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Volume 5, Issue 2

Articles

Gender Roles and Psychological Wellbeing: Difference in Contemporary Groups
Abstract:	This study was conducted with the aim to investigate the generational changes in gender roles and the association of gender roles and psychological wellbeing in adults. Cross sectional research design was used for which 300 participants men (n= 150) and women (n= 150) were purposefully selected. Significant difference in the gender roles on the basis of age was observed showing groups of young adult participants having modern roles compared to groups of middle and old adult participants. Results also revealed significant positive relationship between gender roles, psychological wellbeing, and its subscales of autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life, and self-acceptance.
Author/s:	Zoya Pervaiz Ph. D Scholar, Department of Applied Psychology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Subha Malik Assistant Professor, Head of Department of Gender and Development Studies, Lahore College for women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Gender Roles, Modern Roles, Psychological Wellbeing, Traditional Roles
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)01	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)01
Page Nos:	01-14
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	1
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Effect of Brain-Compatible Classroom on Prospective Teachers’ Interest at University Level
Abstract:	In this study, prospective teachers’ interest was measure by quasi-experimental research to explore the effect of a Brain-Compatible classroom at the university level. The researcher chooses a purposive sampling technique by taking intact groups as the sample of the study. Pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group design was practice by providing intervention to experimental group as a Brain-Compatible classroom, and traditional teaching-learning process to control group students. A close-ended questionnaire was developed on the 5-point Likert Scale to evaluate prospective teachers’ interest in the course Teaching of Chemistry. Mean difference, and standard deviation (S.D) were calculate in the descriptive statistical analysis, while an independent sample t-test used for determining the mean difference between the two groups. This study would be beneficial for the teaching-learning process in Pakistan. It also gives reflect to develop Brain-Compatible classroom practices in Pakistan.
Author/s:	Aisha Sami Ph. D Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Rizwan Akram Rana Professor (Rtd.), Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Brain-Compatible Classroom, Interest, Prospective Teachers, Teaching of Chemistry
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)02	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)02
Page Nos:	15-25
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	2
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Project-Based Learning in Teacher Education: Effect on Prospective Science Teachers’ Science Teaching Efficacy Beliefs
Abstract:	Science teaching efficacy beliefs(STEBs) of prospective science teachers predict their success in their future science teaching. This research study was designed to examine the effect of the project-based learning approach (PjBL) on the STEBs of prospective science teachers. A quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest control-group research design was used. The study was delimited to the prospective teachers at a public university in Lahore, Pakistan. Science Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument was adapted as a tool for data collection. The instrument was validated through the experts’ opinions, and the reliability of the instrument was established through pilot testing. The experimental group was taught by the PjBL approach, whereas the traditional teaching approach was used to teach the control group. Independent samples t-test was used to compare the STEBs of prospective science teachers of both groups after intervention. Findings revealed that STEBs of prospective science teachers were enhanced by applying PjBL. It is suggested to incorporate the PjBL approach in the training of science teachers
Author/s:	Anam Ilyas PhD Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Saeed Chairman, Department of Educational Research and Evaluation, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Project-Based Learning, Prospective Science Teachers, Science Education Science Teaching Efficacy Beliefs, Science Teaching, Teacher Education
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)03	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)03
Page Nos:	26-35
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	3
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China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: A Faircloughian Approach to CDA of International Print Media
Abstract:	The aim of the present study is to analyze the antithetical roles of discourse narratives on CPEC that how they create unrest or pertinence of CPEC in changing the regional ties through international print media. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) played an instrumental role to form a close and firm tie between the neighboring countries which generated multi-perspectives about this macro cross-regional project. The researcher randomly selected one international newspaper and two journals which are famous and unbiased for their political reviews. The researcher used Faircloughian approach to analyze these multi-perspectives expressed in international print media. The qualitative results of the study revealed that countries used the international print media to advocate their state policies and stance over the mega projects like CPEC which can be the game changer for any region.
Author/s:	Qaiser Sharif Lecturer, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nazeer Hussain University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Anila Sultana Lecturer, Department of Economics, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science & Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Shazia Naseem M. Phil. Scholar, Department of Education, IQRA University Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	CPEC, Critical Discourse Analysis, Fairclough, Perspectives
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)04	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)04
Page Nos:	36-47
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	4
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Universal Grammar (UG) Access in the Acquisition of Literacy Skills: Evidences from the Undergraduate (BS- English) Students’ Knowledge of Punctuations
Abstract:	This study aims to investigate the gap between the explicit and implicit knowledge of L2 learners of English language at undergraduate level within the framework of Universal Grammar (UG). The process of error analysis used to find UG access in the acquisition of literacy skills (punctuations). The population of this study comprised of the students of BS-English 4th semester. The total number of participants was 60. The data was collected through multi-stage, sampling techniques; essay, descriptive questions/answers, MCQs and true/false, then a representative sample group was selected for the study. The collected data were analyzed through mean scores, standard deviation and through the analysis of their writing with the help of SPSS version 16. The result reveals that students sometimes unable to describe their implicit knowledge explicitly in responding to descriptive questions which can be counted an evidence of gap between their implicit and explicit knowledge. The gap that exists between the explicit and implicit knowledge of punctuation on the part of the learners may therefore be related to Universal Grammar (inter-language)and the same may be counted as an evidence of UG access in the acquisition of literacy skills (punctuations).A further extensive study is required to verify the results with a large number of participants.
Author/s:	Jasim Khan Scholar, Department of English & FL, University of Swat, KP, Pakistan Dr. Abdul Hamid Assistant Professor, Department of English & FL, University of Swat, KP, Pakistan Dr. Imdad Ullah Khan Assistant Professor, Department of English & FL, University of Swat, KP, Pakistan
Keywords:	Explicit Knowledge, Implicit Knowledge, Inter Language, Universal Grammar
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)05	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)05
Page Nos:	48-67
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	5
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Angel or the Monster: Presenting Patriarchal Ideology and Representation of the First World Women in Charles Dickens’ The Old Curiosity Shop
Abstract:	This research explores the representation of women in a patriarchal society by representing the female characters in Charles Dickens' novel The Old Curiosity Shop. Dickens’ attitude towards women is always contradictory. Dickens is ambiguous. He is sympathetic as well as biased towards women which are depicted in his novel The Old Curiosity Shop. He is an emotional social critic who shows his deep sympathy towards helpless women in distress which makes him a supporter of women but at the same time, he shows his deep respect to the patriarchal norms and values and become socially biased towards them when he metaphorically represents them as angel and monster in the family. Other female characters like Miss Nell and Miss Quilip have surrendered themselves to the patriarchal ideology who is depicted as an angel in a family where the strong and revolutionary kind of women like Miss Brass who denies herself to follow the patriarchal ideology is occasionally referred to as a female dragon. This paper applies the feminist ideas of Simon De Bevouir, Gilbert and Gubar, Marry Wollstonecraft, and Virginia Woolf in the text The Old Curiosity Shop.
Author/s:	Hassan Bin Zubair Ph. D Scholar, Department of English, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Asma Kashif Shahzad Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Masroor Sibtain Assistant Professor, Department of English, Govt. College of Science, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Metaphorical, Ideology, Society, Victorian Age, Women, Patriarchy
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)06	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)06
Page Nos:	68-80
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	6
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Improving Urdu Hand Writing: An Experimental Study
Abstract:	In the present age, children find it very difficult to improve Urdu calligraphy, because they have no measure to improve calligraphy in Urdu alphabets by writing on the page or takhti (a wooden board). The purpose of the present study was to provide a measure to help students improve their calligraphy in Urdu alphabets. To achieve this target, an experimental research was conducted in a private school. Twenty two children were selected who could write Urdu alphabets a little bit. They were pre-tested. On the base of pre-test, they were divided in to two groups, experimental group and control group. The children of experimental group practiced of Urdu alphabets on four lines notebook with the help of teacher concerned, while the control group practiced of Urdu alphabets on one line note book with the help of the same teacher. After 45 days, the children were post-tested. Post-tests of the both groups were examined by the researchers and senior teachers. The result revealed that alphabets of the children who made practice of calligraphy in Urdu alphabets on four lines notebook were looking better and beautiful as compare to those children who made practice of calligraphy in Urdu alphabets on one line notebook.
Author/s:	Mumtaz Khan Assistant Professor, Govt. Degree College 18 Hazari Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan Shafqat Rasool Lecturer, Department Education, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Farzana Jabeen Khoso Assistant Professor, Department of Teacher Education, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Alphabets, Calligraphy, Handwriting, Urdu
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)07	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)07
Page Nos:	81-92
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	7
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Challenges in Comprehension of Elision: A Case Study of Undergraduate Students of English in Pakistan
Abstract:	The present study is concerned with the problems in elision of English phonemes for undergraduate students both in comprehension and production of the selected phonemes. The data for the present study was collected from one hundred undergraduate students through convenient non-random sampling from five universities and five post-graduate colleges. The comprehension of elision was investigated by asking students to comprehend the selected movie clips having instances of elision. The students were then asked to reproduce the same in connected speech for measuring the production of elision. The findings revealed that undergraduate students had no significant issues in the comprehension of elision and could easily understand the native speakers’ connected speech and had some idea of the elided sounds there but could not copy the same during their own production in connected speech. The production of the speech by students was mostly without elision of English phonemes. The non-native speakers’ slow and watchful speech did not allow instances of elision. The study concludes that speaking skills of the students be given special attention to avoid problems of elision and such like problems in their connected speech.
Author/s:	Mohsin Ali M. Phil. Scholar, Department of English, Hazara University, Mansehra, KP, Pakistan Shahab ullah Lecturer, Department of English, University of Buner, Buner, KP, Pakistan Dr. Abdul Hamid Head of Department, Department of English & FL, University of Swat, KP, Pakistan
Keywords:	Comprehension, Elision, English Phonemes, Production Undergraduate Students
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)08	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)08
Page Nos:	93-104
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	8
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An Exploration of Postcolonial-Feminist Elements in William Dalrymple’s White Mughals
Abstract:	This article is an attempt to analyze and dissect White Mughal (2002) from Postcolonial feminist perspective which is a third-world feminism and portrays the way how women of colonized countries suffer from double colonization: native patriarchies and imperial ideology. While Western feminism focuses on gender discrimination, postcolonial feminism tries to broaden the analysis of the intersection of gender and multicultural identity formation. The present article is based on the conviction that William Dalrymple’s White Mughals possesses the characteristics to be interpreted from the postcolonial feminism vantage point. Through this study, the researcher has analyzed the issues of gender discrimination and woman as commodity while discussing the basic themes of the novel. Descriptive in nature, the study employed mixed method approach to answer the questions pertaining to women representation in post colonial fiction. Data was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively at two levels namely i) lexical and ii) grammatical. The study revealed that women undergo double colonization and other post colonial features were also identified in the analysis.
Author/s:	Saman Nasir Assistant Professor, Department of English, Women University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Ajmal Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Marya Sarwar Lecturer, Department of English Language and Literature, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Descriptive Study, Double Colonization, Marginalization, Mixed Method Approach, Post Colonial Feminism
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)09	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)09
Page Nos:	105-119
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	9
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Perceptions and Challenges of Women as Mobilizers during Political Campaigns in Pakistan
Abstract:	This study aimed to explore the role of women in the mobilization of voters during political campaigns. Moreover, the purpose was to study the experiences and challenges have been faced by women workers during the campaign process. Data were taken from 140 women workers from different political parties across the different constituencies in Lahore. A self-developed questionnaire was used to study the perceptions about the involvement of women in political campaigns. The analysis showed that women are more effective than men at mobilizing voters' particularly towards women voters. Furthermore, it concluded that women are considered helpful because of their convincing ability and style compared to men and perform the supportive role usually for the public gatherings and meetings during the campaign. Women highlighted many challenges during the campaign; lack of support from men co-workers, long working hours during elections, mobility issues, transportation facility, less daily wages, public stalking, importantly, lack of proper training as the majority of women highlighted that they even do not know the complete profile of a candidate for whom they do campaign. In the light of the above key findings, the study recommends that the party should promote the role of women regarding their challenging task in mobilizing the voters by ensuring their access to basic facilities and training before and during the campaign.
Author/s:	Nayab Javed Lecturer, Department of Gender and Development Studies, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Subha Malik Assistant Professor, Department of Gender and Development Studies, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Ghazanafar Hussain Ph D Scholar, Department of Gender Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Political Campaigns, Political Parties, Women Mobilizers
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)10	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)10
Page Nos:	120-128
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	10
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A Comparative Study of Disease vs. Evolutionary Model of Vindictive Behavior among Psychiatric Patients and Normative Group
Abstract:	The prime objective of the present study was to evaluate the two popular theoretical explanations of vindictive behavior. It was also intended to gauge the validity of the evolutionary model of vindictive behavior. The present study was undertaken to compare both perspectives in psychiatric patients and normative group. The sample comprised of Clinical Group 1 consisting of psychiatric patients with no history of treatment (n = 37), Clinical Group 2 comprising of psychiatric patients who were undergoing treatment (n = 45), and normative group from general population with no history of psychiatric illness (n = 50). The ages of the participants ranged from 18 to 63 with 60% comprising of women. Results of One-way ANOVA followed by post hoc test and zero-order correlation provided empirical evidence for the disease model. However, non-hierarchical cluster analysis suggests that the relationship of vindictive behavior with mental illness may not be as straightforward.
Author/s:	Dr. Shazia Khalid HOD, Department of Psychology, Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Shazia Ashraf Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Preston University, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Sumaya Batool Lecturer, Department of Psychology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Cluster Analysis, Psychological Distress, Psychological Well-Being, Vindictive Behavior
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)11	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)11
Page Nos:	129-142
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	11
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Economic Empowerment of Women through Entrepreneurial Education in Pakistan: Issues and Challenges
Abstract:	The growing passion for Entrepreneurship in Pakistan is viewed as feasible answer for unemployment. In Pakistan Females are engaged through trade innovativeness, which has turned into an essential piece of our expansion actions as a result of three critical grounds, Female’s enlargement, monetary growth and Common safety. The objective of this analysis is to find out the challenges which were being faced by students when they started their new ventures. The results determine that the association between Entrepreneurial education and skillful improvement of females are very strong. The Qualitative information was examined through content analysis. In Entrepreneurial instruction a substantial portion of positive change can be proposed like upgraded mindfulness in regard to an assortment of social, money related, specialized, professional and preparing issues with the assistance of appropriate directing venture. After analysis it is assumed that basic Entrepreneurial Training is very important for empowerment of female students.
