | |
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| Keywords: | All India Muslim League, Indian National Congress, K.K. Aziz, Muslim Nationalism, Nationalist Muslims, Partition of the Indian Subcontinent | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)74 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)74 | |
| Page Nos: | 976-987 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 74 | |
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Cultural Heritage and Extremism in Pakistan: Re-focusing on the Kalasha of (Chitral) Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This study attempts to explore, investigate and analyse causes and consequences of the pliability of the cultural heritage of Pakistan which is showing the signs of disappearing on the eve of extremism in Pakistan particularly of the Kalasha by focusing on the Kalasha people. The Kalasha were raided by the Muslims inthe 14th century. The demarcation of Durand Line (Pak-Afghan border) in 1893 became their lifeline when they fell to the British Indian government while their tribe fellows at the other side of the Pak-Afghan border in Afghanistan were forcefully converted as a whole in 1896. Somehow, the Kalasha of Pakistan were leading their life according to their dastoor (culture & religion) and then military coup of 1977 brought ill-fate for them under pseudo Islamization of military ruler Gen. Zia-ul-Haq. The Talibanization/extremism suppressed the Kalasha indigenous tribe. The event of 9/11 devastatingly hit the tribe for their faith and their strategic location. As reactions and chain reactions of War on Terror many extremists and terrorist groups mushroomed, especially in tribal agencies and in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan recently threatened the Kalasha to convert their faith or to be ready for genocide. The Kalasha people are seeking their survival through their unique identity. They could earn soft image trait for Pakistan, but unfortunately, extremism, terrorism and ill-governance of the state losing it for decades. If the government failed to protect them, we will lose a unique tribe and culture. | |
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| Keywords: | Cultural, Tourism, Extremism, Governance Issues, Kalasha Tribe, Minorities, Pagan Tribe, Talibanization | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)75 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)75 | |
| Page Nos: | 988-1000 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 75 | |
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The Subaltern Cannot Speak: A Social, Political and Cultural Critique of Javeri’s Nobody Killed Her |
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| Abstract: | The current research seeks to explore the marginalized status of women in the context of Pakistan with reference to Sabyn Javeri’s novel Nobody Killed Her. Sabyn Javeri, an emergent English fiction writer, in her debut novel attempts to substantiate women’s suffering that cut across generations and crosses the walls of caste and class. The current research explores her novel as a representative voice of the subaltern women and it vividly articulates its focus on the evidence from the text to trace that there is no room for this marginalized section to be heard even if she/they attempt(s) to speak. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak’s theoretical concept of subaltern has been applied to the evaluation of the selected text. Spivak examines the colonial hegemonic influence on once colonized countries especially with reference to the double marginalization of women. This study is descriptive and qualitative while close reading is used as a research method. | |
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| Keywords: | Domination, Gayatri Spivak. Marginalization, Pakistani English Fiction, Post-Colonial, Subaltern | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)76 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)76 | |
| Page Nos: | 1001-1013 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 76 | |
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An Analytical Study of the Laws Relating to Housing Industry in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The current article is an attempt to explore whether the present legal framework of Pakistan is capable enough to achieve the goal of housing for all or it needs to be strengthened and if needs to be strengthened how it should be amended. A large number of citizens in Pakistan are deprived from this basic necessity of life i.e. housing. To suggest suitable amendments in the legal framework by making critical analysis by which the weaker segment of the society can be provided the basic necessity of housing and how the goal of housing for all can be achieved in Pakistan. The current study adopts qualitative research technique with special reference to critical analysis of the regulatory regime of housing industry in Pakistan. Different Acts, Treaties, International Conventions, Governing rules and regulations, case laws, legal authorities have been explored as primary sources. Furthermore, a comparison is made between Pakistan domestic laws and the laws of international jurisdictions to suggest the improvements in the domestic legal framework while following the international best practices. | |
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| Keywords: | Constitution of Pakistan 1973, Housing for All, International Conventions and Treaties | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)77 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)77 | |
| Page Nos: | 1014-1025 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 77 | |
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Assessment of Learning or Assessment for Learning: A Case Study of STEP Sunday School for Working Children |
