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Volume 4, Issue 2
Articles
Interstate Water Politics: An Analysis of Indian Case Water Governance in India |
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| Abstract: | This article examines issues and conflicts related to water among Indian states. Rapidly developing Indian states are competing among themselves for propriety of mutual natural resources in which water is at top. Distribution of water or building water reservoirs over mutually shared rivers are issues among Indian states, even some territorial parts of states demand for separate state-status due to their complaints against mother state for depriving them from water. The paper finds that federal and state governments have worked to address the water problem with legislation and by establishing different water bodies; however, a permanent policy is lacking. A better and viable federal framework according to international standards is needed. Experts claim that if the situation is not addressed efficiently water sharing issues may lead to water scarcity in many areas and consequently serious political crises among and within the states. The Paper suggests that the water problem in India can be solved by involving all stakeholders within a win-win paradigm that will have positive implications for its water sharing approach with its neighbors | |
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| Keywords: | Water-Sharing Conflict, Water Scarcity, Inter-State Water Disputes, Indian Water Policy, Interstate Water Tribunals, IRWD Act | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)01 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)01 | |
| Page Nos: | 01-16 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 1 | |
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A Study of Thinking Styles and Instructional Practices: A Case of Secondary School Teachers in Punjab |
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| Abstract: | The aim of the study was to identify teachers’ thinking style (TS) and instructional practices (IP) they use at secondary school level in Punjab. The sample of the study was 441 teachers in public secondary schools of district Sialkot in Punjab. (TS) Inventory was used to collect data for the identification of (TS). The instrument used 7 point Likert scale and a formula for identification of (TS). Frequency distribution was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the teachers in (TS) Type-1 used practices demand higher degree of freedom, whereas teachers of Type-2 used practices having low degree of freedom and Type-3 teachers used practices of both Type-1 and Type -2 teachers. The teachers of thinking style Type-1 may be assigned the subjects involving critical complex,Type-2 may be assigned the subjects involving lower degree of freedom andType-3 may be assigned the subjects involving complex and higher as well as lower degree of freedom at the same time or simultaneously | |
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| Keywords: | Thinking Style Types, instructional Practices, Secondary School Teachers | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)02 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)02 | |
| Page Nos: | 17-31 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 2 | |
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Ambivalent Colonial Encounters: A Postcolonial Rereading of Mircea Eliade’s Bengal Nights |
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| Abstract: | Being inspired by the Western hegemonic discourse, the Romania novelist, Mircea Eliade’s Eurocentric line of thought renders the Others/Indians as uncivilized, primitives and exotic in Bengal Nights. The present study upholds that the novel offers ambivalence-based stereotypical colonial-expressions and the interactions between Eliade and Devien vision such a third space of enunciation, which not only exposes the instability of colonial discourse from within but also underscores the hybridization of the contacting cultures simultaneously. Bhabha’s theory is congenial in bringing to light the stereotypical thinking of Eliade about colonial India. Therefore, the objective of the study is to discover how Eliade’s construction of colonial discourse depicts his ambivalent self-articulation. By doing a re-reading of the novel, it has been found that despite the permeability of the colonial relationships suggested by Eliade’s adventure, cultural and racial divisions between East and West seem to be collapsing, paving the ways for hybrid colonial encounters | |
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| Keywords: | Hybridity, Mimicry, Ambivalence, Colonial Discourse, Postcolonial Theory, Stereotypes | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)03 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)03 | |
| Page Nos: | 32-43 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 3 | |
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A Study on the Attitude of the Secondary School Teachers towards the Continuous Professional Development in District Lahore |
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| Abstract: | The study was performed to investigate teachers’ attitude towards continuous professional development and to evaluate teachers’ performance after continuous professional development. The study was delimited to Lahore district. All public school teachers teaching secondary classes were the population of the study. One hundred and forty four secondary school teachers from 22 secondary schools in three towns of City Lahore were selected on random basis. The study was descriptive and survey technique was adopted for data collection and evaluation was done on data analysis. The results indicated that continuous professional development had positive effects on the attitude of secondary school teachers. Continuous professional development improves performance of the secondary school teachers. Continuous professional development training programs may be regularly arranged for uplifting the teaching and learning process. | |
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| Keywords: | Attitude, Continuous Professional Development, Performance, Public Sector | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)04 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)04 | |
| Page Nos: | 44-53 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 4 | |
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Exploring the Historical Legacy in I AM Malala: A Socio-Political Memoir of Self and Othering |
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| Abstract: | This study aims to investigate the social construction of ideology through the use of words choices in the selected text. It is important to view how socio- political and socio-religious ideologies help in shaping and building identity, and how the author has presented her ideological stance through complementary strategy of ‘us vs. them’, by attributing positive qualities to the author’s in-group, and describing ‘others’ highlighting negative attributes in them. By employing van Dijk’s ‘socio-cognitive’ (1998) model the study also looks at how social actors and discourse participants are represented, and what are their roles in her identity building process. The findings suggest that the discursive strategies are used by the author to portray herself positively and others negatively | |
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| Keywords: | Discourse Participants, Identity Construal, In- And Out-Group, Linguistic Features, Social Actors | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)05 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)05 | |
| Page Nos: | 54-66 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 5 | |
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Effectiveness of Cooperative Learning Technique for the Subject of Science at Elementary Level |
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| Abstract: | The study is experimental in nature based on pre-test post-test control group design, with the intent to check the effectiveness of cooperative learning technique for the subject of science at elementary level. Students of grade 8 of Govt. high school Musa Kalan formed the population; out of the lot 35 students were selected on the basis of procuring more than 60% marks in the pre-test which was teachers’ designed. Those who performed the traditional group were the volunteers but with the same marks as that of the experimental group students were selected for exposure to intervention of cooperative learning for a period of one month. On the culmination of a month students were exposed to post-test. The major findings were that those students who were exposed for cooperative learning technique got better results than traditional teaching method. The findings show superiority of cooperative learning technique on traditional teaching method. These tests should be used for exploring the students’ level of achievement though the students are taught by any method | |
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| Keywords: | Cooperative Learning, Experimental Group - Control Group, Pre-Test/Post- Test Control Group Design | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)06 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)06 | |
| Page Nos: | 67-77 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 6 | |
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Association of School Climate with Teacher’s Motivation and Self Esteem in Division Gujranwala |
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| Abstract: | The ambition of this articulation was to investigate the association of school climate with teacher’s motivation and self esteem. The study was descriptive and survey technique was followed and was delimited to division Gujranwala of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Sample size comprised of 360 secondary school teachers and 90 head teachers selected randomly. The researchers framed three rating scales and their reliability value was assured as 0.73, 0.68 and 0.71 by test and retest approach respectively. A structured interview schedule for heads teachers was also administered. Data analysis was done through SPSS version 22. The finding of the study was that school climate positively and significantly associates with teachers’ motivation as well as teachers self esteem. The study recommends that better school climate provision by the heads may enhance teachers’ motivation and self esteem which facilitate positively teaching and learning process | |
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| Keywords: | School Climate, Teacher’s Motivation, Self Esteem, Association, Chi Square | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)07 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)07 | |
| Page Nos: | 78-89 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 7 | |
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The Global Imaginary and Contemporary Pakistani Fiction: A Study of Global Capitalist Fundamentalism and Terrorist Ontology in Mohsin Hamid’s “The Reluctant Fundamentalist” |
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| Abstract: | Pakistani fiction in English, in recent times, has been re-signified and re-contextualized by the forces of the global imaginary, in particular by the authors residing in various parts of the globe, and the national imaginary seems to have been eclipsed or over-shadowed by the global capitalist/imperial forces as well as by the global Islamic discourses. Mohsin Hamid, in “The Reluctant Fundamentalist” (2007), draws parallels between the forces of global capitalist fundamentalism and global religious neofundamentalism to highlight the impact of global imaginary on contemporary Pakistani fiction and also to bring to the fore the fundamentalism inherent in both global discourses. This paper, using Lacanian notion of identification along with Valante’s “The Imaginary Symbolic” (2003) and Roy’s “Neofundamentalism” (2004),probes the process of protagonist’s identification(s) within the framework of global imaginary. Through the study of identificatory relationships, this paper foregrounds the shift in contemporary Pakistani fiction from postcolonial epistemology to terrorist ontology. | |
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| Keywords: | Global Imaginary, Identification, Capitalism, Terrorist Ontology | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)08 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)08 | |
| Page Nos: | 90-101 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 8 | |
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Self-Regulation and Social Adjustment in the Children of Working and Non-Working Mothers |
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| Abstract: | The study was conducted to find out the difference in the self-regulation and social adjustment of children of working and non-working mothers. One thousand eighty students, out of which 540 children of working and 540 non-working mothers’ children were selected randomly from colleges of division Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan. Self-regulation and Social adjustment scales were used for data collection. This self-regulation scale was framed by Ralf Schwarzer, Diehl, and Schmitz, in 1999, the Cronbach's alpha reliability was .76. This scale is consisted of 10 items. For assessment of social adjustment, a subscale of Adjustment was developed and the reliability of Social adjustment scale was found .81. This scale is consisted of 22 items. Findings revealed that there was significant difference in working and Non-working mothers for self-regulation and social adjustment. The guidance and counseling program for happy future fields planning for female may be arranged. | |
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| Keywords: | Self-Regulation, Social Adjustment, Punjab, Assessment | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)09 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)09 | |
| Page Nos: | 102-113 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 9 | |
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Effect of Organizational Climate on Teaching Professional Competencies of Public School Teachers in Punjab |
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| Abstract: | The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of various factors of organizational climate on the teaching competencies of teachers in public sector school. Randomly selected 360 secondary school teachers and 900 students of grade 10th participated in this study. The researchers framed two rating scales, one for rating the organizational climate and second for rating the teacher’s competence used to collect the responses from the target sample. An observation schedule was also administered. Data analysis was processed through SPSS version 21. The findings of Pearson correlation showed that organizational climate had positively influence on the teachers’ competence. The decision making process was highly and positively correlating component of organizational climate with the teachers’ competence factor, teaching methods and strategies competence. It was concluded that organizational climate was significantly correlated with teachers’ competence. This indicates that by improving the organizational climate scores the teacher’s competence can be improved. | |
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| Keywords: | Organizational Climate, Teacher Competence, Influence, Decision Making, Pearson Correlation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)10 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)10 | |
| Page Nos: | 114-124 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 10 | |
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Implications of Glass Ceiling on Women’s Career Advancements in Punjab, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This study is conducted to explore the effects of glass ceiling on career advancement of women in Pakistan. Population of the study includes female employees functioning in Private Sector of Punjab Province. Population of the study was female staff belongs to Private sector of district Faisalabad, Rawalpindi and Sargodha. Survey method was adopted and data was collected 300 respondents contacted through multistage sampling techniques. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to check the association among variables through SPSS. It was concluded that majority of women were agreed that they are facing ‘glass ceiling’ in their professional carrier and intricacy in their promotion. Majority of the women had the consent that gender stereotypes down grade the capabilities of females. Cracking the glass ceiling needs a significant commitment on the part of associations to take acts in progression of inhabitants despite of their sexual category | |
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| Keywords: | Glass Ceiling, Female Staff, Gender Stereotypes, Women’s Progression | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)11 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)11 | |