Author/s:	Saira Maqbool Ph. D Scholar, Department of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Dr. Qaisara Parveen Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Imran Yousuf Associate Professor/Chairman, Department of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Keywords:	Empowerment, Entrepreneurship Education, Female Development
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)12	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)12
Page Nos:	143-154
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	12
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Mentoring for Professional Development: Experiences of University Faculty
Abstract:	Mentoring means the mutual interaction among the faculty as a function of professional development. The present research was carried out to: a) check the extent of mutual interaction between the mentors and mentees in the department, b) find out the effectiveness of mentoring in the professional development of teachers and c) investigate the benefits /outcomes of mentoring in the professional development of teachers through formal or informal way. The population of the study consisted of the mentors and mentees of public and private universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. For the achievement of the objectives of the study two questionnaires were designed separately for mentors and mentees. The data was tabulated, analyzed and interpreted in the light of the objectives of the study. Chi square was used as a statistical tool for data analysis. It is clear from the conclusions that there is no formal or informal mentoring program in the universities and mentors and mentees had viewed for a proper mentoring program in the universities. There is also not any provision of resources for mentoring by the universities so it is recommended that there should be a formal and informal mentoring program in the universities as it is very effective instrument for teaching and the universities may also provide resources for mentoring.
Author/s:	Dr. Rukhsana Durrani Lecturer, Department of Early Childhood Education & Elementary Teacher Education, Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Fouzia Ajmal Assistant Professor, Department of Education, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Nosheen Swar Ph. D Scholar, Department of Education, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Mentee, Mentor, Mentoring, Professional Development, University Teachers
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)13	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)13
Page Nos:	155-169
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	13
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Assessing Effect of Listening English Text based Audios by Native Speakers on Reading Fluency of Intermediate Students
Abstract:	This study tried to assess the effect of listening English text-based audios by native speaker on reading fluency of intermediate students. A sample of 60 mixed ability learners was selected from grade XI of Government Boys Higher Secondary School, Kamra and divided them into two equal groups i.e., Control group (n=30) and experimental group (n= 30). At that time the reading fluency pre-test was managed to assess contestants’ listening comprehension from the start of course. The experimental group (EG) was taught by audios by native speakers. The control group (CG) was taught by audios Compact Disk (CD) developed by three assistants of the researcher as the teaching aid. The researcher chose the Pretest-Posttest equivalent group design which was the sub-type of true experimental design. The researcher managed the post-test after four weeks’ treatment to find out the effect of English text-based audios by native speakers and audios Compact Disk (CD) on teaching reading fluency. The collected data was analyzed by the use of independent and paired samples t-tests. The results revealed that the mean score of post-tests of experimental group was higher than the control group. Moreover, the t-test of experimental group was higher than that of control group. Consequently, the null hypothesis was rejected. The alternative hypothesis was accepted. It is, therefore, recommended that all students should be provided learning technique of listening English text-based audios by native speakers to increase reading fluency of students.
Author/s:	Mumtaz Naeem Ph. D Scholar, Department of Education, Northern University, Nowshera, KP, Pakistan Dr. Sajid ur Rehman Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Northern University, Nowshera,KP, Pakistan
Keywords:	Listening English Text-Based Audios, Native Speakers, Reading Fluency, True Experimental Design
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)14	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)14
Page Nos:	170-184
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	14
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Understanding Supervisor-Doctoral Student Relationship: A Qualitative Interview Study in Austrian Universities
Abstract:	Doctoral students’ relationship with supervisors and co-supervisors supports their socio-academic integration and contributes to their academic success. The study purports to explicate a deeper understanding of doctoral students’ lived experience of how they tend to develop their relationship with the supervisors and how they assist them in adjusting to the university's institutional environment. Eleven purposively selected doctoral students described their experiences in response to open-ended questions posed in the semi-structured interviews. A phenomenological approach was employed to execute the study and analyze the qualitative data (Van Manen, 1997). As a result, significant thematic aspects were identified from the participants’ conversations that include ‘supportive relationship’, ‘friendly and informal interaction’ and ‘interactive communication’. The emergent themes informed that most of the doctoral students experienced positive and supporting relationships with the supervisors and co-supervisors that helped them integrate into the university's academic communities. The study has implications for the supervisors and doctoral students for establishing and strengthening the academic relationships.
Author/s:	Dr. Syed Abdul Waheed Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Research & Assessment, University of Okara, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Academic Adjustment, Academic Relationship, Doctoral Students, Phenomenology, Research Supervisor, Supervisor Relationship
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)15	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)15
Page Nos:	185-198
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	15
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Transformation of Peace Culture: Suggestions for the Universities in Pakistan
Abstract:	The present paper discusses the implacable suggestions for the transformation of peace culture and sustainable development in the universities of Pakistan. The recent situation in the educational institutions especially universities of Pakistan facing the multiple issues regarding, intolerance and lack of social adjustments in the behaviors of the students, this situation creates unrest in the educational phenomena, the most challenging issue in the educational universities is the instability of sustainable development of peace culture, for the solution of these issues two (02) way technique was adopted, in which one questionnaire prepared for the university students and other a semi structure interview was designed for the university teachers. The sample was collected from four (04) public sector universities of Pakistan. The results of the data given operational suggestions, according to the results universities education system have not any element of creativity and diversity in the curriculum. So, need to plan creative and value oriented education for the students, moreover, reasons of cultural intolerance related with student unions and pressure groups, these need to address in ethical manners. The current study suggests to adopt the applicable measure to develop the peaceful environment in the educational institutions in Pakistan.
Author/s:	Farah Latif Naz Lecturer, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Khalid Khurshid Charmin, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Farah Deeba Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Culture of Peace, Higher Education, Transformation, Universities
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)16	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)16
Page Nos:	199-210
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	16
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Analysis of Pedagogical Content Knowledge of Secondary School Science Teachers in Students’ Perspective
Abstract:	This research study was conducted with an objective to analyze the Pedagogical content knowledge of Physics teachers in students’ perspective. The sample of the study was comprised of 710 9th grade Physics students selected from 30 different schools of the Hazara division. Data were collected with the help of researcher made questionnaire. Analysis of data revealed that Physics teachers of the sample had high level in the pedagogical content knowledge of student difficulties, curriculum, assessment and teaching strategies/OTS. But the following deficiencies were highlighted by the students in the teaching of Physics teachers. Physics teachers do not consider the difference in intelligence level of students during their teaching. Physics teachers solve all numerical questions. Physics teachers use limited variety of examples and very much limited from daily life and during the class of Physics, the only activity of students is listening carefully because they mostly use lecture method
Author/s:	Ihtisham Ali Ph. D Scholar, Department of Education, Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan Syed Manzoor Hussain Shah Chairman, Department of Education, Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan
Keywords:	Pedagogical Content Knowledge, Physics Students, Students’ Perspective
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)17	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)17
Page Nos:	211-222
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	17
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Climate Change: Impacts on Pakistan and Proposed Solutions
Abstract:	In recent era the arguments over the climatic variations has gained momentum. Dangerous impacts caused by these variations in the climate change have also heated the political discourses. Using qualitative content analysis approach, it is found that there is huge difference between facts and values regarding the climate change and its impacts on developing countries. Pakistan being a developing economy already facing many problems, while catastrophic impacts of climate change further adding fuel to fire. Due to having agriculture based economy the impacts of climate change over Pakistan is very severe. After corona virus there will be a desperate focus on economy, Pakistan along with other world would put measures to tackle climate change at second priority, a view presented by pessimists. Communicating strategies along with good governance would help to minimize the challenges posed by climate change.
Author/s:	Fakhara Shahid Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Mubeen Adnan Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Climate Change, CONVID-19, Greenhouse Gasses, Impacts, Pakistan
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)18	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)18
Page Nos:	223-235
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	18
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Ecofeminist Paradigm and South Asian Fiction: An Analysis
Abstract:	This study pursues the analysis of chosen fiction of Khaled Hosseini and Amitav in the light of ecofeminism. The crux of ecofeminism expands on analogies between woman and nature, on the one hand, and the male and culture, on the other hand. Male generally naturalizes woman as a culture feminizes nature. With the space of technological development, the exploitation of nature has increased exceedingly as the male have been exploiting the female since centuries. Both male and culture discursively produce their second part of binaries that is female and nature to define themselves as the creator. In the pursuit of ecofeminist investigation various types of exploitation of nature and marginalization of a woman are traced. There are numerous significant results of this exploitation; the implications of the coercion are very deep rooted and work on various levels of life. As a result of this phenomenon, the female characters of these novels do intentionally take various measures to preserve nature. It is a significant study to acquaint the reader with the widespread environmental degradation and female oppression in South Asia
Author/s:	Nargis Saleem Lecturer, Department of English, Riphah International University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Saleem Professor, Department of English, Govt, College Township, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Umer Azim Assistant Professor, Department of English, Government College Township, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Culture and Patriarchy, Ecofeminism, South Asian Fiction
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)19	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)19
Page Nos:	236-244
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	19
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The Phenomenon of Politeness in Pashto Language and Culture: An Exploratory Study
Abstract:	This Study explores the expression of politeness in the Pashto Language. To this end, the researchers collected data from the respondents of the Pashto Language through a questionnaire of the open role play situations of requesting and apologizing. The questionnaire was adopted from Reiter`s Study (2000) and it was also translated into Pashto for the respondents of the Pashto language. The questionnaire consisted of 24 role play situations (12 requests and 12 apologies) and the performance of the role plays in each set of the questionnaire took from 45 to 50 minutes. Ten students each from Peshawar University, University of Malakand, Islamia College University, Peshawar, Swat University, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal and from a Post Graduate college, Swat, were taken as respondents for this research study. Blum-Kulka, House and Kasper`s (1989) Analytical framework and coding scheme were applied for the analysis of the data. The results show that politeness exists in the Pashto language. Thus, the results have shown further that negative politeness and positive politeness have been considered as a crux for dissociation and association in the Pashto language.
Author/s:	Mian Shah Bacha HOD, Department of English, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Sheringal, Dir Upper, KP, Pakistan Rabiah Rustum Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, KP, Pakistan
Keywords:	Negative, Pashto Language, Politeness, Positive
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)20	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)20
Page Nos:	245-252
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	20
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The Role of Forensic Chemistry in Criminal Justice System: Case Study of Apex Courts’ Decisions
Abstract:	Present article is written to analyze the role of forensic chemistry in the criminal justice system and need for legislation regarding regularization of chemical testing laboratories. This study also identifies the real condition of chemical forensic laboratories in Sindh. For research detailed case study of decisions of apex court and opinion of senior legal practitioners is obtained. Forensic chemistry is used to trace the presence of any chemical at the place of incident/crime scene. Techniques of forensic chemistry use to investigate recovered matters to determine the liability of criminal and civil nature. It also used in several criminal cases to determine liability of accused for example narcotics, toxicology cases, adulteration in food items and drug abuse etc. Chemical Examiner and Serologist Reports are admissible in evidence in to and also its opinion could be part of court file without examining them during trail (PLD 1972 Lah 109(DB). In this research quoted its different types and which techniques are used in Pakistan and which are lacking.
Author/s:	Shabana Kouser Jatoi Ph. D Scholar, Faculty of Law, Dada Bhoye Institute of Higher Education Karachi, Sindh Pakistan Dr. Raana khan Director, Faculty of Law, Dada Bhoye Institute of Higher Education Karachi, Sindh Pakistan
Keywords:	Adulteration of Food, Chemical Examiner, Forensic, Drugs, Forensic Chemistry, Narcotics, Poison
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)21	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)21
Page Nos:	253-265
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	21
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Contribution of Agri-Inputs to Rural Poverty Mitigation: A Village Study
Abstract:	Poverty becomes a chronic issue in developing countries especially in rural areas. The present study is about rural poverty considering the role of agricultural inputs like fertilizers, land holding, live stocks and tractor. The study is based on the primary source of data. Two hundred fifty households were interviewed. Logistic regression technique is employed to explore the effects of Agri-related factors and other socio-economic factors on rural poverty. The study concludes that the variables like fertilizers, land holdings, use of tractor livestock, education of the farmer, good health status and farmer’s experience are very significant factors and reduce the farmer’s poverty. It is suggested that the government should provide the fertilizer at cheaper rate and facilitate use of tractor in cultivation.
Author/s:	Muhammad Zahir Faridi Professor, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Ali Azam Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Maria Sajjad Khan M. Phil Scholar, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Dependency Ratio, Health Status, Livestock, Size of Landholdings, Use of Tractor
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)22	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)22
Page Nos:	266-277
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	22
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Explicating the Construal of Political Image of Pakistan: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Panama Final Verdict
Abstract:	This study investigates the construal of the political image of Pakistan in the final verdict of Panama Case with the assumption that the substantial linguistic choices construing any discourse provide the way to comprehend the impacts of a specific discourse. The significance of the study lies in the fact that the verdict given by the Supreme Court deals with the case, which is critical in the political sphere of the country and involve people of high stature, therefore, it is worth exploring that how the verdict reflects the political conditions of Pakistan. The data comprises extracts from the verdict. The data has been analyzed using Fairclough’s three dimensional model of Critical Discourse Analysis, to highlight that how discursive strategies have been employed in the verdict to construe and project the political image of Pakistan. The findings of the study demonstrate that linguistic choices made by the judges are portraying the Ex-Prime Minister of Pakistan and his family as corrupt and ‘not Sadiq and Ameen’, and the construal of a person, who held the office of Prime Minister for three times, as corrupt and dishonest man projects the chaotic and unruly political image of Pakistan.
Author/s:	Zubair Iqbal M. Phil Scholar, Applied Linguistics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Aziz Ullah Khan Lecturer, Department of English, University of Science and Technology Bannu, KP, Pakistan Abdul Rafay Khan Assistant Professor, Department of English, Govt. Islamia College, Civil Lines, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Construal, Critical Discourse Analysis, Pakistan, Panama Case, Political Image, Substantial Linguistic Choices, Three Dimensional Model, Verdict
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)23	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)23
Page Nos:	278-294
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	23
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Relationship of Creativity and Academic Performance of Students at Undergraduate Level
Abstract:	Relationship between creativity and academic performance has intensively engaged attention of researchers over the past few decades. Roots of creativity are grounded in knowledge, originality and wisdom. The underlying gap between creativity and its academic performance led to formulate this study. The objectives of this paper were two-fold explaining the correlation between creativity and academic performance as well as domains of creativity and academic performance of undergraduate students. Concurrently six null hypotheses were tested. The researcher designated schematic framework, using models, particularly Amusement Park Theoretical framework (APT). In correlational study, using Yamane formula and stratified sampling technique, 331 undergraduate students studying in three major courses from six universities were sampled. Standardized scale developed by Kaufman (2012) was administered. Academic performance of Board’s past (HSSC) exam formed baseline. Pearson coefficient correlation applying SPSS 20 yielded no correlation between creativity and academic performance. All the six null hypotheses were accepted. Conclusion indicated that prevailing system of hurriedly completion of courses; textual content delivery and memory-based examination constitute pitfalls of indigent education system.