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| Abstract: | This paper helps in conceptualizing different techniques of assessment in a non-formal education sector. In a developing country like Pakistan, there is a need to pay attention in non-formal education sector according to the changing trends of education. After the development of a NFE policy 2019of the country, it becomes more important to research the effects of the changing trends in non-formal education institutes working across the country. In the field of education, assessment is an important process of achieving possible learning outcomes. Mixed method approach was applied in collecting the data from different administration, head of department, junior and senior teachers working in STEP and other non-formal education institutes of the country. The findings indicate that mostly teachers focus on assessment of learning and are not aware of using assessment for learning. The results recommend that there is need to train teachers in the field of assessment. | |
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| Keywords: | Challenges, Formative Assessment, Learning Outcomes, Non-Formal, Summative Assessment | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)78 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)78 | |
| Page Nos: | 1026-1036 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 78 | |
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Post-colonial Cultural Identity in Ondaatje’s The English Patient |
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| Abstract: | Postcolonial criticism examines society and literary culture together to reject the Eurocentric view of indigenous literature and culture which it is the literature of. This study employs Franz Fanon’s expression of cultural identity to figure out the postcolonial literary culture that makes readers realize the considerable determinations of post-colonial subject; hence, retrieves the lost cultural identities of post-colonial subject in the wake of World War II. This emphasis on the cultural identity of the post-colonial subject also explores the Eurocentric ignorance of colonized cultural history – social and cultural embedment. This issue of cultural identity wherein postcolonialism dares to delve is the locus of this research, which argues how the post-colonial subjects in The English Patient adopt a new form of their cultural identities by escaping the stereotypes about their names, bodies and birthplaces. | |
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| Keywords: | Culture, Eurocentrism, Identity, Postcolonialism, World War I | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)79 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)79 | |
| Page Nos: | 1037-1046 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 79 | |
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Revising the Account of South Asian Great Game in Rahman’s ‘In The Light of What We Know’ |
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| Abstract: | South Asian Anglophone literature of the current era now frequently concentrates on a great game being played by global forces. Zia Haider Rahman in his work, ‘In The Light Of What We Know’(2014) has shown this game analogizing it with a game of chess. The current game is the continuity of the past great games played by Britain and Russian empires in Central Asia. There are strong clues that prove how all the present and past great games played by global players have been aimed at attaining their monetary benefits by extorting the local assets i.e. oil and gas reservoirs. The study shows that the current game is being played in cooperation with proxies who set their own rules of the game apart from performing the assigned duties of great and local players. The study concludes that the great game in the South Asian region of Afghanistan is being played for the land and resources and not for the emancipation of the people. | |
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| Keywords: | Afghanistan, globalization, great game, 9/11, Pakistani literature | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)80 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)80 | |
| Page Nos: | 1047-1057 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 80 | |
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Role of Instructional Leadership on Teachers’ Performance at College Level |
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| Abstract: | In organizing education the instructional leadership has an important role. The study's main goals were to examine the role of instructional leadership on teachers' performance at the college level, and discover the factors that influence teachers' classroom performance at the college level. Target population for this study was public sector college teachers in Multan district. The nature of the research was descriptive. To select the sample for this study, researchers employed a simple random sampling technique and evoked responses with the help of a scale ranging five-points as Likert scale and collected data from 355 participants, in which there were171 female participants and 184 male participants. Researchers employed descriptive and inferential statistics for analysis of collected data. Significant findings of the study ensured that high-quality teaching and learning is happening in all classes which provide constructive feedback to their concerned teacher at the proper time by the leaders. Significant recommendations for the study were that instructional leaders should have a clear vision about the teaching practice implementation process, clearly convey their vision and beliefs to their staff correctly, understand classroom issues, and have a global perspective on teaching-learning process. | |
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| Keywords: | Instructional Leadership, Teaching and Learning Process, Teacher Performance | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)81 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)81 | |
| Page Nos: | 1058-1071 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 81 | |
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Socioeconomic and Political Determinants of Public Spending Allocations: A Panel Data Analysis of Aggregate and Sectoral Spending |