| Page Nos: | 125-134 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 11 | |
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Conundrum of Women Political Participation in Pakistan: Impediments and Opportunities |
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| Abstract: | Throughout the historical kaleidoscope of Pakistan politics, it is evident that women role has not been substantial irrespective of their population size. This article highlights the historical political situation of women role along with challenges and opportunities in their participation and representation in Pakistan’s politics. It is evident that their decreased descriptive participation reciprocated into lower substantive contribution in the Pakistan politics. The voting turnout used to be lower as compare to the male counterpart during all the elections in Pakistan. Through qualitative investigation and the data of the elections, it is observed that the situation is gradually transforming in the 21st century and it is improved as compare to the earlier status. The patriarchal society, poverty, religious dogma etc, are the main stumbling blocks towards women political emancipation. Increased educational status, economic wellbeing and enhanced role in decision making bodies will serve as an antidote to all the issues. | |
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| Keywords: | Women Politics, Representation, Political Participation, Election, Feminists Studies | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)12 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)12 | |
| Page Nos: | 135-149 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 12 | |
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Civilianization of Military Rule in Pakistan: A Study of Musharraf Era (1999-2005) |
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| Abstract: | This paper is an attempt to analyze the steps and reforms taken by General Pervez Musharraf towards civilianization from 1999 to 2005. The military’s involvement in political system of Pakistan began from mid 1950’s and always continued verily with respect to nature and scope at various occasions. Whenever it made direct intervention, its disengagement remained slow and gradual, adopting a power sharing model instead of transferring power to the civilian elite. This pattern of civilianization was adopted in every military regime including the period of General Pervez Musharraf, however, making minor changes, suitable to the regime. In his early days, Musharraf demonstrated intention for economic revival, accountability, devolution of power and democratic consolidation as his foremost goals by establishing new institutions and holding of free and fair elections to form apparently civilian government. | |
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| Keywords: | Pakistan, Military Regime, Civilianization, Democratic Institutions, Political System | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)13 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)13 | |
| Page Nos: | 150-163 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 13 | |
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A Study of Settlement of Refugees in the Thal Desert (1947-1969) |
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| Abstract: | The refugee problem was a big challenge for the newly established state of Pakistan after 1947. Millions of refugees, who migrated from India, were looking forward to the Government of Pakistan for the provision of food, medicine, accommodation, employment and whatever they needed. It was an uphill task for the newly established state surrounded by numerous hardships. The main focus of this paper is to look into the whole process of settlement of more than thirty-one thousands of families of refugees in the desert of Thal, which lies in the west of Punjab Pakistan during 1947 to 1969. The historical research approach has been applied to study the settlement of refugees in the Thal desert. It was not an easy task for the government to develop the desert of Thal so that the refugees could be settled. Thal Development Authority during twenty years of its functioning not only settled more than thirty-one thousand families of refugees in the Thal desert but also provided them with all basic facilities of life such as education, health, roads, employment etc | |
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| Keywords: | Settlement, Refugees, Thal Development Authority (TDA) Development, Adjustment | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)14 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)14 | |
| Page Nos: | 164-176 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 14 | |
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Changing Socio-Political Pattern of South Asia: A Study of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh |
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| Abstract: | The main purpose of this paper is to find out how the internal crises posing threat to existence of the three important South Asian states; Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. Pakistan is also facing significant changes. Changing dynamics of South Asia after war on terror in Afghanistan drifted this strategic area towards rapid and significant developments externally as well as internally those need special attention. Its significance in the contemporary scenario has been magnified following the fall of Taliban in Afghanistan and subsequent regional developments that led to the emergence of new great powers especially the rise of China. It seems that the region is on the pile of fire, burning and having no peace at all. All the South Asian states whether Pakistan or India and Bangladesh facing numerous socio-economic challenges with internal crises where the very survival of the states comes on stake. The identity crisis becomes deeper and deeper as there are serious threats from various groups, factions, religious, regional or communal elements seeking to mould the state policy according to their will | |
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| Keywords: | Socio-Political, Pattern, Change, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)15 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)15 | |
| Page Nos: | 177-191 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 15 | |
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Discourse on China-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Print Media: The Case Study of American and Indian Press |
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| Abstract: | China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a project between China and Pakistan on economic and geo-strategic grounds. This research examines the news reports, editorials and opinions of the leading American and Indian English newspapers. The contents of these newspapers were analyzed qualitatively to find out as to how print media frames the projects of CPEC from 20th August, 2018 to 19th August, 2019. The unified posture of news reporting is identified in all selected dailies of both countries. Reinforcement of negative stance taken by the Indian and American newspapers through their contents shapes public opinion around the world in general and in their countries in particular in accordance with the policies of their governments. America has also opposed the China’s investment in CPEC projects to confront Chinese economic supremacy, particularly in South Asian region. The analyses of selected newspapers suggested also an image of what media frame and projects an issue to the world. | |
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| Keywords: | China Pakistan Economic Corridor, Old Silk Rout, Indian and American Press | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)16 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)16 | |
| Page Nos: | 192-202 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 16 | |
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Media Violence and Siblings’ Aggressive Behavior: Parents’ Perception in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This study aims at exploring the perception of parents regarding the effect of media violence on siblings’ behavior. This study was conducted in the province of Punjab collecting data from Multan, Faisalabad and Lahore. Theory of cultivation was employed on the study. The study concluded that the children mostly watch television and play games on computers when they are free. Parents also witnessed behavioral changes like siblings fighting with each other after viewing violent media contents. The results also reveal that there is a significant relationship between the time spentper day on media and aggressive behavior. The study recommends that parents should be vigilant as what sort of media contents their siblings are watching and how much time they are spending on such media exposure | |
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| Keywords: | Media, Violence, Siblings, Aggression, Behavior | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)17 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)17 | |
| Page Nos: | 203-217 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 17 | |
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Evaluation of Undergraduate Teacher Education Curriculum with reference to Outcome Based Indicators and National Professional Standards for Teachers in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The study was conducted to evaluate existing curriculum with reference to outcome based teacher education. Mix methodology was used. For qualitative aspects document analysis was conducted and courses of B.Ed. (Hons.) designed by Higher Education commission (HEC) were analyzed. For quantitative evaluation questionnaire was developed by following CIPP model with reference to outcome based teachers education. The results of the data analysis revealed that existing curriculum is neither aligned with National Professional Standards for Teachers nor with outcome based indicators. There is need to improve the existing curriculum with respect to “National Professional Standards for Teachers” and outcome based indicators. It is recommended that HEC and Department of Education of different Universities may revise the B. Ed (Honor) curriculum may align existing curriculum with respect to national professional standard for teachers and outcome based teacher education indicators | |
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| Keywords: | Curriculum, Course Learning Outcomes, Prospective Teachers, Outcome Based Education | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)18 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)18 | |
| Page Nos: | 218-231 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 18 | |
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Empowering Women through Educational and Economic Access Programs in Punjab, Pakistan with Reference to SDGs Goal 5 |
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| Abstract: | The present study explores the programs, initiatives, practices and the status of women empowerment in the perspective of SDGs 2030. The present study uses both primary and secondary data to dig down the reality. Research design of the study was descriptive and survey in nature. Data was collected through semi structured interviews from the policy makers, community leaders and Government stake holders. Study unfolds the rhetoric that programs and initiatives launched for empowering women were not aptly executed for rural marginalized areas of the Punjab, Pakistan. Findings of the study revealed that due to lack of proper dissemination of these programs, lack of bottom up strategies, low allocation of budgets for rural areas, lack of political will and commitment gap at the top up level to empower women in rural areas was the reason of erratic execution of educational initiatives programs and policies. This study recommends that women empowerment programs, initiatives and policies should be equity based considering the gender parity, and integration of gender mainstreaming is required in the national development policies for empowering women | |
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| Keywords: | Women Empowerment, Programs, Initiatives and strategies, Rural Punjab | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)19 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)19 | |
| Page Nos: | 232-244 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 19 | |
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Financial Development and Economic Growth: The Mediating Role of Quality of the institutions in Muslim Countries |
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| Abstract: | This paper aimed at exploring the mediating role of quality of the institution in relationship between “financial development and economic growth” in selected Muslim countriesfrom2000-2017.The results of mediation analysis shows that quality of the institution mediates the linkage between “financial development and economic growth” in Muslim countries. The contribution of both the sectors is significant and positive. In addition, quality of the institution has a fundamental role in growth in the given countries. The studies have witnessed that economies grow faster over the period, which possesses well-developed financial system, and financial development helps in reducing poverty and enhancing long-term economic growth. Therefore, this paper suggests that these economies should develop their financial sector and enhance the quality of institution for growth and development | |
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| Keywords: | Quality of Institution, Mediation, Financial Development (FD), Economic Growth | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)20 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)20 | |
| Page Nos: | 245-256 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 20 | |
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Social Aspects of Gender Differences in Learners’ Motivation to Learn English in a Pakistani Social Context of South Punjab |
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| Abstract: | This paper endeavors to probe into the motivational patterns associated with gender in a particular Pakistani social context. For this purpose a self-report questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire included different measures adapted from Gardner (1985), Dornyei (1990, 2001), Clement (1994) and Ghani (2002). Data were collected from three different campuses of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur. Besides questionnaire, participants were also given FCE (First certificate in English) test regarding reading comprehension and use of English along with a cloze test to judge their proficiency in English language. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16) for windows and results manifested that there existed notable gender-based differences in learners’ motivation to learn English and their English language proficiency | |
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| Keywords: | Gender, Motivation, Social Context, English Language Learning | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)21 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)21 | |
| Page Nos: | 257-271 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 21 | |
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Transformational Leadership As Mediating Factor Influencing Conflict Management and Performance of Teaching Faculty at Higher Education Level: A Study in Punjab, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This study investigates the relationship between conflict management and performance of teaching faculty with the mediating role of transformational leadership. Conflicts are unavoidable results of social interaction between individuals, between groups, between organizations due to individual differences, incompatibility in goals etc. Same is the case with higher education institutions, unmanaged conflicts results in low performance. Researcher used Farooqi Organizational Conflict Inventory to identify conflict management strategies (independent variable), Institutional Performance Evaluation, to assess faculty performance (dependent variable) and Multifactor Leadership Style Questionnaire for transformational leadership style (mediating variable). Multistage random sampling technique was used, data was analyzed by mean, standard deviation, mediation multiple regression and AMOS. Findings revealed most of the respondents used compromising, integrating conflict management strategy; transformational leadership style mediates the relationship between conflict management and faculty performance | |
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| Keywords: | Conflict Management, Transformational Leadership, Faculty Performance | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)22 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)22 | |
| Page Nos: | 272-284 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 22 | |
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Influencing Extent of Co-Curricular Activities on the Level of Social Development and Academic Achievement of Secondary School Students |