Author/s:	Shah Bano Ph. D Scholar, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Marium Din Assistant Professor, Department of Education, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad Pakistan Mehwish Jabeen Ph. D Scholar, Department of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Keywords:	Academic Performance, Creativity, Knowledge, Wisdom
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)24	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)24
Page Nos:	295-308
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	24
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Total Quality Management Implementation and Performance of Public Sector Universities in Pakistan
Abstract:	This article discusses the relationship between implementation of total quality management practices and performance of the public sector universities of the Punjab. Study was quantitative in nature and survey method was used for data collection. Sample included department heads, faculty members and students of faculty of social sciences. Major findings of the study indicated that there is strong positive relation between implementation of TQM practices and performance of public sector universities of Punjab. Further, study explored that many TQM practices are implemented in public sector universities of Punjab, Pakistan except involvement of stakeholders and students in quality improvement process. On the basis of findings it is recommended that public sector universities may adopt TQM practices including involvement of stakeholders and students in quality improvement process. Leadership plays prime role in the successful implementation of TQM practices.
Author/s:	Hajra Bibi Lecturer, Department of Education, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan Abdul Waheed Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management Sciences, Foundation University Islamabad, Pakistan Kiran Shehzadi Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Pakistan, Performance, Public Sector Universities, Total Quality Management
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)25	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)25
Page Nos:	309-319
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	25
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The Pandemic COVID-19: Impacts on Sports Economy
Abstract:	The corona disease covid-19 pandemic is the explain world health critical point of our and the big tasks we have faced since world war two. Since it has occurred inside Asia last year, the disease takes quickly toward each continent expect Antarctica. Because pandemic is almost more than a health critical situation; it is also an unparalleled socio economic critical situation. Each day, sports workers are mislaying occupation and earnings, with no way of knowing when normality will return. The international labor organization estimates that 195 million occupations could be missing. The world bank schemes slow billion refuse in remittal this year, which could mean 800 million people will not be capable to proper their essential needs. The pandemic has reached the economy of the world very difficult and sports are no exclusion. The financial organization of sports is as well as to change, with below has a rank nationwide facing a crisis a financial sum. Below famous sports & indigenous sports are staring at an uncertain future.
Author/s:	Mehwish Manzoor Visiting Lecturer, Department of Physical Education, University of Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan Sairh Jabeen Gomal University, KPK, Pakistan Reema Aman Lecturer, Department of Sports Science, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Covid-19, Measure, Pandemic, Sports Economy
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)26	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)26
Page Nos:	320-328
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	26
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Status of Digital Literacy among Elementary and Secondary Students in Punjab
Abstract:	In this era, use of technology becomes more important than ever in daily life, therefore, the significance of digital literacy has been enhanced. It is now an essential skill to survive in the 21st century. This study is about the digital literacy skill of elementary and secondary school students. The study was delimited to basic computer skills. The sample of students comprised of 200 students out of which 99 students were female and 101 were male students. To find the status of basic computer skills, students of elementary, and secondary school students (from science and Arts stream) were purposely selected. The data was collected through an online digital literacy tool where focus was to measure basic computer skills. There were 38 items in the tool and 30 minutes were given to the students to solve it. The score was also generated online. It was found that students were having less basic computer skills which may lead to weak digital literacy skills. Most of the students even do not know the basics of computers. One of the reasons of low or poor basic computers skills was the unavailability of computers and laptops in students’ homes. It is recommended to make computers compulsory for secondary classes too so that student can handle the computer gadgets and can equip themselves with digital literacy skills.
Author/s:	Dr. Farkhunda Rasheed Choudhary Assistant Professor, EPPSL department, AIOU, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Tariq Javed SST, Federal Government Public School No. 2 (Boys), Tariqabad, Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Hamid Nawaz Khan Lecturer, Agriculture Extension Education, FAES, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	21st Century, Basic Computer Skill, Digital Literacy Skills
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)27	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)27
Page Nos:	329-338
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	27
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Pakistan’s New Corporate Rehabilitation Act 2018: A Critical Assessment
Abstract:	This paper is designed to throw an insight into the legal frame work of corporate rescue prevailing in Pakistan for the companies which are at the brink of insolvency. While doing so this paper not only traces the roots of existing legal frame work of corporate rescue but also examine the relevant provisions of the law dealing with corporate rescue in our jurisdiction i.e Corporate Rehabilitation Act 2018. This paper apprised that, despite the fact that Corporate Rehabilitation Act 2018 is a result of continuous efforts of more than a decade, this Act is not entirely in accordance with the need of a financially distress company as well as with the socio economic condition of our jurisdiction rather it possess certain lacunas. By this analytical overview the paper aims to provide the reader with the instigation of thought for making possible improvements in our present law in order to make the same aligned with the need to protect the viable companies from collapse. It is concludes by proposing certain recommendations to overcome the shortcomings reflected by the existing legal framework for corporate rescue in Pakistan.
Author/s:	Nuzhat Mahmood Khan Ph. D Scholar (Law), International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Samia Maqbool Niazi Assistant Professor (Law), International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Corporate Rescue, Financially Sick Company, Good Faith, Moratorium, Voluntary and Involuntary Filing
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)28	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)28
Page Nos:	339-351
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	28
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Abandoned and Destitute: A Case Study of Divorced Women Residing in a Welfare Complex in Pakistan
Abstract:	This paper investigates the implications of divorce for women. Using in-depth interviews, observation and participant observation, it generates rich qualitative data that sheds light on the reasons for divorce and its consequences for women. The locale of the study is a government run social welfare complex in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. It highlights how there is no ideal type marital arrangement that can guarantee conjugal happiness. In addition, loss of job, moral lewdness of men as well as interference of relatives and the lack of a dowry can cause marriages to break-up. The consequences of divorce for women range from emotional stress and psychological problems to the loss of social as well as financial status. But the worst consequence is rejection by husband and abandonment by the natal family, extended relatives and friends. Destitute and abandoned, these women have nowhere to turn and end up in shelter homes.
Author/s:	Dr. Aisha Anees Malik Assistant Professor, Centre of Excellence in Gender Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Tanzila Saba Research Scholar, Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Saadia Abid Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Abandoned, Destitute, Divorced Women, Pakistan
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)29	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)29
Page Nos:	352-363
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	29
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Head Teachers’, Teachers’ and Parents’ Perceptions of Failing Primary Rural Schools in Sheikhupura
Abstract:	The purpose of this study was to understand the perceptions of head teachers, teachers, and parents about the reason of failing primary schools in Sheikhupura district. Using a purposive sampling technique, perceptions of 10 head teachers, 20 teachers, and 20 parents were collected through open-ended interviews. Using the constant comparative method, interviews were analyzed. Head teachers perceived that lack of facilities, teacher competence, and parental involvement were the main reasons of poor results of the schools. The teachers’ perceived they were overburdened, involved in extra duties (such as election duty, Dengue safety, and polio vaccine supply duty to the children at homes), and the parents were not cooperative in sending their children to schools regularly and they did not give care and attention to them at home. Parents, however, thought teachers’ were responsibility to teach their children to be successful. Some parents also talked about low teacher quality.
Author/s:	Dr. Muhammad Akram Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Intzar Hussain Butt Associate Professor, Division of Education, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Assessment System, Failing Schools, Overburdened Classes, Parental Involvement, Teacher Quality
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)30	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)30
Page Nos:	364-374
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	30
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Influence of Sports Interest on Primary School Students’ Physical and Mental Development
Abstract:	The article uses literature review method, logical analysis method and other research methods, taking sports game interest as the research perspective, to conduct in-depth research on the physical and mental development of primary school students. Analyzed the physical and psychological characteristics of the primary school student’s age sorted out the characteristics of broadness and inclination, persistence and effectiveness of sports game interest, and further sought the points of agreement and similarity between the two, in order to explore the interest of sports and games. The beneficial influence on the physical and mental development of primary school students lays a solid theoretical foundation, and then highlights the physical and psychological beneficial effects of primary school student’s interest in sports and games. Therefore, it provides a new path choice for the construction and reform of modern physical education curriculum.
Author/s:	Ali Raza Ph. D Scholar, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports Beijing, China, 100191 Fathimath Rizna Ph. D Scholar, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports Beijing, China, 100191 Professor Dr. Wu Hao Professor & Director, Scientific Research Office, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports Beijing, China, 100191
Keywords:	Favorable Influence, Interest in Sports, Physical and Mental Development, Primary School Students
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)31	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)31
Page Nos:	375-384
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	31
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Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Motivation as the Factors involved in English Learning in District Bannu
Abstract:	This research paper mainly deals with investigating the involvement of the Extrinsic Motivation as factor in English learning at intermediate level students of government degree colleges in Bannu (KPK). A lot of factors are involved in the learning of English but here only the factors of intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation were selected for the study. The approach of the research is explorative. Primary facts were collected from the five degree colleges which are located in District Bannu. Out of the 300 students one hundred students were selected as sample through following L.R. Gay’s model criteria. The primary data was collected and analyzed through close-ended Likert agreement scale questionnaire, and interpreted through tables Exploded Pi-Charts and 3–D Columns. It was found that the factor of extrinsic motivation has the main role in the learning of English at the mentioned level. The scholar found that the majority of the students were less motivated both intrinsically and extrinsically.
Author/s:	Dr. Abdul Karim Khan Assistant Professor, Department of English, UST Bannu, KP, Pakistan Dr. Abdus Samad Assistant Professor/Chairman, Department of English, KUST, Kohat, KP, Pakistan Dr. Ihsan Ullah Khan Assistant Professor, Department of English, UST Bannu, KP, Pakistan
Keywords:	Bannu, Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Motivation, English Learning
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)32	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)32
Page Nos:	384-402
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	32
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On Being and Becoming Beautiful: The Social Construction of Feminine Beauty
Abstract:	An abstract concept yet widely pervasive across time and space, beauty, remains a matter of core concern in many cultures. Just as standards of social status that are achievable, beauty standards can be sometimes partially at others wholly achieved through the use of different methods and techniques. Being beautiful is a status on a continuum of ascribed as well as achieved status. Some people are born beautiful others become beautiful. In either case, the beauty evaluations are based on cultural standards and norms. Beauty is often closely associated with femininity. Based on 23 in depth interviews this paper attempts at a comprehensive understanding of beauty. Beauty is understood as a bipartite concept with internal beauty referring to the personality traits and external to body features. Feminine beauty can be enhanced through cosmetics, clothing and ornamentation. The study concludes that feminine beauty is a socially constructed and highly fluid phenomenon. Even when we manage to achieve somewhat standardized general framework of certain beauty attributes, there is a great variability within these attributes.
Author/s:	Dr. Saadia Abid Assistant Professor, Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Nagina Liaquat M. Phil, Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Aisha Anees Malik Assistant Professor, Centre of Excellence in Gender Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Feminine Beauty, Social Construction, Internal Beauty, External Beauty, Beauty Enhancers
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)33	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)33
Page Nos:	403-413
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	33
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COVID-19 Pandemic and Proliferation of Ponzi Schemes in Nigeria Cyberspace
Abstract:	It appears that in any tensed situation criminal elements initiate ways of taming or enriching their insatiable desire for materialism. This paper examines COVID-19 pandemic and proliferation of Ponzi Schemes in Nigeria cyberspace. The Routine Activities Theory (RAT) was used in explaining the salient issues surrounding Ponzi schemes in COVID-19 era. The ex-post factor design which dwells on documented evidences was used. The findings revealed that poverty, lockdown, lack of palliatives, corruption, insensitivity of the government and porous cyberspace are factors that aided proliferation of Ponzi schemes in Nigeria during COVID-19 pandemic. This paper concluded that many Nigerians without palliatives were rendered vulnerable by the lockdown and government’s negligence or poor mitigation approach exposed them as suitable targets for criminals (motivated offenders) to exploit, especially on the nation's porous cyberspace. It recommended amongst others that the nation’s cyberspace should be tightened and adequately secured to ensure that influx of unregulated or unregistered e-businesses is minimized. This can be achieved through sending Information Technology (I.T) inclined citizens abroad to learn cyber policing or contract a renowned cyber security outfit to manage the space. The operational structure of the National Orientation Agency (NOA) should be reviewed and revived as to be responsive to issues that require public awareness or sensitization.