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| Abstract: | A well-established segment of economic literature argues for an efficient allocation of resources to overcome poor growth performance, poverty, and inequality. However, the resource allocation response towards these economic issues varies across countries. Based on their respective socio-economic and political fabric, countries set priorities and accordingly allocate the available resources towards different sectors of the economy. The sectoral allocation of the available resource pie has repercussions for various economic variables like growth, poverty, and income inequality. In this context, this study contributes to the existing literature on the subject in two ways. First, this study aims to assess the factors that determine overall public spending across economies by focusing on socio-economic, political, and institutional factors. Second, the study examines the role of those factors in determining health, education, infrastructure, and defence spending. The study uses the panel data of 104 countries for the period 1990-2016 and employs FE-IV method to conclude that bureaucratic quality, democratic accountability, internal conflict, external conflict, government stability, and military involvement are the main institutional and economic variables determining public spending allocations at the aggregate and sectoral levels. | |
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| Keywords: | Democratic Accountability, Military in Politics, Public Spending Allocation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)82 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)82 | |
| Page Nos: | 1072-1085 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 82 | |
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Hybridity in Hanif Kureishi’s Fiction |
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| Abstract: | Study examines hybridity from the viewpoint of post-colonial intelligentsias who are orient geo-biographically. The narratives of Hanif Kureishi would be critically analyzed with the significant post-colonial theories of Robert Young and Homi K. Bhabha. The ones born with the colonial legacy of hybrid in the culturally constructed identities of Britain had to strive hard for social recognition. Kureishi’s biracial protagonists often felt themselves displaced amongst dominant white Western. Children born to the Asian immigrants in Britain often developed the split in their personalities. The different color of Asian skin rendered them perceptible in White Western society irrespective of their social achievements. White Britain enjoys authority over hybrid or black Britain’s. Experiences of the colonial immigrants are critically explored in the social realms of Britain as portrayed by Kureishi in his artistic writings. | |
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| Keywords: | Assimilation, Black/White, Difference, Hybridity, Identity, Postcolonial, Transformation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)83 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)83 | |
| Page Nos: | 1086-1096 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 83 | |
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Introduction, Growth and Future of Vlogging in Pakistan: An Exploratory Study |
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| Abstract: | In recent years, communication patterns and tools have been revolutionized globally due to the technological advancements e.g. social networking websites, streaming services, live calling applications etc. Among these mediums, vlogging has been recognized as an influential and leading communication pattern. Vlogging has become an exploding passion among internet communities since its emergence in 2000. In contrast to that, it is rather a new phenomenon in Pakistan which needs to be explored. Therefore, present study aims to explore the introduction, growth and future of vlogging in Pakistan. The study implied in-depth interviews from 10 influential Pakistani vloggers who have secured a decent number of followers and viewers on their respective channels including 5 beauty and lifestyle vloggers, 3 travel vloggers and 2 food vloggers. Findings revealed that vlogging is a modern experience and it is getting popular among Pakistani masses. Hence, professional and immature all kind of people are vlogging these days. It does not only give masses freedom of sharing their and skills and thoughts with world but also has become a major source of income. Present study will not only be helpful in academic and professional fields; it is presumed to be a stepping stone in the research on vlogging at national level and can lead to further research on effects of vlogging and content analysis of Pakistani vlogs. | |
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| Keywords: | Communication Pattern, Digital Media, In-Depth Interviews, Pakistani Vloggers, Vlogging | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)84 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)84 | |
| Page Nos: | 1097-1109 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 84 | |
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Admiralty Jurisdiction of High Courts Ordinance 1980: A Critical Review |
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| Abstract: | Maritime and admiralty laws having international character and applications involving commerce and affairs necessarily require to be conforming to international laws. Pakistan’s Admiralty law is mainly contained in an Ordinance named “The Admiralty Jurisdiction of High Courts Ordinance 1980” herein after referred to as the ‘1980 Ordinance’. Maritime and admiralty laws in Pakistan have been deduced from or more concisely adopted from the United Kingdom legislation. Relevant laws in the United Kingdom have been amended to cater the contemporary needs of the business repeatedly. Notwithstanding the need to amend these laws in Pakistan, this article endeavor to highlight a slip in one of the article of the ‘1980 Ordinance’. Pakistani courts, in applying appropriate laws in Admiralty cases have full regard to the provisions of United Kingdom laws as guideline to interpret and construe Pakistani laws. This article while using doctrinal methodology draws conclusion that error mentioned needs attention from experts and legislature to make necessary correction in the statute | |
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| Keywords: | Action in Personam, Action in Rem, Colonial Courts, International Commerce, Maritime and Admiralty, Maritime Lien.Ship’s Arrest | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)85 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-I)85 | |
| Page Nos: | 1110-1118 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-1 | |
| Article #: | 85 | |
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