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| Abstract: | This study was intended to find out the effect of different co-curricular activities on the social development and academic achievement of students at secondary level. One thousand two hundred and forty-one (1241) students of session 2012-2014 were taken through simple random sampling technique for this study. This study was descriptive in nature having quantitative design. Two research tools were used; the inventory of the co-Curricular activities and the second tool was five points social development Scale (SDS) devised by Sierra, R. A. in (2005) to determine the level of social development in the students. The summative results of 9th grade students were utilized to determine their achievement. The Co-curricular activities (CCA) were categorized into two major parts; sports activities and literary activities. The collected data were analyzed by applying descriptive statistics. The results of the study showed that the students involved too much in sports activities having low academic achievement with high social development, the students involved in literary activities had moderate academic achievement and social development and the students having zero involvement in both types of activities had high academic achievement with low level of social development | |
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| Keywords: | Co-Curricular Activities, Social Development, Academic Achievement, Secondary, Schools | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)23 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)23 | |
| Page Nos: | 285-296 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 23 | |
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Moving Towards Resilience: An Exploration of the Protagonist’s Traumatic Experiences in ‘Brown’s Drinking From A Bitter Cup’ |
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| Abstract: | The literary works can be seen as a site for representing traumatic experiences and their consequences on individuals. The present study attempts to explore the traumatized consciousness of a ten years old girl, Sylvia in Brown’s Drinking From a Bitter Cup (2014). For the textual analysis of the novel, the major theoretical insights have been taken from Salmona (2013) & Vickroy’s (2014) concepts of trauma. The findings of the study indicate that individuals from lower strata of society are easy prey to the victimization. Among such lower social strata, the women and children are easily exploited. Sylvia, the protagonist of the novel, is the incarnation of such social inequality and traumatization. She underwent situational trauma due to her mother’s mental disorder and suicide afterwards. The demise of her father and the sexual advances of her step mother’s brother Uncle Charles made her extremely distressed and anguished one. However, by the end of the novel, she recuperated from all these sufferings and decided to live with her baby. Thus, the study helps to explore the concept of trauma and its healing procedure by placing it in a larger context and cultural milieu | |
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| Keywords: | Trauma, Child Abuse, Stockholm Syndrome, Resilience | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)24 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)24 | |
| Page Nos: | 297-305 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 24 | |
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Inflation and Unemployment in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis |
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| Abstract: | This empirical study has mainly examined the association between inflation and unemployment in Pakistan. The study has used the time series data from 1991 to 2015 and Eviews9 software to examine the existence of Philips Curve in the economy. The empirical results of study reveal that inflation was higher in 90’s era and simultaneously declining unemployment trend was observed. From 2001 to 2005 inflation rate was showing decreasing trend whereas unemployment was showing increasing trend. The upward tendency of inflation was recorded during 2005 to 2010. At the same time unemployment rate was showing declining trend. Increased inflation results into decreased unemployment rate which ultimately increase employment opportunity in the country. As demand for labor increased due to increase in employment opportunities, results increase in wage rate which is paid by producer to their labor. It causes to increase cost of production of goods which leads to inflation. This research paper is an observed support in existence of Phillips curve in Pakistan | |
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| Keywords: | Phillips Curve, Inflation, Unemployment, Granger Causality, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)25 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)25 | |
| Page Nos: | 306-318 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 25 | |
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Exploring the Effects of Globalization on Social Development: A Study of Punjab, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The effect of globalization can be looked from alternate points of view. Observational evidence proposes that nations those opened up observed their wages develop commonly than who did not open up. There has been a serious connection between globalization and wage disparity. In spite of its disparity affect, globalization can be seen as welfare improving with the opening up of entrepreneurship and speculation streams. The international competition has increased and the production also increased. Therefore, present research was aim to “exploring the effects of globalization on social development: a study of Punjab, Pakistan. The study was confined to three districts of Punjab, Pakistan and 480 respondents were selected through Multi Stage Sampling Technique. In order to obtain robust results of the study both quantitative and qualitative techniques of data analysis and exploring information were used. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for the analysis of data after field work. As a result globalization have positive role in the social development in Pakistan by significant change in the education, health, politics and economic development | |
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| Keywords: | Globalization, Social Development, Education, Health, Economic Development | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)26 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)26 | |
| Page Nos: | 319-328 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 26 | |
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Knowledge Management and Organizational Performance: Mediating Role of Organizational Learning: A Study of Corporate Sector in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this paper is to observe the role of organizational learning and knowledge management in organizational performance of service sector in Pakistan. The key aim for carrying on this research is to acknowledge the growing importance of knowledge management and organizational learning for organizations working in this knowledge economy. In Pakistan, service sector is an important source of economic development and on the while, it is facing fierce competition in the marketplace because of the following factors such as the world has now changed to a global village thus industry boundaries are collapsing and regulatory organizations are becoming deregulatory resulting continual and abrupt changing environmental trends. The rate of learning should be parallel to the rate of change taking place. Thus, there is an immense need for organizations to manage their intangible asset i.e. human knowledge. For empirical analysis, a measurement scale was adapted and the questionnaires were distributed among 60 organizations working in Islamabad/Rawalpindi, Lahore, Multan, and Bahawalpur. The study employed SPSS and AMOS for analyses. The study found strongly positive correlations between knowledge management, organizational learning, and organizational performance | |
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| Keywords: | Knowledge Management Organizational Performance Organizational Learning Corporate Sector | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)27 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)27 | |
| Page Nos: | 329-344 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 27 | |
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Mentoring Role of Senior Colleagues in Professional Socialization of Beginning English Teachers in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This study explores the mentoring role of senior colleagues in the professional socialization process of beginning English teachers. The study has employed the survey method for generating the required data from a randomly chosen stratified sample from the colleges located in the Punjab province and the capital city Islamabad, Pakistan. A valid questionnaire measuring the constructs under investigation was used for data collection, the results of which were then statistically evaluated using both descriptive and inferential analysis techniques. It was found that senior colleagues had an effective mentoring role in the successful professional socialization of beginning English teachers. However, the study results also highlighted some issues related to workgroup relationship of senior colleagues and principals. The study would help the beginning teachers to understand better and thus strengthen their working relationships with their senior colleagues. This would ultimately lead towards a successful teaching career | |
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| Keywords: | Mentoring, Professional Socialization, Workplace Learning | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)28 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)28 | |
| Page Nos: | 345-358 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 28 | |
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Perceptions and Practices of Civic Values in Pakistani Society: Secondary School Students Perspective |
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| Abstract: | The development of good citizens is the one of the important tasks which a society has to accomplish in order to produce such citizens. One of the major roles of education is to cultivate such virtues in students. The main objective of the study was to investigate student’s perceptions about civic values and their practices in society. All the secondary level students in Punjab were taken as the population for the present study. Multiple cluster random sampling techniques were used to select 1800 students as a sample. The researcher used a questionnaire comprised thirty nine (39) restricted response questions. The questionnaire was divided in to two major sections, first section focused on three factors of civic education that were moral, social and political aspects while the second section analyzed the practices of civic values in our society. The data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the study showed a gap between the perceptions of students for civic values and their practices in society | |
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| Keywords: | Civic Values, Society, Citizens, Secondary School Students, Punjab | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)29 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)29 | |
| Page Nos: | 359-370 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 29 | |
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A Study of the Relationship of Leadership Style and Job Satisfaction of Principals at Higher Secondary Level in Punjab, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The motivation behind the investigation was to discover job satisfaction of principals with relation to their styles they employ to lead the human resources of their higher secondary schools. The study was delimited to (225) schools among them (210) were for boys and (215) for girls of Punjab territory. By utilizing random sampling procedure, a sample of (400) principals was selected. For this purpose, the survey tool was developed to collect data in accordance with the Likert scale. Job satisfaction part having 26 statements was divided into four parts while the second part for leadership with 25 statements was also divided into four leadership styles. Pearson Correlation and Linear Regression were utilized to find the relationship of the variables. SPSS (V-20) was utilized to analyse the data. It was discovered in the study that Leadership Style and Job satisfaction of the principals have not significant relationship. To cope with the multidimensional personalities of the staff, Continuous trainings, sound knowledge of psychology should be provided to the principals | |
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| Keywords: | Leadership Style Job Satisfaction Principals Higher Secondary Schools | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)30 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)30 | |
| Page Nos: | 371-383 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 30 | |
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Offline versus Virtual Socialization Patterns and Smartphone: A Study of Pakistani Youth |
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| Abstract: | The current study contributes by researching the associations of levels of offline socialization patterns with the virtual socialization ones. The controlled effects of time for Smartphone usage and gender are also explained. The study utilizes the convenience sampling technique and selects the students (N=215) from the two educational institutes of Lahore. By using quantitative approach of cross-sectional survey the data is collected through offline survey with the help of a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics reveal that the students are gratifying smart phone to virtually socialize with their friends, class fellows and teachers. The medium levels of correlations are found for the offline and virtual socialization patterns for seeking news and interaction with the class fellows. The significant controlled effects are visible for the time for Smartphone usage and the gender. The triangulation of theories enriches the analysis. The teachers should use Whats’App effectively for teaching purposes. | |
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| Keywords: | Socialization, Smartphone, Demographics, Triangulation of Theories, Survey | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)31 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)31 | |
| Page Nos: | 384-396 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 31 | |
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Geo-Politics of Syrian Conflict: Role of Regional, Extra-Regional and Non-State Actors in the Situation |
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| Abstract: | This study aims to examine the complex functioning of Syrian conflict with respect to involvement of various actors like state as well as non-state actors on national, regional and international levels. It analyzes and identifies the actors, their role and strategies and future prospects regarding the Syrian Crisis. The qualitative approach following the document analysis has been used to get profound and diverse information about the issue and all the actors and factors involved in the Syrian conflict. The actors involved in the conflict are found to be in three blocks; Pro-Assad, Anti-Assad and Non-aligned. The role of Islamic State has is distinct by fighting with all actors involved including the Pro-Assad regime and Anti-Assad forces. Israel in early phase expressed neutrality but became part of the conflict to counter the increasing Iranian influence and IS factor. The study predicts that the complex functioning of the Syrian conflict with respect to various state and non-state actors on all levels from regional to international levels will go on for next few years | |
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| Keywords: | Conflict, Non-State Actors, Sunni, Shiite, ISIS, Syria | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)32 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)32 | |
| Page Nos: | 397-410 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 32 | |
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Perceptions of Principals, Teachers, Parents and Students Regarding Follow Up of Business Ethics as Economic Adjustment of Students in Society |