Author/s:	Christopher Chimaobi Ibekwe Department of Sociology/Anthropology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria Blessing Nonye Onyima Department of Sociology/Anthropology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria Tagbo Uchenna Onyilofor Fellow, Unizik Business School, Awka, Nigeria
Keywords:	Coronavirus, COVID-19, Cyberspace, Palliatives, Ponzi Scheme, Scam
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)34	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)34
Page Nos:	414-430
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	34
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Family School Partnership: A Cohesive Perception of Teachers and Parents
Abstract:	For the overall development of students, role of family and school is noteworthy which helps them to cover all milestones in their journey of success in education and learning. The core of the survey was to investigate perceptions of teachers and parents concerning family school partnership for which overall 120 teachers and 300 parents of female students of 10th class enrolled in girls’ secondary schools of district Multan were selected by multistage sampling and further convenient sampling procedure. To expose the perceptions of teachers and parents, two different Likert type scales were administered separately in which for parents a translated version was administered. A descriptive analysis under Percentage and Mean score was conducted which exposed that Mean score of majority of items based on teachers’ perception was above average and average which indicates teachers’ strong agreement for the items that they are agreed upon need of a strong FSP in schools for enhanced level of success of students and parents’ cooperation is always welcomed in this regard. Parents also agreed that family school partnership is common responsibility. They showed consensus over having frequent meetings with teachers to discuss problems of their children. They also emphasized the need of establishing a collaborative and shared work environment for FSP in schools. Schools should recognize efforts made by teachers for successful partnership by involving parents and community. Teachers and parents should be trained for effective management of partnership practices
Author/s:	Dr. Farah Deeba Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Haji Karim Khan University of Baltistan, Skardu, Gilgit- Baltistan, Pakistan Amna Saleem Lecturer, Department of Education, The Women University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Descriptive Analysis, Family School Partnership, Secondary Schools
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)35	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)35
Page Nos:	431-445
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	35
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Effect of Organizational Climate on Secondary School Teacher’s Competence: A Gender, Locale, Qualification and Experience Base Study
Abstract:	The current study's aim is to assess the impact of organizational climate on teacher’s competence regarding the different demographic factors of the secondary school teachers. This study's population included all Secondary School Teachers (male and female) and all 10th grade students from urban and rural areas in Punjab's secondary public schools. The instruments used to collect the responses from the target sample were Organizational climate index (OCI) for organizational climate, Teacher’s competence scale (TCS) for rating the Teacher’s competence and an observation schedule for rating the organizational climate. 360 Secondary school teachers and 900 students of grade 10th participated in this study. According to data analysis through SPSS (V-21) the findings of Pearson Correlation between Organizational Climate and Teachers’ Competences showed that organizational climate being independent variable positively influence the dependent variable i.e., teacher’s competence. It was concluded that Organizational Climate was positively and significantly correlated with Teachers’ competence. This indicates that by improving the organizational climate scores, the teacher’s competence can be improved. he Comparison of male and female teachers on organizational climate through independent samples t-Test was conducted. There is a major gap in leadership phase of male and female teacher
Author/s:	Parvaiz Iqbal Ch Ph. D Scholar, Department of education, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Pro. Dr. Khalid Rashid Professor, Department of education, University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Demographic Factors, Organizational Climate, School Climate Teacher’s Competence
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)36	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)36
Page Nos:	446-461
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	36
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Role of Age and Education on Attitude and Habits of People in Katchi Abadis to Adopt Water Conservation Practices: A Gender-Based Difference
Abstract:	The focal point of this study is to see the impact of age and education on the attitude and habits of men and women in katchi Abadis towards water conservation in Lahore. Two squatter settlements were selected to make a comparison of water conservation attitudes and habits. For this purpose, a sample of 200 men and women was selected conveniently from both katchi Abadis. The Water Conserving Behaviour Scale and Water Conserving Habit Scale (Dolnicar et al., 2012) and the Scale of Household Water Conservation (Sathaporyajana, 2008) were employed in this study to collect data. Data were analyzed by using the t-test and ANOVA. The findings of the study indicate a significant difference between water-conserving attitude and age, the result also shows a significant interaction effect of residential type and education on water saving attitude. Moreover, findings also emphasized the need to design policies/plans to sensitize the public about water conservation and unnecessary water use and how to make it sustainable for future generations by tailoring the water-saving attitude and habits of households.
Author/s:	Dr. Asma Seemi Malik Assistant Professor, Department of Gender and Development Studies, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Muniza Javed Lecturer, Department of Sociology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Amjad Mahmood Ph.D. Scholar (Statistics), National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Age, Attitude, Education Habits, Household, Katchi Abadis
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)37	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)37
Page Nos:	462-477
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	37
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North Korean Nuclear Program: Implications for Regional Security
Abstract:	The nuclear crisis of Democratic People's Republic of Korea is difficult to be settle down in a peaceful way due to the negative effects of nuclear proliferation, unacceptable not only for the Northeast Asia but also for the international community. South Korea, United States of America, China, Japan, and Russia have clear different point of views on the resolution of North Korea’s nuclear matter. The expansion of nuclear weapons is directly becoming a high security risk in Northeast Asian region. Each state has different strategy how to tackle this issue and best policies that may cause change on Korean Peninsula. So, this research study gives the result that nuclear crisis of North Korea cannot be decided immediately under the mistrust and reservations. It will take a long duration, to overcome these deep-rooted reservations through talks, constancy and understanding. This study also highlights the strategies of South Korea (ROK), Japan, United States of America (USA) and China towards the crisis of North Korea’s nuclear weapons development program.
Author/s:	Dr. Zab Un Nisa Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Government Graduate College Samanabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Sajawal Sattar M. Phil. Political science, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Ghulam Mustafa Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	North Korea, Nuclear Program, Regional Security, Six Party Talk
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)38	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)38
Page Nos:	478-491
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	38
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Low Literacy Rate at Primary Level: Identification of Causes and Impacts
Abstract:	The current study was conducted to identify the causes of the low literacy rate and its impact on the community at the primary level. Two objectives were formulated (a) to explore causes of low literacy rate and (b) to discover the impact of low literacy rate on the community. All the teachers of primary schools working in the public sector were the population. A sample of 210 (200 teachers and 10 parents) was selected through the convenience sampling method from Tehsil Kamalia district Toba Tek Singh of the Punjab province of Pakistan. An instrument based on a five-point Likert scale for teachers and an interview schedule for parents was used for data collection. Quantitative data revealed that overpopulation, lack of staff at schools, ineffective curriculum, lack of discipline at schools, corporal punishment, poverty, old teaching methods, social constraints/family disputes, and health and safety were the causes of illiteracy. Moreover, the study revealed that there had no political influence on low literacy. Similarly, qualitative data also confirmed that said indicators are the causes of low literacy. On the basis of the results of the study, it is recommended that government, as well as concerned authorities, should eradicate said causes to improve the literacy rate.
Author/s:	Mariam Javed M. Phil Scholar, Department of Education, Riphah International, University Faisalabad Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Qaisar Abbas Assistant Professor (Visiting), Department of Education, Riphah International University Campus Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Shafqat Husssain Chairman, Department of Education, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Community, Identification, Causes, Low Literacy Rate, Primary Teachers
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)39	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)39
Page Nos:	492-506
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	39
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China–Pakistan Economic Corridor: Change in the Geo-Strategic Outlook of Pak-China Relations
Abstract:	This research paper has focused the backdrop of Pak-China strategic relations. It also examined the prospects of bilateral relation between Pakistan and China while special focus remained on strategic relations. This research is based on qualitative method and secondary data has been utilized in this research. Pakistan and China are the two important players of Asian, especially South Asian region. They are reliable, time tested friends and have strong brotherhood throughout their bilateral diplomatic history. Pakistan is the most important Muslim country, as it is the only atomic power in Muslim World. It also occupies very important geo-strategic location. While on the other hand China being the most emerging economic, military and technological power has remained the focus of attention for regional and international political actors. Both Countries have travelled over 65 years of long journey of smooth relations. Currently both states are working jointly in all fields related to defense including nuclear cooperation and development of conventional and non-conventional weaponries. Free trade agreement boosted economics ties between these two neighboring state. Both states agreed to construct the China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPCE) that was officially signed in 2015. Gwadar port is part of CPEC and has vital economic strategic position.
Author/s:	Nida Shabbir Visiting Lecturer, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Imran Wakil Lecturer, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Israr Rasool Visiting Lecturer, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	CPEC, Bilateral Ties, Cooperation, Interdependence, Regional, Strategic
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)40	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)40
Page Nos:	507-518
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	40
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Securing Tomorrow: An Operational Risk Capital Cushion Perspective
Abstract:	This paper aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of commercial banks of Pakistan dealing operational risk, whose internal frameworks have been in place but in its early stages and lack consistency to provide the desired level of assurance to both management and regulators. Additionally, the paper is driven by the need of exploring and assessing the operational risk capital cushion in the light of Basel recommendations to pave way for further studies crucial for the survival of banks and that too in the context of a developing country which is rare in literature. Keeping in view of exploratory nature of the research, the strategy falling in the realm of qualitative research has used primary data from face to face interviews of risk managers analysed with the help of thematic analysis. The study finds a consistency considering the recommendations of Basel II of using only “basic indicator approach” for calculating operational risk cushion in Pakistan whereas Basel III recommendation of having a standardize approach to use across all banks is still a long road ahead while managers are unaware of the numbers their banks were keeping as a capital cushion which itself is a big risk.
Author/s:	Muhammad Zohair Durrani Ph. D Scholar, School of Business Administration, NCBA&E, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Umar Safdar Kayani Associate Professor, HOD, School of Business Administration, NCBA&E, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Inamullah Khan Ph. D Scholar, School of Business Administration, NCBA&E, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Basel, Capital Cushion, Operational Risk, Risk Management
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)41	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)41
Page Nos:	519-534
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	41
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Job related Experiences of Women with Disabilities in Punjab Province
Abstract:	The substantive purpose of this study was to explore challenges and difficulties faced by working women with disabilities at workplace. A self-developed semi-structured interview containing twenty (20) open ended questions was developed. The reliability of instrument (Cronbach alpha) was 0.75. A sample of fifty (50) women with disabilities was selected through snow ball sampling technique from twenty one cities of the Punjab. Data were analyzed by using SPSS and Nvivo software was used for the analysis of data collected through interview schedules. Major findings revealed that the attitudes of heads, teaching staff and non-teaching staff were positive towards women with disabilities. They had shown serious concerns about insufficient job quota, salary packages and medical allowance. School buildings were not disabling friendly and there were no provision of technical aids. Fewer in-service training opportunities were given to them. The study recommended that Government should construct purposeful buildings and allocate additional financial resources to modify the infrastructure of existing buildings. Develop guidelines and policies in order to improve the overall working situation of women with disabilities serving in special schools of Punjab province
Author/s:	Dr. Rukhsana Bashir Assistant Professor, Institute of Special Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Ayesha Wajihullah Principal, Child Welfare Centre, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Hina Khalid Senior Special Education Teacher, Government of the Punjab, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Institutional Policy, Training Opportunities, Women with Disabilities
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)42	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)42
Page Nos:	535-542
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	42
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The Others” Lexical and Textual Representation (Bias) of Refugees: A Critical Discourse Analysis of America and Pakistani Press
Abstract:	Refugees are among the most vulnerable humans in the world. Their representation in media creates particular perception among the masses. This research aims to analyze media discourse of Pakistani and American newspapers regarding refugees. For this purpose Fairclough’s 3Dmodel of CDA has been applied. CDA focuses on language manipulation to maintain power and propagation of hidden ideologies in text through media. To explore the lexical and textual othering of refugees it has been found that the media discourses of the given newspapers tend to mold ideologies using language as a tool. It renders unknown people (refugees) crossing border to take refuge in the host countries as outsiders. The findings of the CDA reveal that textual representation of refugees in the defined media represents them as “the others”, unwanted foreigners who are not welcome into the host countries.
Author/s:	Saima Khan M. Phil Mass Communication, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Hafiz Bilal Ahsan MS Film & TV, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Tariq Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Mass Communication, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
Keywords:	CDA, lexical, Media. Others, Refugees
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)43	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)43
Page Nos:	543-555
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	43
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The Importance of IPIP Five Factor Personality Traits in Prediction of University Students’ Emotional Intelligence
Abstract:	Personality as a construct defines individuals into different types or categories on the base of traits they exhibit or the ways they behave. Personality knowledge can predict human responses in a variety of contexts. In this regard, researchers have limited the wide range of personality traits into five traits. Personality researchers have agreed on this five factors personality model for use in personality research. These five traits are significant in the prediction of students’ academic behaviour and academic performance. Emotional intelligence constructs overlaps with certain aspects of these five traits of personality. Hence, the current study estimated the importance of Five factor personality traits model in the prediction of emotional intelligence. Four hundred and twenty eight students who were conveniently available provided information about their emotional intelligence and personality traits. Linear regression revealed that all personality traits can significantly predict students’ emotional intelligence. The Extraversion trait appeared as the most important trait as compared to the Neuroticism trait, which showed the least importance in the prediction of emotional intelligence. Based on results and literature review recommendations were made.
Author/s:	Dr. Rafaquat Ali Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Bahawalnagar Campus, Bahawalnagar, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Syed Kaleem Ullah Shah Bukhari Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Training, Bahawalnagar Campus, Bahawalnagar, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Sher Muhammad Assistant Professor, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanites, Hamdard University Karachi, Islamabad Campus Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Academic Performance, Agreeableness, Emotional Intelligence, Extraversion, IPIP Personality Items, Neuroticism, University Students
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)44	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)44
Page Nos:	556-569
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	44
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An Empirical Study on Linkage between Monetary Instrument and Economic Growth in Pakistan: A New Evidence
Abstract:	This research is going to analyses the linkages between the monetary policy instruments which have a great influence on economic growth in Pakistan. Monetary policy a kind of demand management policy that deals with the stabilization and the economic growth of the economy with a high level of employment and a moderate price level. Analysis has been done by utilizing the time series data for the period 1975-2019. By testing the time series for unit root we have estimated the relationship with the ARDL model. The study has used Gross domestic product growth rate, Consumption expenditure, Inflation, Gross domestic saving, Gross national expenditure, money supply M2. It has been concluded that expansion in money supply and employment opportunities has a positive impact on growth both in the long and short run. It has been suggested govt. must consider the monetary policy to control the economic activity and to stabilize the economy both in the short and in the long run.
Author/s:	Farhana Nosheen Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Govt. Associate College for Women Muzafarabad, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Hina Ali Assistant professor, Department of Economics, The Women University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Nazia Nasir Research Scholar, Department of Economics, The Women University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Money Supply, Consumption Expenditure, Gross Domestic Product, Inflation
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)45	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)45
Page Nos:	570-587
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	45
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Evaluation of the English Curriculum on the Basis of Linguistics Skills Approved for Higher Secondary Level Public Institutions of Karachi
Abstract:	English is not spoken by most of the population of Pakistan, however, is officially employed in public and private organizations; it has acquired the status of the second language in the country. For that reason, the English language is obligatory to obtain better education and well-paid jobs. So, the present study aimed to investigate the National English Curriculum Booklet of Pakistan (2006) prescribed for Higher Secondary Certificate level (grade XI and XII). The study also examined whether the intermediate textbooks (Textbook-I and Textbook-II) published by the Sindh Textbook Board, Jamshoro meets the criteria set in the curriculum. The article also tried to find out whether the course books centered on the curriculum fulfill the future academic and professional needs of the Pakistani pupil. The qualitative data of the course books were assessed using the procedures listed by (Schreier 2012) for content analysis and (Pauwels 2012)for negative analysis. The curriculum was evaluated employing the framework of (Dubin and Olshtain 1986). The findings expose that the curriculum is limiting and rigid. Similarly, it was found that the course books are restrictive, less productive, and do not achieve the set targets listed in the English curriculum for the higher secondary level. In the main, the results suggested amendments in both the course books and curriculum.