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| Abstract: | Business ethics is a code of conduct comprised of social principles and morality for doing business; its purpose is to focus on business practices and policies. A cross-sectional study was conducted. All male Principals, Teachers, Parents, and students of Public, Private Schools, and Deeni Madaris in Southern districts of KP including Kohat, Karak, Bannu, LakkiMarwat, D.I. Khan and Tank were taken as the population of the study. The total numbers of (n=1500, respondents) were taken as samples of the study from the entire population by applying the L. R. Gay sample size rule of thumb. Convenient, stratified, simple random, and disproportionate sampling techniques were used. Data was collected from the respondents via a questionnaire of six points Likert scale and was statistically analyzed through SPSS by using frequency and One Way ANOVA by providing vital information for policymakers and stakeholders. In light of the results and conclusions of the study, it was revealed that business ethics play a significant role in better earning and economic adjustment of students in society | |
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| Keywords: | Business Ethics, Schools and Madaris, Economic Adjustment and Society | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)33 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)33 | |
| Page Nos: | 411-421 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 33 | |
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Relationship of Students’ Attitude towards and Achievement in Biology across Gender and Grade |
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| Abstract: | This study focused on exploration of students’ attitude towards biology across gender and grade and its relationship with achievement. Population of this study were the secondary school biology students and sample comprised of 9th and 10th grades (male=694, female =659) respondents (1353) belonging to Punjab. Attitude towards biology was explored through Biology Attitude Questionnaire, having 30 items which was translated in Urdu and validated through experts. After pilot testing it was comprised of 23 items with Cronbach alpha coefficient value 0.82. Through t-test and Pearson r correlation, it was found that overall attitude of the respondents was positive and correlation between the variables was also significant. On the basis of grades and genders it was concluded that 9th graders and female respondents show slightly more positive attitude towards biology. Moreover, correlation between the variables was more significant for 10th graders and male respondents | |
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| Keywords: | Attitude, Achievement, Biology, Gender, Grade | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)34 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)34 | |
| Page Nos: | 422-435 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 34 | |
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Research Guidance Experiences, Expectations and Perceived Learning Outcomes of University Students in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The completion of research process principally depends upon the relationship of students and their supervisors. The study recognizes students’ perceptions about their supervisors’ mentoring skills. This study explores the research experiences of PhD Scholars and determines their relationships with the supervisors. The population of the study involves five Public Sector Universities of Punjab and sample consists of 100 PhD Scholars in social sciences, 20 from each university. A self-developed five point liker scale was applied as an instrument to collect data from respondents. The validity of the tool was insured and reliability was affirmed through Cronbach Alpha. Data were analyzed through SPSS; ANOVA was applied to conclude the results. The outcomes of the study revealed that students were facilitated with proper guidance during research work. The study suggests that Universities should set a framework for meetings by fixing time for the researcher on regular basis to insure the provision of scholarly guidance | |
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| Keywords: | Scholarly Guidance, Supervision, Higher Education | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)35 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)35 | |
| Page Nos: | 436-448 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 35 | |
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An Analysis of Teachers’ Competencies using Digital Media in Universities of Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | Teachers’ competencies to use digital media in classrooms are concerning variable of interest. Major thirst of the study was to access teachers’ skills and abilities that are directly linked to range of digital media and its practical application during their instruction. In addition the study was aimed to check the effective transformation of instruction and satisfaction level of the students with their teacher’s functional skills regarding the use of digital media. The students and teachers of Govt. College University Faisalabad were the population of the study. The sample was comprised of five Chairpersons for interviews, two teachers from each faculty for observations while hundred M. Phil scholars were selected randomly for survey. The results support the teacher’s skills using digital media during class room instruction. However the teachers of Arabic and Islamic departments were not found a set of conscious abilities for using digital media their instruction at Govt. College University Faisalabad. It is suggested that training program should be conducted by the university to enhance the capacity of teachers. | |
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| Keywords: | Competency, Digital Media, Instruction | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)36 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)36 | |
| Page Nos: | 449-459 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 36 | |
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TV Cartoon Programs: An Analysis of Gender Roles and Characteristics |
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| Abstract: | Television is considered to be one of the most influential and powerful medium as it contributes a lot in determining the opinion of children regarding gender roles. In this context, the researchers attempted to investigate that how cartoon characters of different genders are represented and assigned roles and characteristics in children cartoon programs. For this purpose, the researchers analyzed 12 TV cartoon programs shown on Nickelodeon, Disney, Cartoon Network, and Pogo, from January 1st, 2017 to December 31str, 2017. The results of the study showed that male characters are given meaningfully more screen time and in the similar way they are more likely presented in leading roles in comparison to the female cartoon characters. However it was observed that there was no significant difference between cartoon characters of different genders regarding their representation as knowledgeable, intelligent, independent, ambitious, sporty, competent, and struggling against evils. It was also observed that female cartoons are more often shown as engaged in fostering children, household work, attractive and subtle | |
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| Keywords: | Television, Cartoon Programs, Gender Roles and Characteristics, Content Analysis | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)37 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)37 | |
| Page Nos: | 460-472 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 37 | |
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Impact of Formative Assessment on Students’ Learning at Private Schools in District Sanghar, Sindh |
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| Abstract: | Formative assessment exposed to improve student learning in general, and the objective of the research study was to particularly find out the using of formative assessment to improve practices in the classroom by identifying the gaps in learning. A creative teaching approach is formative feedback which get better student understanding, and clarify student misconceptions to make easy the teacher. This research paper explores the practices of components in formative assessment in private schools at Sanghar, Sindh. This study used quantitative approach with the aim of gaining teachers’ perspectives on formative assessment and exploring different ways of components were practiced. Data collected through observation (checklist).This paper shows that lack of clarity in practices of formative assessment and not uses it to improve their performance. The existing literature and this study’s findings, the research paper suggests important move about whereby the formative assessment and effective practices should be keeping individual differences into concern. | |
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| Keywords: | Formative Assessment, Students Learning, Students Performance, Private Schools | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)38 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)38 | |
| Page Nos: | 473-482 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 38 | |
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Attitude towards Teaching Profession in Pakistan: A Case of Public Sector Secondary School Teachers |
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| Abstract: | The study aimed to explore the teachers’ attitude toward teaching profession at secondary school level. The sample comprised of 736 (428 male and 308 female) Secondary School Teachers (SSTs) selected from administrative division of Sahiwal, Pakistan. Attitude Scale towards Teaching Profession (ASTTP) developed by Dr. Malswami (2015) was adapted from the kind permission of author. ASTTP was comprised of 36 closed-ended statements. Means and standard deviations were computed to explore the attitude toward teaching profession. T-test and one-way ANOVA were applied to calculate the difference in attitude of teachers on the basis of gender, groups (science & arts), and their teaching experience. Results showed that the attitude of secondary school teachers was positive toward teaching profession. While, male SSTs showed a better attitude than female. It was found that in terms of group, arts teachers showed higher positive attitude toward the teaching profession in comparison to science teachers. Furthermore, it was concluded that SSTs having teaching experience of 0-5 years and 16 years have more favorable positive attitude toward teaching profession than other groups | |
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| Keywords: | Attitude, Teaching Profession, Secondary School Teachers, ASTTP | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)39 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)39 | |
| Page Nos: | 483-491 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 39 | |
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Triple Oppression of African-American Women: Conceptual Metaphor Analysis of How to Make an American Quilt by Whitney Otto |
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| Abstract: | This qualitative study aims to analyze Triple Oppression faced by African American women using Conceptual Metaphor Theory in the novel How to Make an American Quilt (1992) by Whitney Otto. Triple Oppression as proposed by Jones (2017) involves the categories of race, gender and class all together as features of women oppression. For this purpose certain metaphors relevant to the study have been selected and analyzed using Conceptual Metaphor Analysis by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). Women, who cannot find voice in society, find an expression in their needlework. Individual stories, alongside personal and narrative metaphors, of all members of a quilting group depict Triple Oppression faced by them throughout their lives. Nonetheless these women voice their sufferings in the quilting patterns. Their voices echo through the designs and colors of their quilts. They narrate their stories so secretly that even other members of the same quilting group cannot sense it | |
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| Keywords: | Triple Oppression, Conceptual Metaphor Theory, African-American Women | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)40 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)40 | |
| Page Nos: | 492-502 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 40 | |
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Critical Discourse Analysis of Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan: An Intertextual Recontextualization |
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| Abstract: | This article presents Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) of Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). Drawing upon the post structuralist method of deconstruction, this article identifies key persuasive strategies and thematic formations that underlie the rhetoric of Taliban. It seeks to examine how TTP contextualizes the political environment and securitizes Islamic values using identity-mediated discourse of danger to the Islam through speech acts that mediate war against the ‘ideological other’—Pakistan. In addition, it attempts to expose the discursive structures upon TTP challenges counter terrorism campaign of Pakistan in an extreme manner by analyzing the articulation, interpellation, and operationalization of militant discourse—sustained through the production, distribution, and consumption of the text. Furthermore, it also discusses how master narrative of Taliban problematizes the existing context and promise to deliver revisionist solutions. Finally, article concludes that, TTP’s so-called ‘defensive jihad’ narrative is a war legitimizing discourse—constructed on religious discursivity and sustained through language. | |
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| Keywords: | Taliban, Identity, Construction, Intertextuality, Rhetoric, Securitization | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)41 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)41 | |
| Page Nos: | 503-524 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 41 | |
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Social Marginalisation and Scapegoating: A Study of Mob Lynching in Pakistan and India |
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| Abstract: | This research article aims at understanding the phenomena of mob lynching in India and Pakistan. Over the years, this problem is alarmingly on the rise in the two countries under study. Understanding this issue and finding out solutions is really the need of hour. This article explains this phenomenon with a theoretic-empirical interest. It studied cases of mob lynching. Data on India has been accessed from existing data sites; while, those on Pakistan, has been generated by this research. Rene` Girard’s sociological understanding of mob violence as a scapegoating mechanism informs this study. This research argues that mob lynching is a process of marginalisation of certain minorities. It has, as a result, been found out that pattern in both the countries are similar, only that the actors are different. | |
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| Keywords: | Mob Lynching, Social Marginalisation, Scapegoating, Mob Violence, India-Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)42 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)42 | |
| Page Nos: | 525-536 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 42 | |
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Linking Customers’ Purchase Intentions and Facebook Applications through SEM Analysis |
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| Abstract: | This research examines the effect of Facebook and its applications on customers purchase intentions. The study provided an understanding of how customers take notice of company advertisements on Facebook and how these Facebook applications would attract customers to purchase company products. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of social media advertisements via Facebook on customers’ purchase decisions in garment industry of Pakistan. For this purpose, Primary data was collected from the customers of selected garments firms from different geographical locations. A sample of 150 respondents was selected through the random sampling technique and regression analyses were used for analysis. Facebook users recommended that the exploitation of Facebook and its applications “like, friends like, sharing, and comments” positively influence to customers purchase decisions while one application of Facebook “location-based check-in service” negatively influences on customers’ purchase decisions. The researchers concluded that Facebook and its applications could play an essential role in customers’ purchase decisions. Firms and their managers should make strategies to include activities on Facebook about the creation of brand awareness, for the attraction of new audiences and to the promotion of their products and services | |
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| Keywords: | Facebook, Purchase Decisions, Social Networks, Marketing, Customers Purchase Intentions | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)43 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)43 | |
| Page Nos: | 537-554 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 43 | |
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Reporting Insurgencies in South Asia: A Peace Journalism Perspective |