Author/s:	Muhammad Asif Research Scholar, Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, Hamdard University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Prof. Dr. Ahmad Saeed Research Supervisor, Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, Hamdard University Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Dr. M Akhtar Kang Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences, Hamdard University Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Curriculum Developmental Approaches, English Language Course Books, Language Education Scenario, Language Instructional Tactics, Planning, Discrete-Point Exercises
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)46	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)46
Page Nos:	588-601
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	46
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Correlation Analysis of the University Teachers’ Computer Self-Efficacy in Teaching and Research in Punjab (Pakistan)
Abstract:	The main objective of this research was to find the correlation among computer self-efficacy (C.S.E), perceived teaching skills (P.T.S) and perceived research skills (P.R.S) of university teachers regarding the use of ICT. The population was the university teachers working in public sector universities of the Punjab the province of Pakistan. The total number of respondents (sample) in this research was nine hundred and twenty three teachers. CSE was measured by the use of Murphy’s (1989) scale. P.T.S and P.R.S were calculated by developing more items by the researcher. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient of this tool was measured 0.98. The tool was distributed personally. The data were analyzed by Arithmetic means and coefficient of correlation. The results showed that mean score depicted levels of C.S.E, P.T.S and P.R.S was at some confidence level. The results of the correlation analysis depicted that there was a strong relationship between teachers’ CSE and PTS. The resulted value of correlation showed a strong relationship between teachers’ CSE and PRS. Considering these results it was recommended that computer training for the use in teaching and research must be compulsory to enhance the CSE of teachers.
Author/s:	Muhammad Rashid Ph. D Scholar, Department of Education, BZU Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Ahmad Farooq Shah Professor (Retired), Department of Education, BZU Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Farah Latif Naz Lecturer, Department of Education, BZU Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Computer Self -Efficacy (C.S.E), Correlation, ICT in Teaching and Research, Self-Efficacy, University Teachers
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)47	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)47
Page Nos:	602-613
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	47
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Forensic Protocols and Investigation of Crimes in Pakistan: A Case of Sindh
Abstract:	This study was conducted to examine the importance of the existing Forensic Protocol procedure adopted for the investigation of various crimes in Sindh, especially in the Karachi and Hyderabad areas. Forensic science plays an imperative role in any criminal investigation to identify the culprit using scientific methods. In current study, the forensic protocol discusses the roles of the following respondents: healthcare providers, lawyers, law enforcement agents, forensic scientists and the prosecution. Police in Sindh Province is a mix of human resources with different levels of education and training. When police participants were asked if they had ever studied forensics, it was found that 47.1% had studied forensics, while 52.9% denied it. It means that 52.9% of the surveyed police officers have poor forensic knowledge and experience. With the help of qualitative research methodology, this research has been analyzed. The potential of forensic science in Sindh is based on overcoming limitation and enhancing development characteristics. Barriers include traditional attitudes, lack of implementation, lack of funding, lack of trained personnel, equipment, and laboratories. Forensic scientific investigations are possible if the police establish a new professional culture, professional ethics, scientific methods and tools, amplifying training, and establishing forensic laboratories.
Author/s:	Danish Bashir Mangi Ph.D Scholar, Faculty of Law, Dadabhoy, Institute of Higher Education, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Prof. Dr. Raana Khan Head of Department, Faculty of Law, Dadabhoy, Institute of Higher Education, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Forensic Science, Hyderabad, Investigation, Sindh Police
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)48	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)48
Page Nos:	614-630
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	48
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Turkish Foreign Policy from Zero Problem Policy to Hegemonic Behavior in South Caucasus
Abstract:	In 2002, in Turkey, the Justice and Development Party became the ruling power. Soon after its rule, The Justice and Development Party started to reshape the Turkish Foreign Policy. Tayyip Erdogan’s advisor, Ahmet Davutogluo devised the Foreign Policy according to new principles to protect the interests of Turkey. Under the new trend, Turkey, for the first time reshaped its relation giving more importance to the eastern world rather than the west. Instead of the USA, Turkey started to show inclination towards China and Russia. Turkey, very clearly expressed that she will not depend for its interests, entirely on Europe. Formerly, Turkey tried to adopt the doctrine of Zero-Problem-Policy, but the Arab Spring and the USA’s and West’s interference with this matter, made Turkey revisit its Zero-Problem-Policy and drift away from the USA and the west. ‘Neither the West nor the USA, but an Independent Turkey became the prominent trend in the Turkish Foreign Policy. Under the emerging trend Turkey has been facing difficulties and challenges on national as well as on international level. Even the unsuccessful military coup d’état galvanized the policy of ‘Dewesternization in Turkish Foreign Policy’. The current research encompasses the changes and challenges in adopting the new trend in Turkish Foreign Policy.
Author/s:	Muhammad Zahid Iqbal Ph. D scholar, Department of Politics and IR, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Noor Fatima Assistant Professor, Department of Politics and IR, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Hegemonic Behavior, South Caucasus, Turkish Foreign Policy, Zero Problem Policy
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)49	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)49
Page Nos:	631-642
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	49
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Political Discourse Analysis of the Islamic Identity in Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
Abstract:	Identity, being a construct of social and historical milieus, by the establishment of the differences between ‘self’ and ‘others’, effects individuals or groups who tend to identify themselves with that identity. Identity plays an instrumental role in establishment of perceptive similarities with some actors while shaping dissimilarities from others. Throughout the course of its history since independence in 1947, Pakistan has confronted a constant identity crisis. However, in the face of an existential threat emanating from India, Pakistan’s power elite has managed to tread the foreign policy of Pakistan using the Islamic identity. This article discloses the discursive patterns of identity and the role of discourse as a performative tool in embedment of Islamic component in Pakistan’s foreign policy and how it helped shape the external outlook of Pakistan vis-à-vis not only the Islamic world but also great powers.
Author/s:	Hamid Iqbal Lecturer, Department of International Relations, National Defence University, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Hanif Khalil Associate Professor, National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Umar Sohail Independent Researcher,
Keywords:	Discourse Analysis, Identity, Islam, Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)50	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)50
Page Nos:	643-654
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	50
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Postcolonial Subalternization of Kashmiris in Arundhati Roy’s The Ministry of Utmost Happiness
Abstract:	Subalternization is a key postcolonial term that is fundamentally a social process which means to put someone in subordinate position. It is said to be a process in which elite class exploits the nation’s poor in the name of nationalism. It preserves the power and privileges of the class of native masters. This concept has been highlighted in literary studies for a long time. Arundhati Roy in The Ministry of Utmost Happiness also takes up issues of subalternization in Indian society and tries to debunk the myth of India as a biggest democracy and secular state which propagates protecting the minorities but keeps exploiting them through different means. This paper is an attempt to understand those issues of subalternization and highlights their impact on Kashmiris investigating the oppressive policies of the Indian State adversely affecting its image. The concept of ‘postcolonial subalternization’ is used as the framework for the analysis of the novel with special reference to Kashmiris studied with regard to their demonization and persecution resulting in their ghettoization and marginalization. The paper concludes that the response of Indian State towards Kashmiris is based on apathy as the security personnel are seen actively involved in oppressive acts.
Author/s:	Muhammad Abid Assistant Professor of English, Government Graduate College, Block 17, D. G. Khan, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Aamer Shaheen Assistant Professor, Department of English Literature, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Asif Khan Assistant Professor, Department of English Literature, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Arundhati Roy, Indian Occupied Kashmir, Kashmiris, Postcolonial Subalternization, The Ministry of Utmost Happiness
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)51	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)51
Page Nos:	655-665
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	51
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Feminism in Pakistani English Literature: A Study in Post-Colonial Paradigm
Abstract:	Since time immemorial, man and woman has always been the subject of interest for researchers. The following paper also aims at the same subject of gender study. It will offer a thorough examination of how females got themselves adjusted in Pakistani society with respect to the post-colonial background. This paper will also highlight the empowerment of females in Pakistani Society with respect to the patriarchal background. This entire task will be achieved with the view of the impact of colonialism on women’s role in Pakistani literature. The pioneering work description of feminism can be seen in literature written by Muslim writers even before partition as reformist. The main change and shift were seen in the second phase as the Progressive Writers Movement started which paved the way for feminism in Pakistan which is obvious by modern Pakistani writers living in or outside the country. It was the outcome of these writers that they largely discussed and analyzed the issues of female characters in Pakistani English Literature. This paper will highlight the harmful aspects caused by this slogan of feminism. It will also highlight its effects on Pakistani strata at large with respect to post-colonialism.
Author/s:	Faisal Mehmood Ph. D Scholar, Department of History, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Mazher Hussain Assistant Professor, Department of History, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Anwar Farooq Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, KFUEIT, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Feminism, Pakistani English Literature, Pakistani English Novels, Post-Colonial English Literature in Pakistan
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)52	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)52
Page Nos:	666-676
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	52
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Forensic DNA Profiling and Criminal Justice System in Pakistan: An Analysis
Abstract:	The article in hand is written to highlight the importance of DNA profiling in criminal justice system and need of legislation with reference to Pakistan. In Pakistani criminal justice system entire burden of investigation is upon police and other investigation agencies, which is compelling in nature for investigator to present him stock witness rather than relying on scientific evidence, and utilize all other resources of illegitimate ways to make any case strong. Sindhi society is heterogeneous and illiteracy is a big problem. Honest eye witnesses are usually unwilling to record their statement and even if they do, their statement loses its reliability during the encounter of extreme cross examinations and re-examination. The poor rate of conviction destroys the confidence of the public in the criminal justice system. Opinion of senior legal practitioners is obtained and a detailed case study is also conducted in this regard and it is observed that no one can deny the importance of DNA profiling in present scenario. This is what is needed now that Laboratories conducting DNA profiling must be upgraded and increases in numbers in all over the country and DNA data base is start developing to reduce crime rate in Pakistan.
Author/s:	Shabana Kouser Jatoi Ph.D Scholar, Dada Bhoye Institute of Higher Education, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Prof. Dr. Raana Khan Professor, Dada Bhoye Institute of Higher Education, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Muhammad Nouman Jatoi Visiting Faculty Member, Institute of Law University of Sindh Jamshoro , Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Admissibility of DNA, Court of Law, DNA Profiling, Forensic, Investigation, Paternity Cases, Secondary Evidence, Sexual Assault
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)53	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)53
Page Nos:	677-693
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	53
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Development of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy with Islamic Concepts for Treatment of Depression and Anxiety
Abstract:	This paper engages with the Islamic treatment of the psychological disorders like depression and anxiety. To be more precise in this study cognitive behaviour therapy was developed with Islamic concepts for the treatment of patients of anxiety and depression. Cognitive behaviour therapy with Islamic concepts was developed by addition of Quranic Ayaat and Ahaadiis of Prophet Muhammad PBUH in the techniques of regular CBT. These Ayaat and Ahaadiis were used for cognitive restructuring of the cognitive errors in the patients of Anxiety and Depression. The pilot study was also conducted on three clients to check the efficacy of newly developed CBT with Islamic concepts. The post-test results showed efficacy of CBT with Islamic concepts. Pre-test, post-test experimental research method was used. In the quantitative analysis t-test results showed efficacy of CBT with Islamic concepts. Qualitative analysis of the verbatim of the clients was done using Interpretative phenomenological Analysis. Themes deduced showed that Islamic content in the CBT like Ayaat and Ahaadiis helped the clients in cognitive restructuring of their cognitive errors and which helped in their overcoming of the symptoms of anxiety and depression.
Author/s:	Humera Asghar Ph. D scholar, Department of Psychology, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Seema Gul Assistant Professor, Deanship of Educational Services, Riyadh, KSA Dr. Uzma Masroor Head of the Department, Department of Psychology, Air University Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Anxiety, Treatment, Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Depression, Islam, Quran
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)54	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)54
Page Nos:	694-706
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	54
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Role of the Mother Tongue in Public and Private Secondary Schools in Sehwan, District Jamshoro: A Comparative Study
Abstract:	Several vernaculars are used with five major languages; Punjabi, Sindhi, Balochi, Pashto and Urdu in Pakistan. However, the medium of instruction in public and private secondary schools is used English which no one’s Mother Tongue in Pakistan. The study explores the role of the Mother Tongue as Medium of instruction in public and private secondary schools in Sehwan, district Jamshoro. The quantitative approach was used in this study. Simple random sampling was used in this study. Data were collected from sixty students and eight teachers by distributing questionnaire. After collecting the data, it was analyzed in Microsoft Excel for making pie and bar charts. The study found the important role of the Mother Tongue as a medium of instruction in Secondary education in both public and private schools in Sehwan. The Mother Tongue was found to be used in classroom interaction, participation in activities in the classroom, clearing the concept of science and other subjects in the Mother Tongue, students’ performances and language in examinations. Moreover, the majority of the student and teacher participants suggested that the Mother Tongue should be the Medium of instruction in Secondary Schools in Sehwan, district Jamshoro.
Author/s:	Ghulam Mustafa Mallah PhD Scholar, English Linguistics, Institute of English Language and Literature University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan Dr. Rafique Memon Professor, Institute of English Language and Literature, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Bilingual Education, Comparative Study, Mother Tongue
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)55	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)55
Page Nos:	707-733
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	55
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Islam and Rationalism: A Comprehensive Analysis from the Quran and Sunnah
Abstract:	The research paper in hand addresses the very phenomenon of rationalism in the light of Islamic injunctions as a whole and its prime significance regarding promotion of body of knowledge in order to clarify a number of misconceptions especially in the backdrop of Islam-West dialectics. Moreover; the glorious past of Islam suggests that the modern day wisdom and vision is not apart from the centuries old historical process in the light of illustrations from the life and times of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). As the study is based on qualitative research, the discussion revolves around argument and analysis augmented with illustrations from the annals of Islamic History. Hence; it helps to reach a sold conclusion that logic and reasoning is the true base of Islamic research as well as functioning as a religion as the Holy Prophet (PBUH) not only encouraged to question but also asserted on logic and reasoning which is the real essence of today’s rationalism.