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| Abstract: | This study investigates the reporting of insurgencies in the five South Asian countries including Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Nepal and Sri Lanka. One elite newspaper from each of these countries was selected for a period of five years—January 2013 to December 2017. The researcher applied content analysis technique by operationalizing war and peace journalism indicators as expounded by Johan Galtung and others. The researchers found that the five national insurgencies are predominantly reported in the war journalism approach. The selected press adopted nationalistic and elitist perspectives and ignored options that could promote peace and reconciliation. The findings of this study are quite in line with the existing scholarship that media remain jingoistic and support their governments when deviant groups challenge the security apparatus | |
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| Keywords: | South Asia War and Peace Journalism Balochistan Conflict, Naxal Insurgency Maoist Insurgency Tamil Insurgency | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)44 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)44 | |
| Page Nos: | 555-568 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 44 | |
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Relative Deprivation: A Case Study of Pakistani Young Doctor’s Movement |
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| Abstract: | This article exclusively discusses how institutional lacks of farsighted policies have deprived doctors of their genuine rights and privileges. Explicating the applicability of theory of Relative Deprivation by Robert Ted Gurr, this research finds how deprivations have strengthened young doctors’ activism leading to street protests. Study includes a close ended questionnaire based survey. This survey was conducted on young doctors working in different hospitals across Pakistan during May 2018 to March 2019. 1000 participants were selected by snowball sampling from different cities. Results of survey showed that the young doctors participating in protests and strikes are suffering deprivation. It was also observed by the survey team young that doctors are frustrated by government’s visionary health sector policies. It is important for the government to address young doctors’ feeling of deprivation and frustration. It is necessary for the government to solve the issue by prudent health policies. | |
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| Keywords: | Frustration, Relative Deprivation, Conflict, Young Doctors | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)45 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)45 | |
| Page Nos: | 569-581 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 45 | |
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Comparison between Students’ Moral Development in Private and Public Sector Colleges |
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| Abstract: | Moral feature of personality development focuses on the emergence and consideration of morality from infancy to maturity and change. Ideology of morality is defined as individual’s behavior with one another. The objectives of the current study are to compare perceptions regarding moral development in private and public sector colleges by gender and to find which sector is more effective for better moral development at the intermediate level in private and public colleges. Survey design was used for study. All colleges of Private and public in the Punjab province made up the population. The respondents included 626 students, 160 teachers and 30 administrators. Data was collected by using three questionnaires comprises on five-point Likert scale. Validity of instruments was checked by Pilot testing. Administrators instrument reliability (α = 0.85), teachers (α = 0.93) and Students (α = 0.68) was accordingly. Normality tests, summary statistics, parametric statistics and box plot were applied. To compare the private and public sector, Non-parametric tests were used. No difference was found in the female and male student’s perception regarding moral development. Also moral development of students is relatively better in public sector as compared to private sector colleges. | |
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| Keywords: | Private Sector, Public Sector, Personality, Moral Development | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)46 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)46 | |
| Page Nos: | 582-590 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 46 | |
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Instructional Practices of Public Sector Teacher Education Programs: Teacher and Student Perspective |
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| Abstract: | The bachelors of Education programs in the Pakistani public sector universities are promising for competent and skilled future teachers for schools. The current study designed in investigating the perception of teacher educators and prospective teachers regarding the instructional practices of Bachelor of Education program of public sector university. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the opinion of teacher educators and prospective teachers, whereas median was calculated to find out level of subjects’ response. Teacher educators and prospective teachers have the same opinion on the instructional practices occurring in the classrooms of B.Ed. program. Teacher educators and prospective teachers had varying opinion on sharing of experiences by the teacher educators with prospective teachers with no significant difference. Lesson presentation was viewed effective by Teacher Educators and Prospective Teachers but existed significant existed difference between their opinions with small effect size | |
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| Keywords: | Moral Development Bachelor Program Teacher Educator Prospect Teacher | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)47 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)47 | |
| Page Nos: | 591-607 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 47 | |
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Causes of Low Turn Out of Women in the General Elections: A Case Study of District Peshawar |
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| Abstract: | This paper aims to explore the causes of low turnout of women in the General elections of Pakistan and KP generally and Peshawar specifically. The study was conducted on the causes of women low participation in the electoral process especially during the last three general elections (2002, 2008, and 2013) in the light of expert opinion of female political representatives, political activists and experts. Women as a voter, their participation in electoral process and the problems they faced have been discussed. The paper is based on qualitative method. Total 20 MPAs, MNAs, and female right activists were interviewed for qualitative analysis. The interviews were unstructured allowing flexibility, liberty of conversation and flow of information. It was found that there are still many difficulties faced by Pashtun women. The study concluded that ideological, economic and patriarchal mind-sets are the main factors that hinder women participation in the electoral process. The findings of the study can be used effectively to increase women participation by bringing awareness at local level and making appropriate policies at national level | |
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| Keywords: | Women, Politics, Women Participation, Provincial Government, Elections, Policy | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)48 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)48 | |
| Page Nos: | 608-618 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 48 | |
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Effect of Formative Assessment on Students’ Achievement in Knowledge Domain in Physics at Secondary Level |
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| Abstract: | Formative Assessment is essential part of teaching learning process. Formative assessment is used during the teaching-learning process. It is linked with the teaching learning process by exploration, estimation and analysis of record of learning activities. From the analysis of learning activates the improvement in the running process of teaching-learning become easy. There are many techniques used by experts for the formative assessment. In this study only three techniques, self-assessment, peer-assessment and feedback were used. The objective of the study was to find the effect of formative assessment on students’ achievement in knowledge domain in Physics at secondary level. All the students of Government boys’ High secondary school of Bahawalnagar city were selected as population for this research study. All the students of class X (English medium) of Government Boys City High School were subjects of study. The pretest–posttest control group design was used for this study. The collected data was analyzed by using inferential statistics. The finding and conclusion of the study show that the use of formative assessment enhances the achievement of the students. The use of formative assessment during the classroom teaching is recommended | |
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| Keywords: | Assessment, Formative assessment, summative assessment, feedback | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)49 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)49 | |
| Page Nos: | 619-629 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 49 | |
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Effect of Gender and Institution Type on Students’ Anxiety regarding Learning L 2 |
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| Abstract: | L2 learning anxiety is a widely studied topic in the field of language learning. Present study aimed to explore secondary school students’ language learning anxiety. Anxiety is a psychological state which hinders students learning and it can also affect students’ classroom performance. The fundamental reason of this anxiety is an artificial environment of second or foreign language learning. The main objective of this study was to find out the level of anxiety on the basis of gender and type o institution. Descriptive research design and survey method was used to explore and describe the phenomenon understudy. Sample was selected conveniently from public and private institutions of Lahore city. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied and no significant difference was found on the basis of gender and institution type. Detailed descriptive analysis helps to clarify that students are more anxious while speaking and they need preparation before speaking | |
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| Keywords: | L2 , Language, Anxiety, Secondary, Level Learning, Effects | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)50 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)50 | |
| Page Nos: | 630-637 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 50 | |
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Comparison of Health Awareness among Public and Private Secondary School Students in District Bahawalpur |
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| Abstract: | In this era of science and technology human beings are provided with lot of facilities but they have also suffered with severe health issues. The health awareness may save humans from different health problems at earliest as it reaches to severity. As for as the health of students is concerned, it is equally important for themselves and also lead to a healthy society in future. The objective of this study is to determine the health awareness of secondary school students and comparison of awareness level among public and private secondary school students. Total 200 secondary school students both public and private were chosen as sample. The data was collected through questionnaire. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. T test is applied. The health awareness level among secondary school students was found poor. There is a significant difference of health awareness between public and private institutes. The private school students have more awareness than public school students. it is recommended that there may be inclusion of knowledge about health awareness in the syllabus | |
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| Keywords: | Awareness, Health, Secondary School | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)51 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)51 | |
| Page Nos: | 638-646 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 51 | |
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Difficulties Faced by the Persons with Disabilities for Getting Employment |
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| Abstract: | The main objectives of the study were to identify the variables for the acceptance of disable persons in the community and to identify the difficulties faced by them for getting employment. The study makes aware the parents and the community members that they should not just keep in view their disabilities in spite of their abilities. The population of the study was the persons with disabilities from three main zones northern, central, and southern of Punjab. A well designed interview schedule was used to collect the data. The data was analyzed by Univariate, Bivariate and Multivariate testing. The study found that majority of respondents face prejudicial attitude of mistrust from family, they also face discrimination from employer and they face transport issues during travel. There is a dire need to create awareness and education for the acceptance of disable persons in the society. The Government also should take disciplinary actions against the employer who discriminate among persons with disabilities | |
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| Keywords: | Social Adjustment, Employment, Persons With Disabilities, Prejudicial Attitude, Discrimination | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)52 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)52 | |
| Page Nos: | 647-656 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 52 | |
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Awareness and Practices of Students about Road Signboards in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | Students have risk taking behavior while driving and can be faced road safety issues. Awareness about road signboards is much important to reduce the ratio of accidents. This study was conducted to check the awareness and practice of the students about road signboards at higher secondary level in Pakistan. The study was descriptive and quantitative; questionnaire was used as tool to collect data. The population of the study consisted of all the 11th and 12th class students of higher secondary schools in Pakistan. Total 720 students from 12 higher secondary schools of 3 districts of Bahawalpur division were selected with the help of multistage sampling. Data was collected by visiting sample population by the researchers. Chi-square test for inferential analysis while frequency and percentage was used for demographic analysis. It was found that most of the students are driving motorcycle without driving license and over speeding was the main cause of accidents. Awareness level about road signs is amazing but their implementation was very poor. It was recommended that Authorities may force youngster of age more than 18 years to obtain driving license, so they may have idea about traffic rules and can prevent themselves from road accidents | |
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| Keywords: | Awareness, Practices, Signboards, Accidents, Traffic Rules | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)53 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)53 | |
| Page Nos: | 657-669 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 53 | |
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An Exploration of Reasons and Relationships between Female Teachers’ Anxiety towards Teaching Mathematics and Students’ Achievement |
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| Abstract: | This study explored the relationship between Teaching Mathematic Anxiety of Female Teachers and Students Learning Achievements. Moreover, a comparison was made on the basis of schools’ type and gender in context of teachers’ anxiety and students’ achievements scores. Explanatory mixed method design was adopted. The sample included 128 teachers of mathematics and 512 students of secondary school level selected from four towns of a district. The first research tool used to collect data from teachers was Mathematic Anxiety Rating Scale (MARS). The second research tool was Mathematic Subject based Test (MST) based on students’ mathematic course book. Mathematic based Subject Test was administrated to calculated 9th and 10th grades of students, learning achievements’ score in mathematics. Findings of the study show that Teaching Mathematic Anxiety of Female Teachers’ has significant effect on Students Learning Achievements | |