Author/s:	Muhammad Amanullah Ph. D Scholar, Department of History, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Mazher Hussain Assistant Professor, Department of History, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Anwar Farooq Ph. D Scholar, Department of History, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Discourse, Hereafter, Islam, Orthodox Muslims, Rationalism
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)56	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)56
Page Nos:	733-744
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	56
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Mental Health and Positive Impact of Man Made Disasters and Natural Disasters in Pakistan: A Comparative Study
Abstract:	Trauma leaves impact on mental health of victims as well as survivors. The objective of present study is to find the level of posttraumatic growth in the victims of man-made disaster and natural disaster in Pakistan which refers to mental health. The total sample size was N= 600 which comprised of n=300 victims of man-made disaster (Abused=150 i.e 75 males & 75 females and Bomb Blast victims i.e 75 males & 75 females). Same as 300 victims of natural disaster (earthquake victims 150 i.e 75 males & 75 females and flood victims= 150 i.e 75 males & 75 females). A purposive sampling technique was used to collect data. Urdu translated version of PTGI is used for data collection that was devised by Tedeschi & Calhoun. It was hypothesized that Post traumatic growth will be high in the victims of natural disaster as compared to man-made disaster. It was found that the level of PTG is a greater in the victims of natural disaster as compared to man-made disaster. And PTG is found more in the males than females, while in subscales the significant difference is found on ‘spiritual change’ between these two groups Moreover Level of PTG increases with passage of Time.
Author/s:	Samra Zubair Lodhi Ph. D Scholar, Department of Psychology, Female Campus, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Seema Gul Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Post Traumatic Growth, Man-Made Disaster, Natural Disaster, Mental Health
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)57	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)57
Page Nos:	747-763
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	57
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Teaching English through Critical Pedagogy (CP): Challenges and Coping Strategies in Pakistani EFL Classrooms
Abstract:	Critical pedagogy is a problem-solving approach which enables learners to think critically on social issues and challenge their existing knowledge by mean of questioning. However, the EFL teachers in Pakistan are reluctant to implement critical pedagogy in their classroom. The present study aims to investigate the EFL teachers’ perspectives in implementation of Critical pedagogy in their classrooms. The data collection for the present study was done through mixed-method approach. Semi-structured interviews were collected for the qualitative data and were analyzed through thematic analysis. However, the quantitative data was collected through the close-ended questionnaire and was analyzed through descriptive method (averages and mean). The participants of the present study were the EFL teachers at two public universities in Sindh Pakistan. The findings of the present study include the issues faced by EFL teachers and the strategies to cope up with those issues in implementation of critical pedagogy in their classroom. A comparative analysis of EFL teacher from both universities was also done based on their responses.
Author/s:	Sarwat Anjum MS. Scholar, English Language Development Centre, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan Dr. Habibullah Pathan Director, English Language Development Centre, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan Waqar Ali Shah Lecturer, English Language Development Centre, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Critical Consciousness, Critical Pedagogy (CP), Critical Thinking (CT), English as Foreign Language (EFL), English language Teaching (ELT)
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)58	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)58
Page Nos:	764-776
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	58
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Ideological Reformation in a Society through the Linguistic Monopoly Depicted in the Advertisements in Pakistan
Abstract:	The objective of this study is to explore how advertisements influence human ideologies, shape their ways of thinking and have influential impact upon their behavior. It also throws the light that without the proper use of language; we cannot transmit our message through advertisements. Studies on the topic reveal that advertisers have always used words that influence the audience; manipulation of language helped the advertisers to divert the focus of their targeted audience towards their desired destination, hence generating a desire to buy the product. For this research Fairclough’s three dimensional model comprising description, interpretation and explanation is used for Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of three ads (from television commercials) for interpretation. The findings of the study show, how in Pakistan the language depicts its role in forming ideologies through advertisements. It further elaborates how language persuades people; hence it generates a desire in the audience to buy the product being advertised. The research further elaborates how these advertisements are playing a vital role in changing our society and culture.
Author/s:	Hafsa Naseer Research Scholar, Department of English, Bahauddin Zakriya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Nazneen Zahra Lecture, Department of English, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan Hina Basheer Research Scholar, Department of English, Bahauddin Zakriya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Advertisements, Advertisers, Consumers, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Language
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)59	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)59
Page Nos:	777-787
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	59
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Association between Perceived Organizational Politics and Intentions to Quit: Mediating Role of Emotional Exhaustion
Abstract:	This research investigates proposed associations between the perceived organizational politics on intentions to quit and emotional exhaustion. A sample of faculty members (N=220) from five higher education commission approved public sector universities of Islamabad participated. Data were collected by using non-probability sampling technique i.e. convenient. Participants provided information on socio-demographic variables and self-reported questionnaires on study variables. Psychometric properties of the study variables were found satisfactory. Regression analysis through statistical package for social sciences was carried out to test the hypotheses. Results indicated perceived organizational politics significantly related to intentions to quit, as well as to emotional exhaustion. Emotional exhaustion was also found to be positively related to intentions to quit. Further, emotional exhaustion partially mediated the relationship between perceived organizational politics and intentions to quit. Findings suggested that perceived organizational politics emotionally exhausts faculty members of the universities, leading them to have intentions to quit their jobs. Universities need to identify perceived organizational politics in the work environment and efforts need to be focused on addressing this phenomenon.
Author/s:	Qudsia Jabeen Ph. D Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Shakira Huma Siddiqui Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, NUML, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Hira Salah ud din Khan Postdoctoral Research Fellow, School of Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
Keywords:	Emotional Exhaustion, Intentions to Quit, Perceived Organizational Politics
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)60	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)60
Page Nos:	788-802
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	60
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Motivation towards Oral Proficiency in English as Second Language: Evidence from Higher Education
Abstract:	Current study analyzes the role of motivation towards oral proficiency in English as Second Language ESL. Language is based on four skills and speaking excels all the skills. Oral proficiency of learners in English as Second Language (ESL) is heavy impediment. For, they are less motivated to enhance their speaking. So, the very purpose of this paper was to analyze the motivation towards oral proficiency in ESL. Henceforth, literature review supports that both motivation and language have relation with each other. And if motivation increases than oral proficiency is also developed. So, it was recommended that teachers while teaching ESL must focus on motivation and its role in developing oral proficiency
Author/s:	Sayed Tanweer Ahmed Lecturer, Department of Education, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan Dr. Rana Naeem Akhtar Assistant Professor, Department of Education, The Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Assessment, Impediment, Motivation, Oral Proficiency
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)61	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)61
Page Nos:	803-812
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	61
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The Diffusion of Prosperity and Peace in Islamic Economy: A Case Study of Pakistan
Abstract:	The objective of the research is to investigate the Islamic Economic fundamental principles derived from the Holy Quran which is also supported by hadith literature. The organization of the Islamic financial system, to give people the courage and financial support of people, which is to teach the Holy Quran. Assistance in the event of a natural disaster, or even in normal conditions of use. Islam is perfect for social and economic system, which includes a tool for charities, Sadaqa, Fitrana, and Zakat. The organization of the Islamic socio-economic system is developing the potential of individuals and institutions of the state. The method, which refers to the concept of the four supports of the economy (production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of wealth, it has been mentioned in the Holy Quran 1400 years ago. Islam attaches great importance to the equal distribution of wealth, and not much to the interests of institutions that are involved. The organization of the Islamic system, which provides financial support, in the different structures of the national governments to enhance peace and prosperity. The establishment of small businesses, as well as contribute to social norms, as individuals in any society. Islamic economic principles enjoin economic equitability according to which wealth should circulate throughout the society, which also contributes to the economic welfare, development, and prosperity of the people living in the society
Author/s:	Dr. Hina Ali Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, The Women University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Tayyaba Naveed Lecturer, Department of Psychology, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan Javeria Masood Visiting Lecturer, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Islamic Civilization, Islamic Economy, Peace, Prosperity
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)62	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)62
Page Nos:	813-822
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	62
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Students’ Achievement at Primary Level and Parents’ Interest in their Children’s Education: A Correlational Study
Abstract:	This study was conducted to find out the relationship between parents’ interest in their children’s education and its effects on their overall academic achievement. To find the relationship between the two variables as mentioned above, a research 25 items self-developed questionnaire was used for the data collection. Students’ academic achievement was assessed by the scores they obtained in 5thgrade Punjab Examination commission held in 2017. It was found that students’ academic achievement is dependent to great extent on the level of interest, the parents take in their children’s studies. The higher degree of relationship is manifested through the calculated correlation coefficient. This study was delimited to the students of Government Primary schools of Tehsil Zafarwal, District Narowal and their parents respectively. On the basis of the findings of this study, it is strongly recommended that the parents of the students should be motivated for taking deep interest in their children’s educational activities to ensure success and overall performance of the students.
Author/s:	Muhammad Latif Assistant Professor, Incharge, Department of Education, GC Women University Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Mubashar Hanif Deputy Director Research, Association for Academic Quality(AFAQ), Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Umi Lela Assistant Professor, Head Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, GIFT University Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Academic Achievement, Parental Interest, Primary School Level
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)63	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)63
Page Nos:	823-832
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	63
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Predictive role of Personality Traits and Self Control in Mental Health and Academic Achievement among Adolescents Playing Online Games
Abstract:	The present research explores the effect of online gaming on personality traits, self-control, mental health and academic achievement. The population of the study consisted of the adolescents who play online games. A sample of 308 (N=308) adolescents were selected by using purposive sampling technique from different areas of Punjab. Big Five Personality Inventory (John & Srivastava, 1999). Self-control scale (Tangney et al. 2004), and Mental Health Questionnaire (Dubey & Singh, 2016) were used to collect the data in current research. The results of correlation showed that personality traits extraversion, agreeableness conscientiousness, and openness were significantly positively correlated with self-control, mental health, and academic achievement and neuroticism was negatively but significantly related to self-control, mental health, and academic achievement. The results of multiple regression analysis exhibited that personality traits (extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness) and self-control were confirmed to be significant predictors of mental health and Personality traits (extraversion, neuroticism, openness) and self-control were shown to be significant predictors of academic achievement.
Author/s:	Ryesa Qaisar MS Clinical Psychology, Department of Applied Psychology, Govt. College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Khalid Mahmood Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, Govt. College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Syed Muhammad Imran Haider Zaidi Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, Govt. College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Academic Achievement, Mental Health, Online Games, Personality Traits, Self-Control
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)64	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)64
Page Nos:	833-847
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	64
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Animation Based Learning and Traditional Method of Teaching in English Subject: A Comparative Study
Abstract:	The objectives of the study were to compare the effectiveness of animation based learning and traditional method of teaching, to investigate the effectiveness of high, mediocre and low achievers of traditional method of teaching as compared to high, mediocre and low achievers of animation-based learning in English subject at Elementary Level and was conducted at private sector Dar-e-Arqam School Model Town Campus Faisalabad. As the study was experimental in nature therefore, all fourth graders (44) consisted in two sections were selected, first section for control group (22) was treated with traditional method of teaching and second section for experimental group (22) was treated with animation-based learning. The Pretest-Posttest Equivalent-Groups Design was selected. Approximately, one month lesson planning was used for both teaching methodologies to teach the fourth graders. Data were collected from the pre-test that was conducted at the beginning of the study and from the post-test that was conducted after treatment. Statistically conclusions of the study went to the favor of animation-based learning and proved that animation-based learning is admirable way of teaching to be taught to comprehensible the grammar concepts as well as to retain the lesson. This kind of study may be conducted at public sector in future.
Author/s:	Dr. Syeda Samina Tahira HOD, Department of Education, GC Women University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Hina Arshad Lecturer, Department of Education, GC Women University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Rubab Batool Lecturer, Department of Education, GC Women University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Animation Based Learning, Teaching of English Grammar, Traditional Method of Teaching
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)65	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)65
Page Nos:	848-858
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	65
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Effect of Digital Learning Style on Academic Achievement at Secondary Level
Abstract:	Aim of this study was to find an effect of Digital Learning Style on academic achievement at secondary level. A quasi-experimental design was used. Pretest was conducted. Convenience sampling technique was used. Experimental group was given a treatment of six weeks by using Digital Learning Style. Instrument used for collection of data was pre-test and post-test. Twenty lessons were delivered by using Digital Learning Style. Same pre-test was used as post-test. The t-test was used for analysis of data. The results showed that experimental group scored significantly higher than control group. Some recommendations were made for teachers and students to use online quiz for better teaching and learning. Government of Pakistan should take an initiative to raise the standards of education by introducing the use of Digital Learning Style in the government high schools of Pakistan.
Author/s:	Dr. Muhammad Samiullah Assistant Professor, (ECE&ETE) Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan Nayyer Sultana Ph. D Scholar, (Education) National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Shazia Zamir Assistant Professor, (Education) National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Academic Achievement, Digital Learning Style, Secondary Level
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)66	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)66
Page Nos:	857-866
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	66
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Rise Against Kyriarchy: Critical Examination of Imtiaz Dharker’s “A Century Later“
Abstract:	The aim of this research paper is to investigate the way that Imtiaz Dharker has sketched her woman to rise and stand against kyriarchy in the poem "A century later." Since the rise of civilizations, women have been fighting against inequalities and economic, religious, and social disparities globally. There are various reasons for women's suppression such as, patriarchy, objectification, and kyriarchy, which would also serve as the foundation of our major analysis. Kyriarchy feeds the system of dominations under which individuals have some privileges. In the context of the poem, the notion of kyriarchy restricts women from pursuing education. Several studies have been conducted on women's harassment, divorce, abuse, and honor killing. The current study has examined the ways restrictions have been imposed on women's education. This research paper finds and concludes that a woman is inseparable from her right to be educated, independent, and self-determinant.
Author/s:	Maryam khan Lecturer, National University of Modern Languages, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan Asad Ali Babar Lecturer, National University of Modern Languages, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Century, Education, Imtiaz DharkerKyriarchy, Women
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)67	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)67
Page Nos:	867-875
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	67
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Students and COVID-19: A Phenomenological Study of Undergraduate Students in Pakistan
Abstract:	The current study aimed at investigating the student reaction towards COVID-19. The pandemic affected all areas of human functioning; in the particular education system has undergone a significant transformation. Students experienced significant emotional turmoil during educational transformation. Therefore it is important to investigate student’s reaction during COVID-19. Using a convenient sampling technique, 120 undergraduate students of Gujranwala Universities have been recruited. The students were interviewed using a self-indigenous interview guide. Multiple themes have been generated through a phenomenological approach. The findings of the study provided an interesting but alarming picture of students responses. The reactions of students have been summarized into diverse themes such as negative outlook towards life, mental health problems, and unproductive activities during quarantine and apprehensions towards education. The findings should be addressed in terms of counseling for mental health issues, and devising an online education policy to meet students need and carter their fears.