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| Keywords: | Anxiety, Mathematics, Achievement | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)54 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)54 | |
| Page Nos: | 670-679 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 54 | |
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Historical Misrepresentation of Islam and Muslim: A Descriptive Review of Hollywood |
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| Abstract: | This paper is an attempt to find out the historical roots, which gave birth to tarnished depiction of Muslim world in Holly wood movies. Hollywood movies are offering a consistent stereo typical image and vilified/abusive picture of Arab Muslim across the decades. It is necessary to find out the historical roots which gave birth to discolored depiction of Muslim world in Hollywood movies. Researcher has adopted qualitative method of descriptive review of Hollywood. After a descriptive review of Hollywood It is summed up that although all races may be depicted in negative way one time or another, but some races specifically Arabs and Arab-Americans are all time victims of indecent depiction. History depicts number of apple of discords i.e crusades of Islam and Christianity, role of colonolisataion, post II world war scenario and Neo-Colonialism; shifting of power-pillars from Europe to America in terms of misrepresentation of Islam and Muslims | |
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| Keywords: | Islam, Muslim, Hollywood, Orientalism Misrepresentation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)55 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)55 | |
| Page Nos: | 680-690 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 55 | |
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Postgraduate Students’ Perception toward University Teachers’ Research Attitude |
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| Abstract: | This paper aims to analyze the research attitude, interests, and capabilities of university teachers in Pakistan that assist to enhance the quality of higher education at university level. A sample consisting of 250 postgraduate students from six public sector universities was selected randomly from Pakistan. A questionnaire consisting of 20 items focusing on research attitude and professional development of university teachers was developed. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version XX to compute the university teachers’ research attitude. The mean scores of male and female respondents on demographic basis were compared through t-values. It was concluded, based on the findings, that the university teachers lagging behind in publications. Some recommendations were made for university teachers to improve their research attitude at university level | |
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| Keywords: | Perception, University Teachers, Research Attitude | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)56 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)56 | |
| Page Nos: | 691-699 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 56 | |
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Role of Emotional Intelligence in Improving the Quality of Second Language Learning |
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| Abstract: | The point of composing this article is to discover the role of emotional intelligence in improving the quality of second language learning. Besides, the study examined the job of positive and negative emotions in the subsequent language learning. The five-point rating scale poll was utilized as research device for data collection. The three hundred and sixty (360) second language learners of Government and Private Universities of Dera Ghazi Khan District were selected randomly. The collected data was analyzed through SPSS. It was found that the positive emotions like happiness, enthusiasm and accomplishment produce favorable out comes and the negative emotions like fear, hesitation and frustration create obstacles in learning the second language. Therefore, the study recommended that teachers should use cooperative language learning strategies and enhance positive emotions among second language learners. The instructors must help the students to overcome the fear of failure through raising their confidence | |
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| Keywords: | Emotional Intelligence, Quality, Second Language learning, Positive and Negative Emotions, University Level | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)57 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)57 | |
| Page Nos: | 700-711 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 57 | |
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An Investigations into the Problems Faced by Male and Female Research Students at University Level |
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| Abstract: | This research study was conducted to discover research students'problems during their research work. It further compared how these problems vary by student gender, program of study and availability of facilities at the concerned university. Instrument of this research was pilot tested on 15 students at University of Faisalabad. Then the final instruments were administered to the sample to get required data. Inferential statistics was used to analyze data. Research problems of the researchers measured by applying t test and ANOVA test on SPSS software. Also ordinal least of dependent variables were used to find out the research problems. Result of this study elaborated that lack of financial resources, lack of available sufficient facilities at university level and time management on the part of researcher were the problems were faced by the both male and female research scholar | |
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| Keywords: | Investigation, Research, Research Problems, Researcher | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)58 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)58 | |
| Page Nos: | 712-721 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 58 | |
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Mental Health Literacy Scale: Translation and Validation in Pakistani Context |
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| Abstract: | The study’s prime objective was to translate in Urdu and validate the 35 items of Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS) developed by Matt O’Conner (2015). The methodology of Hambleton & Zenisky (2011) were adopted for translation and validation of MHLS in Pakistani context. The scale was translated and analyzed by field experts. Feedback and suggestions collected during pilot study helped the experts to modify the scale. Finally,335 questionnaires were analyzed. The SMART-PLS 3 was used for statistical analysis. PLS results of Cronbach’s Alpha, rho, Average variance explain, composite reliability, internal consistency, face validity, convergent and discriminant validity, factor loading and cross loading confirmed the scale with 34 items. Only one item related to drug use for mental health awareness was dropped due to low reliability and validity. The 34 items scale in Pakistan is an adequate and valid instrument to measure the level of mental health literacy of the Pakistani population which recommends its use to detect the needs related to the management of health information | |
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| Keywords: | Mental Health Literacy Scale, Scale Validation, Smart-PLS, Reliability, Validity | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)59 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)59 | |
| Page Nos: | 722-735 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 59 | |
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Minorities of Pakistan: An Analytical Analysis of the 1973 Constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | Pakistan came into being on the 14th of August 1947 and become the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in 1956 in her first constitution. Pakistan also consists of many groups of people but Muslims are a dominant community with 96% of the whole population. 4% minority of Pakistan belongs to different creed, culture, caste, ethnicity, and religion. The teaching of Islam and the ideology of the Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah focus on giving equal treatment to religious minorities. All three constitutions gave equal rights and freedom to the minorities of the state and also make Islam, the religion of the state. But the process of legislation for the rights and rise of a marginalized group is very slow, and radicalization is also taking place in the state. This paper examines that although Constitutions make justice with minorities in maximum ways in actual things are getting worse, when and how the constitution getting failed and the majority become the senseless mob. The minorities of Pakistan suffering from forced conversion to torching the minority colonies are emerging. In this article few articles of the constitution regarding the right of minorities are discussed. | |
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| Keywords: | 1973 Constitution, Christian, Hindu, Minorities, Pakistan, Religion, Sikh | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)60 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)60 | |
| Page Nos: | 736-750 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 60 | |
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The Efficacy of Nuclear Deterrence in South Asia: A Case Study of Pakistan and India |
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| Abstract: | This study attempts to understand and explain the phenomenon of strategic stability which is closely associated with nuclear weapons and its deterrence. The study tries to evaluate the type of strategic stability that prevailed during the Cold War between the two superpowers and investigates any similarity to the strategic situation prevailing between Pakistan and India in the post-nuclear period. A process-tracing method provides the methodical framework of the study in which the various variables have been broken up and their cumulative effect has been measured to cast effect on the causality of the events that unfolded between Pakistan and India. Defensive Realism suggests that nuclear weapons provide the much-needed stability which rests upon the non-usage of these weapons thus providing a strategic equilibrium. The notion of strategic stability is fragile between Pakistan and India and nuclear-related fear which provides the foundation for nuclear deterrence is amply and maximally present between Pakistan and India. | |
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| Keywords: | Deterrence, India, Nuclear, Pakistan, South Asia, Strategic Stability | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)61 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)61 | |
| Page Nos: | 751-762 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 61 | |
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Critical Evaluation of two English Language Tests, Lahore Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) and University of Cambridge’s First Certificate English (FCE) |
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| Abstract: | This paper is a critical evaluation of two English language tests, Lahore Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (BISE) and University of Cambridge’s First Certificate English (FCE). These examinations are compared and contrasted and their strengths and weaknesses are evaluated in terms of specific objectives, specifications, scoring criteria, practicality, and wash back. The researcher used the qualitative methods such as, content analysis method and focus group interview to collect the data. The findings reveal that Lahore (BISE) assesses the memorization potential of the students rather than their creativity and critical thinking. It is found out that Lahore (BISE) has negative wash back effects on classroom teaching and learning. It is recommended that authentic tests should be constructed that would evaluate students’ proficiency in English language. | |
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| Keywords: | BISE, Critical Thinking, FCE, Memorization, Proficiency, Wash Back | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)62 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)62 | |
| Page Nos: | 763-771 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 62 | |
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Development of Reading Comprehension Assessment Tool: Applying the Rasch Model |
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| Abstract: | Language assessment is not a simple task. Development of assessment requires expertise, commitment and understanding of psychometric aspects of assessment. Reading comprehension is the important component of language assessment tools. This article is based on the development process of reading comprehension assessment for grade X. Forty items were developed by keeping in view the national curriculum of English language. National Education Assessment for Progress (NEAP) framework for English language was used to construct the items. Test was validated through experts. Thirty-three items were finalized after expert’s validation. Later on, the test was administered to 500 students of grade X. Rasch Model was used to assess the psychometric properties of test. Finally, 12 items were selected as a part of reading comprehension assessment. So, it can be concluded after this study that it is most likely to develop valid and reliable reading assessment tools. | |
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| Keywords: | Assessment, Rasch Model, Reading Comprehension | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)63 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)63 | |
| Page Nos: | 772-792 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 63 | |
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Rubric Effects on Assessment: An Analysis |
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| Abstract: | Testing is an integral part of language education. This article aims at analyzing the previously conducted researches related to the effects of rubric on assessment. Assessment has always been an important aspect in language testing. In the arena of research studies related to language testing Assessment fall into two categories i.e. holistic assessment and rubric based assessment. Data is collected through corpus where quantitative research method has been used. The data collected from ten research articles from discipline related journals of language testing and assessment. The findings suggest that rubric has rigorous impact on assessment. It helps to make valid assessment. The overall findings also help to highlight the value of rubric in academic context. | |
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| Keywords: | Assessment, Rubric Effects, Testing | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)64 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)64 | |
| Page Nos: | 793-804 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 64 | |
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Consumer Protection in Punjab: Public Understanding and Awareness |
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| Abstract: | A look at the pages of history reveals that in any civilization the sellers have been heavier than the buyers of products and services. Consumers are still a downtrodden class in many societies today. The same is true of the consumer of Punjab and the biggest reason for this is his lack of awareness and understanding of his rights as a consumer. When a consumer buys a product or service he does not know what his rights are and what can he do if the product is defective or the service is faulty so he will always be humiliated by the powerful merchants, shopkeepers and manufacturers. Lack of awareness and understanding of consumer of Punjab about his rights is one of the major obstacles to effective implementation of consumer protection law in Punjab. The purpose of this research is to provide awareness and understanding to the consumers about their rights in Punjab. The purpose is to inform them that if traders, shopkeepers and manufacturers cheat them, under what law they can claim their rights. This study concludes that since the consumer is the centre of economic activity in any society, public awareness and understanding should be created for his protection so that the economic system of Punjab can be developed and improved. | |
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| Keywords: | Authority, Consumer, Council, Court | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)65 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)65 | |
| Page Nos: | 805-812 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 65 | |
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Dependence among Energy and Asian Emerging Stocks: A Dynamic Conditional Correlation Approach |
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| Abstract: | This paper is an endeavor to investigate the contagion effect between energy market and Asian Emerging Equity Markets (AEEMs) during the Eurozone debt crisis. Multivariate GARCH-DCC model is applied on data series from 30-01-2005 to 31-01-2012. The results affirm a significant increase in dependence between energy market and equity markets at the time of Eurozone crisis as compared to pre-crisis time, therefore supporting the presence of contagion in the sense of Forbes and Rigobon's (2002). The study implies that investors should include other commodities as well in order to hedge the equity portfolio risk at the time of crisis. | |
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| Keywords: | AEEMs Stock Markets, Contagion, DCC GARCH Model, Energy Market, Eurozone Crisis | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)66 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)66 | |
| Page Nos: | 813-827 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 66 | |
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An Investigating on Influential Attributes in determining the Employees’ Performance |
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| Abstract: | In establishing the performance parameters, performance management has been measured as a significant phenomenon in dealing with the policies, strategies and practices that mainly deals with how the employees behave in an organization and how the organization monitor and evaluate their performance. In this connection, the performance measures that how the employees fulfill their responsibilities in attaining the desired tasks. Different models have been recommended however, the most comprehensive set/attributes for the employees’ performance consists of efficiency, effectiveness, innovativeness, and responsiveness. This study aimed at examining employees’ performance through the mentioned attributes by collecting data from faculty hailing from HEIs of KP, Pakistan. The results offer significant information about the role of these attributes in determining the employees’ performance. For policymakers, in higher education context, some recommendations have been emerged along with the implications of the study. | |
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| Keywords: | Effectiveness, Efficiency, Employees Performance, HEIs Innovativeness, Responsiveness | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)67 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)67 | |
| Page Nos: | 828-841 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 67 | |
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State, Religion and Religious Minorities in Pakistan: Remembering the Participation of Christians in Punjab Legislative Assembly 1947-55 |
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| Abstract: | This study “State, Religion and Religious minorities in Pakistan: Remembering the participation of Christians in Punjab Legislative Assembly 1947-55’ exclusively focuses on their participation of the religious minorities the Christians in Punjab Legislative Assembly in early crucial years of independence 1947-55. The Christian community had considerable representation in the Punjab Legislative Assembly and took part in almost in every debate, resolution and reform of the province. Their services contributed to the development of the state and society in Pakistan to create a plural society. The study is based upon the proceedings of the Punjab Legislative Assembly (archival material) which hitherto has not fully utilized by the historians to construct the role of minorities in Pakistan. | |
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| Keywords: | Religious Minority, Christian, Punjab, Legislative Assembly | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)68 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)68 | |
| Page Nos: | 842-851 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 68 | |
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From Suburbanization to Gentrification: A Postcolonial Study of (Dis)placed Identities in Hanif Kureishi’s The Buddha of Suburbia |
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| Abstract: | This article argues Hanif Kureishi as a ‘postcolonial writer’ who emphatically rejects to be called so, although, paradoxically, his biracial foundation, plus the nature and effects of his literary works, categorizes him as a ‘postcolonial writer’. With delimitation of The Buddha Suburbia, this article traces that the postcolonial issues of ‘identity’ and ‘hybridity’ are the noticeable features of Hanif Kureishi’s literary works. This study examines how Kureishi presents the struggle of the British Asians, especially the Muslims, for cultural assimilation in the Post-colonial time of England. In this regard, this study argues the nature of the postcolonial subject’s identity concerning Homi K. Bhabha’s concept of ‘the third space’. This article focuses on how Muslim immigrants confront cultural complications in their efforts to integrate into uncompromising, class-conscious, mixed English society. | |
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| Keywords: | Hybridity, Identity, Pakistani Literature, Postcolonialism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)69 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)69 | |
| Page Nos: | 852-861 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 69 | |
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Role of Mentoring in Secondary School Education: Mentees' Experiences and Challenges |
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| Abstract: | Mentoring is a process for the informal transmission of skills, aptitude, proficiency, shared interaction, and the fair provision in education, livelihood, or professional maturity. Mentoring plays a very vibrant role in the academic development of students. This study explored why mentoring is considered vital for 9th and 10th grade students and how mentees are associated with their mentors. In what way mentoring flourishes in the secondary schools and by what means mentors are supporting the mentees to cope with the challenges they are facing in schools. Moreover, in what manners mentoring is going to establish a new epoch of optimistic thinking as well as positive attitudes. A qualitative method was used and data were collected by conducting interviews with mentees. Analysis of data elaborated with identification and categorization of themes. The study established the fact that mentoring was helpful for mentees to cope with challenges in their social, academic, and personal life. | |
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| Keywords: | Challenges, Mentee, Mentor, Mentoring, Secondary Schools | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)70 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)70 | |
| Page Nos: | 862-870 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 70 | |
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Role of School Councils in Public Sector Elementary School Improvement: Multi Case Study Perspective |
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| Abstract: | The basic purpose of the study was to explore the school councils' role in elementary school improvement. The nature of the study was qualitative. The population of the study was members of the school council of three public sector boys’ elementary schools in district Sheikhupura. The sample included 12 members of three public sector elementary school councils. A purposive sampling technique was used. For the purpose of to explore the role of school councils in the public sector elementary school improvement a self-developed in-depth interview protocol was used to collect the mandatory information. The collected data was analyzed manually by using narrative analysis model. On the basis of results, it was concluded that majority of the school council members are playing their due role in school improvement in terms of students’ enrollment, students’ attendance, utilization of allotted funds, and development of physical infrastructure | |
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| Keywords: | Public Sector, Role, School Council, School Improvement | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)71 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)71 | |
| Page Nos: | 871-882 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 71 | |
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A Critical Analysis of Legal Framework Relating to Defence Housing Authority in Pakistan Vis-a Vis the Goal of Housing for All As Envisaged By UN Habitat Agenda |
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| Abstract: | This article deals with the efficacy of the Legal Framework of DHA in achieving the goal of housing for all. This article would highlight various provisions of DHA in the context of provision of housing units to the members of DHA. All the aspects of the regulatory regime positive as well as negative have been discussed with a view to point out the grey areas to further strengthen the Legal Framework of DHA to make it in line with UN Habitat agenda to achieve the goal of housing for all in Pakistan. | |
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| Keywords: | DHA, Housing Society, Legal Framework, UN Habitat | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)72 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)72 | |
| Page Nos: | 883-894 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 72 | |
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CDHRI and International Human Rights Framework |
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| Abstract: | The Cairo Declaration stipulates Islamic version of human rights. It is considered as an alternative instrument to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by those who believe in the common standards of human rights for all individuals to be protected universally. The mandate of promoting and advancing international human rights can be achieved by creating harmony between both instruments. This paper analyzes the principles upon which the Cairo Declaration was formed, in order to establish its complimentary nature to the UDHR. The research suggests due consideration to the cultural context of the human rights in the interpretation of international human rights instruments. | |
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| Keywords: | Cairo Declaration, CDHRI and International Human Rights, UDHR and CDHRI | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)73 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)73 | |
| Page Nos: | 895-905 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 73 | |
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Accounts Receivable and Firm Value: Evidence from South Asian Emerging Economies |
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| Abstract: | This study examines the relationship between accounts receivable and value of firm for sample firms in South Asian emerging economies from period 2011 to 2018. Considering two fold effects of costs and benefits of capital invested in receivables, study estimate a nonlinear relation between receivables level and value of firm. Results revealed positive relationship between these two where lower amount stuck in receivables and negative relation where greater amount is stuck in receivables. To give robustness to the findings study used two alternative proxy to calculate value of firm, one is Tobin’s q and second measure is market to book ratio and found consistent result | |
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| Keywords: | Accounts Receivable, Developing Countries, Firm Value | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)74 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)74 | |
| Page Nos: | 906-918 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 74 | |
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Impact of Abusive Supervision on Work Engagement: Mediation by Organizational Justice and Moderation by Resilience |
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| Abstract: | The study investigated the mechanism through which abusive supervision impacts employee work engagement. Organizational justice was tested as mediator and resilience as moderator over the aforementioned relationship. A sample of 396 employees was contacted from 3S (Sales, Spare Parts and Services) and 2S (Spare Parts and Services) dealerships of automobiles sector of Pakistan using convenience sampling, time-lag technique and structured questionnaires and was analyzed by using SPSS and Smart PLS software. Findings support the relationships as hypothesized in the study. Current study contributed to the destructive leadership and organizational justice literature by highlighting the mechanism behind negative outcomes of abusive supervision relating to employees work engagement and organizational justice. Managers, therefore, need to take measures for discouraging abusive supervision at the work place and should find ways to develop resilience in the employees. In the end the limitations of the study and recommendations were also discussed. | |
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| Keywords: | Abusive Supervision, Employees’ Discretionary Behaviors, Organizational Justice, Resilience, Work Engagement | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)75 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)75 | |
| Page Nos: | 919-935 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 75 | |
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Knowledge Production Patterns of Environmental Sociology: A Bibliometric Analysis of Top Journals of Sociology |
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| Abstract: | Sociology’s inability to symmetrically produce knowledge across its sub disciplines has often been under investigation to highlight the academic marginalization of important social issues. This study investigates how the top journals of Sociology have been treating the issue of Environment since 1990s. The published content of six high impact factor journals of Sociology was bibliometrically analyzed for the authorship patterns, methodological, thematic and geographic focus of the environmental issues. By analyzing total of 203 articles focusing environmental issues, we found a perpetual increase in environmental articles over time, with geographic focus on European and United States’ environmental issues, and a methodological divide between qualitative and quantitative methods. The study concludes that environmental Sociology, despite being an important sub discipline of Sociology has failed to attract high proportion of publications in top Sociology journals, which may undermine its academic worth. | |
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| Keywords: | Bibliometrics, Environment, Knowledge Production, Sociology | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)76 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)76 | |
| Page Nos: | 936-958 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 76 | |
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The Indispensable Role of Financial, Psychological and Social Capabilities for Micro-Entrepreneurs: A Qualitative Analysis of Microfinance in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This study aims to explore how microfinance banks are addressing its clients’ financial, psychological and social capability needs in Pakistan. For this purpose, qualitative technique has been used and data collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews of microfinance experts, managers and loan officers from different microfinance banks of Pakistan. This study used QSR Nvivo 12 software for data analysis. The research findings implied that microfinance banks are mainly focusing on micro-entrepreneurs’ financial capability needs and only to some extent on social capabilities. However, clients’ psychological capability needs are not being addressed by microfinance banks in Pakistan. This is the first research study in Pakistan to jointly explore the role of microfinance institutions in supporting financial, social and psychological capabilities for the growth of micro-entrepreneurs at BOP | |
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| Keywords: | Base of the Pyramid (BOP), Financial Capability, Micro-Entrepreneur, Microfinance, Psychological Capability, Social Capability | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)77 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)77 | |
| Page Nos: | 959-977 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 77 | |
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Learning Opportunities and Challenges Faced by Visually Impaired Students in Special Schools of District Rawalpindi |