Author/s:	Dr. Umi Lela Head of Department, Humanities and Social Sciences, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan Sana Rehman Lecturer, Humanities and Social Sciences, GIFT University, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Latif Assistant Professor/In-charge, Department of Education, GC Women University Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Online Education, Phenomenological Study, Quarantine, Student Reaction
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)68	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)68
Page Nos:	876-886
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	68
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Pedagogical Stylistics: Cognitive Stylistic Analysis of Simon’s The Sound of Silence
Abstract:	The study is concerned with the exploration of cognitive stylistic in the Simon’s The sound of silence in order to highlight the deployment of different cognitive stylistic devices and use of mental processes on the understanding of meaning. These mental spaces help in establishing grammar that shows the poet's view. They are connected and used not only for perspective understanding but also used to represent dynamic plot in the perception and language. For a detailed analysis of textual features, this study draws on Text World Theory (Werth, 1999; Gavins, 2007), but also integrates some aspects of Cognitive Grammar (Langacker, 2008). The article pays particular attention to the way Gaiman frames his narrative and positions his reader to view the fictional events from a distinctive vantage point and how such writing is designed with a particular readership in mind.
Author/s:	Dr. Shaista Zeb Assistant Professor, Department of English, National University of Modern Languages Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Rubina Masum Assistant Professor, Department of English/Business Management, IQRA University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Dr. Afsheen Salahuddin Assistant Professor, Adjunct Faculty at School of Education, Beaconhouse National University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Cognitive, Mental Space, Stylistics, Perspective
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)69	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)69
Page Nos:	887-899
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	69
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Challenges Faced by Primary English Language Teachers in Online Teaching during the Pandemic
Abstract:	The study aimed at exploring the challenges faced by English Language Teachers at primary level with regard to online teaching practices. It was a qualitative study. The study was conducted in the localities of Multan, Pakistan. The population of the study was the teachers who taught at primary level. A representative sample of twenty (20) school teachers was selected through purposive sampling technique. Moreover, the tool used to collect the data was a semi-structured interview. The interview was recorded using a recorder. It was, later on, transcribed and the relevant themes were generated that helped to get the results, that is to say, the method employed for data analysis was ‘thematic analysis’. Finally, the results were presented in descriptive form. It was found that the teachers faced challenges in using devices, online assessment and feedback, classroom management etc. Finally, it was recommended that the teachers must be equipped with the skills through which they become able to deal effectively with all the aforementioned challenges.
Author/s:	Muhammad Arslan Raheem Assistant Professor, University of Education Lahore, DG Khan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Fasiha Maryam Lecturer, National University of Modern Languages, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Samee Ullah Lecturer, Department of Education, BZU Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Challenges, Online Teaching, Pandemic, Primary Level Education
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)70	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)70
Page Nos:	900-907
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	70
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Politeness Strategies in Imran Khan’s Maiden Speech as Prime Minister of Pakistan
Abstract:	The aim of the present investigation is to conduct pragmatic analysis of the maiden speech delivered by Imran Khan to Pakistanis immediately after becoming 22nd Prime Minister of the country. The study was based on two research objectives i.e. to ascertain what type of politeness strategies Imran Khan employed in his speech and to find out what functions these strategies served. The research design used is qualitative nature. English transcript of the address, taken from internet sources, is considered as the data the investigation. The data, in the form of transcribed text of the speech, were analyzed qualitatively using Brown and Levinson’s theory of politeness. The analyzed data revealed that the addresser used different kinds of politeness strategies namely positive politeness strategies, negative politeness strategies, bald on record strategies, and bald off record strategies. However, positive politeness strategies have been used more frequently than negative politeness strategies which show respect to others as well as satisfy the listener(s).
Author/s:	Dr. Ashiq Hussain Associate Professor, Department of English, Higher Education Department, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Nadeem Anwar Assistant Professor, Department of English, Government Graduate College of Science, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Zahid Mian Assistant Professor, Department of English, Higher Education Department, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Bald on and Bald off, Face Saving Acts, Face-Threatening Acts, Negative, politeness, Politeness, Positive Politeness, Strategies
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)71	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)71
Page Nos:	908-924
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	71
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Afghanistan Peace Process: A Historical Analysis
Abstract:	This paper focuses on peace efforts that have been made to bring peace in Afghanistan. The end of the conflict to bring durable peace drives from peaceful dialogues to create a win-win situation for all parties involved in the conflict. Afghanistan is a country that is in a war-like situation for the last 40 years. Thousands of men, women, children, and soldiers have been killed during this instability. The beginning of Peace Dialogues is a key step to bring durable peace in war-affected Afghanistan. Regional and International Powers are involved in the Afghan conflict. Washington, Beijing, Islamabad, and Kabul itself are the key players in the Afghan conflict. Lack of trust among all the stakeholders is the main hurdle on the way of durable peace. Internal Afghan rifts also put a big question mark for sustainable peace in Afghanistan. Taliban wants complete withdrawal of Foreign Forces. Pakistan is worried due to the Indian presence in its western border. Pakistan and Afghanistan relations have not been friendly as it was expected. China wants to explore minerals in Afghanistan and also does not like militancy in Afghanistan due to disturbances in Xinjiang Province. Washington considers the Afghan war a burden on its economy and the people of America are putting pressure on American leadership to pull out its troops from Afghanistan. Dialogue is the only solution to bring peace in Afghanistan. Peace can only prevail through a win-win situation for all stakeholders.
Author/s:	Aamir Junaid M. Phil. Scholar, Department of Political Science & International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Zab Un Nisa Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Government Graduate College Samanabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan Sidra Awan M. Phil. Political Science, Department of Political Science & International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Afghanistan, Pakistan., Peace Talks, Taliban
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)72	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)72
Page Nos:	925-937
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	72
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Planning Teaching and Learning: Examining Potential Benefits as Perceived by School Teachers
Abstract:	Planning of teaching and learning is a fundamental aspect of effective teaching. This research, therefore, aims at examining potential benefits of planning teaching and learning activities as perceived by diverse group of school teachers. By using descriptive-cum-survey design, 397 teachers were selected as a sample from 43 schools of two districts, by employing multistage cluster technique. A self-designed questionnaire comprising 18-sattements was used as tool for collection of data on five-point scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive-cum -inferential statistics. This research found that overall teachers believe that planning of teaching and learning activities is highly helpful in delivery of content; in achieving students’ learning outcomes; managing and organizing students’ learning activities, resources; and for enhancing quality of teaching. It was further concluded that teachers don’t’ differ in their beliefs by their positions and all are of the same view that planning of teaching and learning activities is highly helpful in delivery of content; achieving students’ learning outcomes; managing and organizing students’ learning activities, resources; and for enhancing quality of teaching.
Author/s:	Dr. Bashir Hussain Associate Professor, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Asia Zulfqar Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Arshad Javaid Associate Professor, Department of Education, University of Education Lahore DG khan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Content Delivery, Leaning, Outcomes, Planning Teaching and Learning, Potential Benefits, School Teachers’ Perspectives
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)73	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)73
Page Nos:	938-949
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	73
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Slips, Trips and Falls (STFs) as contributors of Injuries and fatalities in Construction Industries of Lahore – Pakistan
Abstract:	This research aims to identify the self-reported frequency of injuries and fatalities due to Slips, Trips and Falls and to associate with the influencing factors in various construction industries of Lahore. In past few decades, the construction industry has experienced substantial growth globally. In Pakistan, the construction industry is contributing 2.39% to the GDP employing over four million people. However, construction industry is considered to be the hazardous industry. Slips, Trips, Falls (STFs) have been discerned as major source of injury in construction industries. This research is conducted by conducting a questionnaire survey. Data was gathered from 85 workers in construction industries of Lahore, Pakistan. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The highest number of fatalities was found in Category C4, C5 and C6 of construction industries. Major injuries were found to be Back Injuries / Sprains or Strains / Broken Bones (42.35%). 43.53% of the workers mentioned that there was no usage of fall protection devices at the time of fall. The study recommends that occupational health professionals and policymakers should incorporate the various factors while designing prevention and protection strategies.
Author/s:	Hassan Zahid Ph. D Scholar, Department of Environmental Management, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Gulberg III, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Mahmood Khalid Qamar Professor, Department of Environmental Management, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Gulberg III, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Houda Javed Visiting Faculty Member, Department of Environmental Management, National College of Business Administration & Economics, Gulberg III, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Construction Safety, Fatalities, Injuries, Occupational Safety and Health, Prevention, Protection, Slips, Trips & Falls, Workers
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)74	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)74
Page Nos:	950-966
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	74
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Testing Reading Skills of Social Science Students in English Language
Abstract:	The subject of social science is taught in the elementary English medium schools of Pakistan from grade 03 to 08. The authorities have introduced this subject due to the wide scope of social sciences in the modern world. In the English medium schools, this subject is taught in English language. This paper has been designed to evaluate the present system of evaluation of testing reading skill of the students by the teachers of social sciences and then suggests suitable strategies to improve testing reading skill. The objective of the study is to evaluate the techniques of testing reading skills by the teachers of social science in English medium schools. The main aim is to highlight the shortcomings in testing and reading skills so that this deficiency may be removed by the authorities and syllabus designers. The subject of social science has been in vogue before the creation of Pakistan. In the developed country suitable techniques for testing reading skills are applied but in Pakistan this aspect has been neglected. The present research focuses this important issue.
Author/s:	Dr. Ashiq Hussain Associate Professor of English, Higher Education Department, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Asma Amanat Assistant Professor of Urdu, Higher Education Department, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Zahid Mian Assistant Professor of English, Higher Education Department, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	English Language, Reading Skills, Social Science Students
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)75	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)75
Page Nos:	967-976
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	75
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Transitivity Analysis of Women of Colour’s Oppression(s) in Angelou and Durrani’s Autobiographies
Abstract:	Women of color are doubly segregated not only because of their gender but also their color and race. They have always been regarded as suffering from same oppression and suppression irrespective of their society, cultural differences, ethnocentric location, and class. In this study, the researchers' objective is to compare and contrast the portrayal of oppression(s) of women of color in Angelou’s I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969) and Durrani’s My Feudal Lord (1995) and to critically probe their grouping under homogenous category of women of color. The data consist of two extracts from each narrative that have been chosen through purposive sampling technique in order to conduct the transitivity analysis at clause level. The researchers have used Halliday's transitivity analysis (1994) to analyze the selected data. In order to analyze the data qualitatively from feminist perspective, Beauvoir's constructivist notion of womanhood (1949/1953) has been applied on the data selected from My Feudal Lord (1995), and theories of hooks (1981) and Mohanty (1984) have been applied on the data selected from I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969). This study's findings reveal that oppressions, sufferings and experiences of marginalized women of color vary with respect to class, race, ethnocentric location and cultural differences.
Author/s:	Mahnoor Zahra Department of English, The Women University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Munazzah Rabbani Assistant Professor, Department of English, The Women University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Female Oppression, Homogenization, Transitivity, Women of Color
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)76	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)76
Page Nos:	977-991
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	76
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Estimating the Optimum Level of Debt-Threshold: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan
Abstract:	This study aims to determine the debt threshold of foreign debt and investigate the effectiveness of debt overhang effect beyond this threshold. ARDL model is framed within the structure of Solow growth model for estimating the coefficients of this model. Quadratic bivariate model is applied to determine the optimum level of debt-threshold. Different sort of diagnostic tests are also conducted in this study. Sample period is ranging from 1976-2020. This study finds that debt overhang is effective above the optimal level of foreign debt which is 26.4% of gross domestic product. Findings also depict that Pakistan is experiencing the debt-overhang effect since 1976 as the ratio of external debt-to-GDP has remained over and above the optimal level of debt across the sample. Since no government can avoid external borrowing completely, therefore this study recommends that government borrowing should be restricted to the optimum level of foreign debt. Similarly, efforts should also be made for downsizing the debt burden by utilizing the non-debt sources of finances like grants and revenues and that effective debt-management policies should be formulated for enhancing the economic productivity.
Author/s:	Minhaj ud Din Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP-Pakistan Muhammad Azam Khan Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP-Pakistan Muhammad Tariq Department of Economics, Faculty of Business and Economics, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP-Pakistan
Keywords:	ARDL, Debt Threshold,Debt-Laffer Curve,Economic Growth, External Debt, Pakistan
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)77	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)77
Page Nos:	992-1007
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	77
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Learning Outside the Classroom: Reflection on Online Pedagogy in Pakistan
Abstract:	The sudden explosion of Covid-19 created a chaotic situation. The lockdown was considered the immediate action to avoid the pandemic; and provided break for finding its the solution. This lockdown badly affected all sectors of society and nobody knew how long this situation would continue. In education sector, online learning was thought as the panacea. E-learning was not new concept but got more attention during the pandemic. The developed countries were using e-learning as per the demands of globalization. In Pakistan, e-learning got familiarity during this pandemic although some of its modes were under practice by some institutions. Education in Pakistan is traditionally oriented face-to-face learning. This article introduces some of the developments of e-teaching environment, and also the reasons of its use. The related quarters in education did not focus on the emerging trends of online teaching before the start of this pandemic. Hence, the system was lacking infrastructure and resources required to implement online pedagogy. The inclination of teachers, students and policy makers towards the traditional mode of education slowed down the implementation of online system. The unfamiliarity with the online pedagogy and unavailability of experts came out as the restraining factors.
Author/s:	Dr. Lubna Shoukat Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Waheed Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Research and Evaluation, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Sadia Kalsoom Ph. D Scholar, Department of Educational Training, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Asynchronous Communication, E-learning, E-teaching, Learning Management System(LMS), MOOC, Student Information System (SIS), Synchronous Communication
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)78	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)78
Page Nos:	1008-1022
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	78
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Convergence in Human Development across Districts of Pakistan: Evidence from Club Convergence Test
Abstract:	Studies on the convergence club have become a focal point in economic growth and development literature over the last three decades. This paper analyzes the club convergence hypothesis going beyond the traditional use of GDP per capita. It examines the convergence club of 97 Pakistani districts over the period 2004-20015. The analysis is based on an augmented index for measuring development through convergence and the clustering method of Phillips and Sul (2007). The index consists of 3 sub-indices of education, health, and household welfare level, with each index further composed of 5 indicators. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to aggregate these indicators to get sub-indices and a final development index. Results of the study indicate that the districts do not converge to the same long-run equilibrium. Instead of overall convergence, we find eleven convergence clubs and one non-convergent group for human development. The existence of clubs means that measures aimed at reducing disparities in human development and promoting regional growth should consider the specific characteristics revealed in the convergence analyses. Spatial differences thus need to be addressed mainly through pro-poor regional policies.
Author/s:	Noor Ahmed Ph D Scholar, School of Economics, IIIE, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Babar Hussain Assistant Professor, School of Economics, IIIE, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Arshad Ali Bhatti Assistant Professor, School of Economics, IIIE, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Club Convergence, Human Development, PCA
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)79	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)79
Page Nos:	1023-1039
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	79
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An Investigation into Peace Teaching Practices in Secondary Schools of the Punjab, Pakistan
Abstract:	Present study was conducted to examine peace-teaching practices in public secondary schools of the Punjab, Pakistan. The whole procedure of the study was based on the ‘affective phase’ of Castro & Galace Model of Peace Education (CGMPE, 2010). Forty (40) education managers were interviewed for this purpose including 32 head teachers (16 males and 16 females) from 4 selected districts of the Punjab. The DEOs (SE) and CEOs of these districts were also interviewed. It was found that all the peace values were not equally focused during teaching learning activities in secondary schools. Commonly, teachers tried to promote the sense of ‘cooperation’, ‘self-respect’, ‘ecological concern’ and ‘compassion’ whereas‘ gender equality’, ‘global concern’, ‘openness and tolerance’ and ‘social responsibility’ were not duly emphasized during teaching learning activities. The study is hoped to sensitize the education managers and the teachers to pay special attention towards teaching the ignored peace values.
Author/s:	Naveen Amber M. Phil Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Zafar Hayat Headmaster, Government High School Sangoraka, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Pervaiz Principal, Minhaj ul Quran Public School Chak No. 1, Rakh Dhrema, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Education Managers, Peace Education, Secondary Schools
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)80	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)80
Page Nos:	1040-1058
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	80
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Central Asia: A Testing Ground of Sino-Russian Energy Partnership
Abstract:	Central Asia, once an exclusive zone of Tsarist, Soviet, and post-Soviet Russia, has transformed into a region inviting major players of the world to compete for region’s energy resources. The region’s history has been dominated by the ‘Great Game’ fought between Tsarist Russia and the empire of British in the middle of the 19th century. The growing trend of multi-polarity in international politics and a struggle for accessing depleting energy resources, particularly oil and gas, have triggered a fight for resources often dubbed as ‘New Great Game’ that is capable of determining the future of international political and economic system. This study offers a critical examination of power balancing acts in the energy theater of Central Asia between the US, Russia and China by exploring the energy alliances and partnerships in Central Asia. But, more specifically, it investigates the strengths and weaknesses of the Sino-Russian energy partnership and its repercussions for the US in the Central Asian region. It is a qualitative study that emphasizes exploratory and analytical design to investigate the prospects of great power competition in Central Asia over energy resources. Analyzing the challenges confronting their partnership, it seems improbable that the dynamics of power shift in Sino-Russian bilateral ties would result into slowing down the pace of their partnership. Both Russia and China, in fact, are offered great benefits through collaboration than to confront each other.
Author/s:	Arfan Mahmood Assistant Professor, Department of History and Politics, University of Haripur, KPK, Pakistan Adnan Nawaz Ph. D Scholar, School of Global, Urban and Social Studies, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia Prof. Dr. Naudir Bakht Chairman, School of Political Science, Minhaj University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Alliances, Central Asia, Dynamics of Power Shift, Energy Resources, New Great Game, Sino-Russian Energy Partnership, Strengths and Weaknesses
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)81	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)81
Page Nos:	1059-1071
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	81
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Analysis of Gap between Desired and Acquired Levels of Knowledge-related Learning Outcomes of Ph D Graduates
Abstract:	The aim of this study was to analyse gap between desired and acquired levels of knowledge-related learning outcomes of doctoral programme in 4 public sector universities of the Punjab. The study was carried out in two phases under confirmatory mixed-methods research design. During phase-1, data were collected electronically from 269 from PhD graduates on a self-developed questionnaire to assess their acquired level of knowledge-related learning outcomes. While, in phase-2 of the study, 72 faculty members were interviewed to validate the findings of phase-1. PhD graduates claimed that they had acquired learning outcomes at high level while faculty members pronounced that PhD graduates’ level of acquisition was medium. Results of one sample t-test revealed significant gap between PhD graduates desired and acquired levels of knowledge-related learning outcomes.The study strongly recommended that the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan should officially include relevant sections of NQF document in the course outlines of doctoral programme.
Author/s:	Munawwar Ahmed PhD Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan Ashfaque Ahmad Shah Professor of Education, Department of Education, University of Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan Prof. Muhammad Sarwar Director, QEC, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Acquired Level, Desired Level, Knowledge-Related Learning Outcomes, Ph D Graduates
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)82	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)82
Page Nos:	1072-1088
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	82
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Investigating English Language Speaking Anxiety and Writing Fear: A Case Study
Abstract:	English language anxiety with the focus on speaking and writing fear has gained importance in the context of English language learning (Ewald, 2007; Liu & Jackson, 2008; Magogwe & Oliver, 2007). The present study aims to investigate classroom anxiety and its association with English writing fear and English-speaking fear in the context of The Women University, Multan (WUM). The participants of the current study were the students of WUM enrolled in different programs including pure science, social sciences and department of languages. The data were analyzed quantitatively by using SPSS and the results showed that classroom anxiety is positively correlated with English writing fear or English-speaking anxiety. Thus, the results demonstrated that both anxieties (speaking and writing) exist significantly in WUM students. Furthermore, English writing fear and speaking fear were also found to be significantly correlated with each other. Thus, the present study highlights that English teacher should take significant measures to reduce the level of anxiety among students. This study helps students to overcome their English writing or speaking fear in any context of language use.
Author/s:	Sara Shahbaz Lecturer, Department of English, The Women University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Munazzah Rabbani Assistant Professor, Department of English, The Women University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Munazza Noor Lecturer, Department of English, The Women University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Classroom Anxiety, English Language Learning, Speaking Fear, Writing Fear
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)83	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)83
Page Nos:	1089-1100
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	83
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Formative Assessment Practices in Public Sector Universities of Pakistan
Abstract:	The purpose of this study was to analyse the formative assessment practices in public sector universities of Pakistan through the perception of heads of departments, departmental controllers of examinations, university teachers and students. Forty eight (48) heads of departments, 48departmental controllers of examinations, 144 university teachers were interviewed and 48 focus group discussions were conducted among the BS students in 6 public sector universities of the Punjab. Findings of the study reveal that defining assessment criteria is essential for: following university policy; maintaining record in a proper way; achieving course objectives; ensuring fair assessment and minimizing the subjectivity in assessment. Although university teachers develop assessment criteria however, they had no clear idea that on what grounds they have to develop assessment criteria and wrongly take the weightage of marks for different components of formative as the fundamental grounds for developing assessment criteria. University teachers themselves claim that they are not sufficiently aware of the semester examination rules.
Author/s:	Muhammad Ahmad M. Phil Scholar, Department of Education, University of Sargodha, Punjab Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Pervaiz Principal, Minhaj ul Quran Public School Chak No. 1, Rakh Dhrema, Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Zafar Hayat Headmaster, Government High School Sangoraka, Sargodha, Punjab Pakistan
Keywords:	Classroom Analysis, Examination, Question Papers, Semester
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)84	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)84
Page Nos:	1101-1114
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	84
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China Pakistan Bilateral Trade and Economic Corporation: Implications on Pakistan’s Trade
Abstract:	The objective of the study is to explore the trade relations of Pakistan with China and find out balance of trade between the two. The context of the study is the trade size between China and Pakistan is insignificant. Therefore, it did not formulate a sustainable enterprise until the last decade. However, free trade agreement between both states from the mid of 2007 initiated new aspects of increasing bilateral trade. Pakistan has not formulated an effective trade policy with China, consequently, faced a huge trade deficit after the 1980s. In the wake of CPEC, Pakistan should adopt some suitable measures for the growth of domestic industry, balance of trade, and extraction of maximum benefits. The methodology is analytical and comparative. It suggests some measures that can decrease trade deficit of Pakistan viz a viz China.
Author/s:	Rifat Rafeeq M. Phil Scholar, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Imran Pasha Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Saira Akram Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	China, CPEC, Pakistan, Trade
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)85	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)85
Page Nos:	1115-1124
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	85
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Investigating the Impacts of Climate Change on Crops: A Case Study of Southern Punjab
Abstract:	The study aimed to reveal the relationship between the climatic variables on agriculture of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. It explores the impacts of temperature and rainfall on rice and maize in relation to yield and production in the time span of ten years; and how to protect agriculture from extreme weather conditions through various adaptations? Agriculture of Pakistan is experiencing serious threats because of unfavorable effects of climate change. In this regard, data is collected through secondary source: meteorological and agricultural departments. Evaluation of the gathered data revealed that temperature and rainfall have minor impact on yield of crop, whereas temperature and rainfall have massive effect on production of crops. In this context, some preventative measures are suggested on national and regional level. This research will be helpful for farmers and policy makers as an assessment guide to protect their crops from intense climatic conditions by reducing anthropogenic activities.
Author/s:	Neelma Hassan M.S, Department of Geography, GC University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Ume Kalsoom Amjad M.S, Department of Geography, GC University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Basit Nadeem Lecturer, Department of Geography, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Agriculture, Climate Change, Crop Output, Rainfall, Temperature
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)86	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)86
Page Nos:	1125-1136
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	86
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Impact of School Violence with Gender Variance on Students’ Self-Efficacy during Secondary School Education
Abstract:	The researcher lunched the study to investigate in to the impact of school violence with gender variance on the identified dimensions of self-efficacy. For the purpose of correlational design was used. The population study was 623 secondary school girls and 576 secondary school boys from the public sector institutions of district Gujrat Pakistan. From the given population 5% sample was selected to collect data through to self- developed measures a) students self-efficacy scale and b) school violence scale. Bothe the measures were with 3 & 4 sub scales on self-efficacy and school violence respectively. The collected data was analyzed by applying multiple regression analysis which rendered significant result having meaningful policy implications for ensuring conducive learning environment at schools. The critical values of the analysis were interpreted as that the magnitude of school violence is marginal as compare to the level of students self-efficacy furthermore there is a significant impact of school violence on damaging students self-efficacy in addition to that the condition in schools in terms of violence may that be physical or psychological, are not much in favor in the girls particularly for enhancing their self-efficacy.
Author/s:	Maria Riasat PhD Scholar, University of Education, Lower Mall Campus Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Ayaz Muhammad Khan Associate Professor, University of Education, Lower Mall Campus Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Academic, Social And Practical Self-Efficacy, Students’ Violence, Teacher Violence
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)87	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)87
Page Nos:	1137-1150
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	87
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Suffering Silence and Turnover Intentions while Exposed to Workplace Bullying: The Role of Psychological Distress
Abstract:	Although workplace bullying is a well-focused phenomenon in the Western context but the specific way it unfolds in non-western countries and especially in their higher education sector remains largely unexposed. In response to this gap, an empirical inquiry has been conducted across higher education institutions in Pakistan. This paper not only improves our understanding of the scope and features of bullying in HEI but also proposes strategies sufferers could employ to deal with the workplace bullying. Data were collected from higher education academic faculty in two-wave cross-sectional time horizon. Results were obtained by reference to structural equation modeling using Amos-24. Findings support the positive relationship of bullying with turnover intentions and silent behavior and also reveal the mediating role of distress between bullying and its venomous consequences. In brief, this paper recommends effectually implemented anti-bullying policy and management support to alleviate adversative impact of workplace bullying on academic faculty working in higher education institutions
Author/s:	Ghulam Abbas Bhatti Ph. D Scholar, School of Business Administration, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Alia Ahmed Dean & Professor, School of Business Administration, National College of Business Administration and Economics, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Psychological Distress, Silent Behavior, Turnover Intention, Workplace Bullying
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)88	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)88
Page Nos:	1151-1165
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	88
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Procrastination and Job Performance of Employees Working in Public and Private Sector Organizations
Abstract:	Temporal motivation theory and job resource demand model are widely applied framework to understand procrastination and Job performance of employees in organizational settings. The endeavor of the current research is to understand the moderating role of employee job sector (Public/Private) among procrastination and job performance. Job performance has several determinants where procrastination is one of the factors affecting job performance (Schmitt & Hunter,2004).Purposive sampling technique was applied based on cross sectional approach. Tuckman’s procrastination scale (TPS; Tuckman, 1991) and job performance scale (JPS; Wright, Kacmar, Mcmahan & Deleeuw, 1995) were used on the sample of 400 employees working in public and private organizations. The correlation as well as moderation analysis were carried out to investigate the study data. Findings demonstrate the relationship of procrastination and job performance whereas job sector is performing moderating role among study variables. The results support the temporal motivation and job demand resource model
Author/s:	Dr. Zafar Ahmad Lecturer, Department of Applied Psychology, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan Naureen Munir Lecturer, Department of Applied Psychology, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Munawar Hussain Assistant Professor, Area Study Centre, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Job Performance, Procrastination, Public and Private Sector
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)89	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)89
Page Nos:	1166-1176
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	89
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Unveiling the Reality: A Study of Honour Crimes in Interior Parts of Sindh Province
Abstract:	This study examines the prevailing honor killing and honor crimes status in rural areas of Sindh. Honor killing is widely reported from rural and tribal areas of Sindh province. This is known as ‘Karo -Kari’ which is perceived or alleged involvement of a male or female in pre-marital or extra-marital relationship. It results in killing usually of a female by her close relative for bringing ‘dishonor’ to their family. For this study purpose mixed method research was adopted comprised of interviews, FGDs and field observations. The findings reveal that honor crimes including honor killing is deep rooted in rural areas of Sindh. Community perception does not discourage people from committing such heinous crimes. The role of relevant stakeholders is also ineffective to control honor killing. The study recommends a holistic approach including structural reforms of law enforcement institutes, changes in laws and widespread community awareness to curb this heinous crime.
Author/s:	Jhaman Das Hirani Technical M&E Expert, Independent Researcher, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Honor Crimes, Honor Killing, Violence, Women
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)90	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-II)90
Page Nos:	1177-1186
Volume & Issue:	v5-2
Article #:	90
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