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| Abstract: | The research was designed to highlight the challenges visual impaired students had to experience during their learning opportunities set forth at these institutions. Study targeted the children with visual impairment enrolled in special education institutions at Rawalpindi. A purposive random sampling technique was applied to identify 150 students with visual impairments selected from six special education centers of Rawalpindi. The data was collected through well design, structure, validated and pretested questionnaire. One volunteer key informant was also accompanied during data collection. The data was collected by using questionnaire. After collecting data, it was analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The descriptive as well as inserted statistics was used to discuss the findings and draw conclusion. The study found out that the specialized facilities were limited. It also found that students with visual impairment lacked support from the school administration. Ministry of Education was recommended to help in construction of specialized facilities for use by students with visual impairment. It is also recommended for more in-service courses, workshops, and seminars to keep the teachers abreast with current trend. | |
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| Keywords: | Challenges of Students with Visual Impairment, Learning Opportunities Special Children | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)78 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)78 | |
| Page Nos: | 978-985 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 78 | |
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Promoting 21st-Century TVET Skills in Pakistan: Teachers’ Perceptions |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this study was to understand and develop teachers’ perceptions about implementing and promoting 21st-century learning skills in TVET Pakistan. The qualitative research design was used, and a focus group session was conducted with purposive sampling of 12 teachers belonging to the public, private, and NGO based TVET providers of the country. The results of the study highlighted that both institutions and teachers have a pivotal role to play in promoting the 21st-century TVET skills in Pakistan, specifically the 4Cs that include Communication, Critical thinking, Creativity, and Collaboration. Different perspectives and lived experiences were collected from TVET teachers regarding the promotion and implementation of 21st-century TVET skills in light of the best global practices, which helped to deem the research phenomena more deeply. This study provides a rich understanding of factors responsible for the successful implementation of 21st-century TVET skills in vocational institutes of Pakistan, which includes strong teachers’ orientation and support from their institutes. It also suggests the need for effective and ongoing interventions for continuing teachers’ capacity building to acquire and sustain these skills. This study provides useful insights for implementing a strong monitoring process that would help to evaluate the impact of implementing 21st-century TVET skills. | |
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| Keywords: | 21st-Century TVET Skills, Monitoring and Evaluation, Teachers’ Perceptions, TVET Sustainability, TVET Teachers’ Capacity Building | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)79 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)79 | |
| Page Nos: | 986-1001 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 79 | |
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Association between Aggressive Behaviour and the Performance of University Students in Pakistan and Australia |
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| Abstract: | The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of aggression and its association with the academic performance of university students in Pakistan and Australia. The population of the study consisted of students enrolled in public universities in Punjab, Pakistan, and NSW, Australia. The study sample consisted of 374 (Pakistan=292, Australia=82) students. Data was collected by paper copy survey from Pakistan and through an online survey from Australia. Aggression Questionnaire (Buss & Perry, 1992) and an Academic Performance Scale was used for data collection. Results indicated that the prevalence of aggression among university students was 76%. A statistically significant difference was found in the mean score of aggression among Pakistani and Australian students. Aggression was high among Pakistani students (86%) as compared to Australian students (41%).A significant association was found between aggression and the academic performance of Pakistani students. No difference was found in the academic performance of students in both countries. The academic performance of the majority of the students was average. Findings further indicated that frustration is one of the leading causes of aggressive behavior among students. Looking at the current situation, it was recommended that it is the right time to take action by raising awareness about behavioral problems among university students. | |
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| Keywords: | Aggression, Australia, Behavioural, Frustration, Pakistan, Survey, University | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)80 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)80 | |
| Page Nos: | 1002-1016 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 80 | |
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Gender Differences in Relation with Locus of Control and Self-Assertiveness in Colleges and University Teachers |
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| Abstract: | This study aimed to find out the relationship between locus of control and self-assertiveness among university and college teachers. A total of 100 university/college (private, government) teachers (male=51 and female=49) were chosen from various universities and colleges located in Sahiwal. The Rathus (1973) Self-assertiveness Scale and Julian Rotter' s Locus of Control Scale (1983) were used to assess self-assertiveness and locus of control, respectively. In this study, SPSS was used for statistical analysis. It was hypothesized that among university/college teachers, locus of control and self-assertiveness would be positively correlated. The findings supported the hypothesis that locus of control and self-assertiveness have a positive relationship. Another result suggested that male university/college teachers would have a higher locus of influence than female university/college teachers. Male teachers, on the other hand, were found to be more assertive than female teachers. The findings confirmed both hypotheses that male teachers are more self-assured than female teachers. | |
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| Keywords: | Gender Differences, Locus of Control, Self-Assertiveness, Teachers | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)81 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)81 | |
| Page Nos: | 1017-1029 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 81 | |
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The Socio-Linguistic Functions of Code-switching in the Pakistani Fashion Journalism |
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| Abstract: | Code-switching is a natural linguistic phenomenon that means jumping from one language to another in a dialogue, conversation, and script. This study analyses the socio-linguistic functions and trends of Urdu-English code-switching in the Pakistani Fashion Journalism. The data for this research was taken from Pakistani print and electronic media. The sample of the present study comprised of twenty-five Dunya Sunday Magazines, from the year 2018, and three recordings of the Good Morning Pakistan show from the ARY Digital channel, from the year 2017. The markedness Model of Myers-Scotton (1993) was used to analyze the functions of unmarked and sequential unmarked code-switching such as reprimand, expansion, emphasis, humor, clarification, confirmation, self-expression, social identity, diverting attention and changing topic, and finding difficulty in words. Seven examples of unmarked code choices were found out from electronic media and six instances from print media. On the other hand, only two examples of sequential unmarked code-switching were studied in electronic media. The results of the research highlight that code-switching was not only an influence of gatherings but also became a trend of fashion in the society of Pakistan; it was considered as a suitable process to make specific meanings in a discussion. | |
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| Keywords: | Code-Switching, Sequential, Electronic and Print Media, Model Theory, Unmarked | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)82 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)82 | |
| Page Nos: | 1030-1046 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 82 | |
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Prospects of Food Security in South Asia: A Substantial Debate |
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| Abstract: | This paper examines challenges and issues of food security in South Asia. It elaborates the current food security scenario of South Asia in comparison with South East Asia as well. As compared to the other regions mainly South East Asia, food insecurity situation has been intensifying chiefly because of intensive population growth, increased food inflation, rapid urbanization, and reduced agricultural production in South Asia. Besides, secondary sources have been consulted like articles, newspapers, and academic journals to discuss the increasing dilemma of food security in the region with special emphasis on its causes and possible solutions. Although, regional states have been trying their best to reduce the food insecurity and control the situation, but not commendable outcomes have been observed. Furthermore, it unfolds a number of solutions like advancement in research and technology, formulation of food-based social protection and safety net programs, promotion of agricultural yield and promotion of rural development. By focusing on these solutions, the regional food security can be improved. | |
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| Keywords: | Agricultural Growth, Dilemma of Food Security, Over Population, South Asia, Urbanization | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)83 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)83 | |
| Page Nos: | 1047-1059 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 83 | |
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An Evaluation of Existing Gap between the Needs of Social Sciences’ Students and the Goals of English Language Intermediate Students in Punjab |
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| Abstract: | The significance of the subjects of social sciences is acknowledged in every part of the world. This is the reason that majority of the students get admission in these subjects which prepare them for successful and bright future. Nowadays, English Language is an integral part of social sciences because almost majority of the research papers and books of social science are being published in English Language which needs a lot of concentration from the authorities and the teachers. The present research examines the gap between the needs of social science students and the goals of English Language syllabus for these students. Evaluation of a syllabus is a continuous and perpetual process which is quite natural in academic process. It is realistically speaking, linked with the finding of the suitability of the syllabus with the needs to be met in a given piece of time. The study concluded that there is an existence of strong gap between the needs of social sciences’ students and the goals of English language syllabus which needs to be fulfilled. | |
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| Keywords: | English, Evaluation, Intermediate, Social sciences, Syllabus | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)84 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)84 | |
| Page Nos: | 1060-1070 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 84 | |
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Influence of Religion on National Curriculum Design of Pakistan: An Analysis |
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| Abstract: | This paper investigates influence of religion on National Curriculum design of Pakistan which envelops various empirical and theoretical references reflecting the influence of religion. The purpose behind the perspective of this study is to analyze and determine the influence of religion in the text books of curriculum of Pakistan. Being positivist in epistemological stance, the quantitative approach is applied. For Data collection, the questionnaire has been used as tool to gather responses from different people. The responses are assessed and analyzed from sample size of 56 people. The findings gathered from responses suggest that national curriculum is manipulated to build the national identity of particular community, and it does not inculcate the sense of equity and equality coupled with tolerance in all the sections of society which ultimately results in developing religious biased attitude and intolerance against people of other belief. Thus attention of educational experts, curriculum designers and stakeholders is desperately needed to revisit the curriculum design and amend the same in the larger interest of education and society as a whole. | |
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| Keywords: | Cognitive Development, Curriculum, National Identity, Religion, Social Change | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)85 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)85 | |
| Page Nos: | 1071-1084 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 85 | |
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Introduction, Growth and Future of Web Series in Pakistan: An Exploratory Study |
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| Abstract: | Over the past two decades, there is a rise and change in a format of storytelling. People have switched themselves from conventional media to new media. Content for entertainment is now produced and distributes in new ways. Such as Web series which is also named as Webisode or TV bites. Initially, Web series launched on internet were based on the format of traditional television series but these Web series have changed the entertainment industry and enriched the people’s lives with full of diversity in term of entertaining content This research paper attempts to look into the production techniques and reasons behind the production of Web Series. In depth interviews were conducted from total of eight Pakistani writers, producers and directors to find out the future of web series and why they are switching themselves from traditional media to digital media. Findings of the study revealed that traditional media is not offering freedom of expression. The channels dictate us what the moral compass of the country which is considered to be a very conservative view in the mainstream media. | |
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| Keywords: | Future of Web Series, Production Techniques, Web Series | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)86 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)86 | |
| Page Nos: | 1085-1095 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 86 | |
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The Effect of Leadership on Performance of Polytechnic Teachers in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This paper aims to determine the effect of leadership on the performance of Polytechnic teachers in Pakistan. The objectives are to view the effect of leadership on teacher performance and to examine the effect of leadership on polytechnic teachers, performance. For data collection purpose two separate questionnaires were used in order to get opinion from principals and teachers of these institutions. By using survey technique these questionnaires were distributed among principals and teachers in four provinces of the country. The analysis showed that most of the teachers were satisfied about their involvement in institutional management affairs, help of the principal in instructional difficulties, attitude of the principal towards them and appreciation of the teachers on their enhanced academic performance. Maximum teachers of this stream were not satisfied about partiality of principals on their annual assessment, distribution of workload, duties according to their specializations, relief time after laborious tasks and motivation of principals to them. It is recommended that TVET authorities should give due importance to build up human resource management skills among principals through changing present policies of recruitment and on job training. | |
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| Keywords: | Leadership, Polytechnic, Teacher Performance, TVET, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)87 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-II)87 | |
| Page Nos: | 1096-1095 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v4-2 | |
| Article #: | 87 | |
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