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Volume 4, Issue 3

Articles

Underpinning the Relationship between Non-Verbal Intelligence and English Literacy Skills at Grade 3: A Psychometric Test-Based Study
Abstract:	This study aimed at exploring the relationship of IQ tasks of non-verbal nature with reading, and dictation skills in second language. A number of 66 participants were chosen from a huge sample meant for another study Farukh and Vulchanova, 2014 that had been conducted earlier by one of the current researchers. The specifications of the participant students were that all of them were of the same nine years of age and hailed from schools of public and private sectors situated in a comparatively under-developed district of the Punjab province. The participants were subjected to 7 standard non-verbal IQ tasks i.e. WISC III and Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices, and to tasks covering English reading, and dictation skills. On all of the tasks, two diverse types of factors became the basis for loading scores i.e. firstly all of the IQ-related Nonverbal tasks, and secondly WISC IV digit coding, RAPM, arranging pictures, with Reading as well as Dictation.
Author/s:	Dr. Ammara Farukh Assistant Professor, Department of of English Linguistics, University of Education (Vehari Campus), Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Syed Shujaat Ali Chairman, Department of English, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP Pakistan Muhammad Shahid Lecturer, Department of English, University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan
Keywords:	Dyslexia Intelligence, IQ Tests, Literacy Skills, Non-Verbal Intelligence
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)01	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)01
Page Nos:	01-09
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	1
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Exploring the Professional Development of English Teachers through Appraisal of TESOL Programs in Pakistani Universities
Abstract:	The paper explores the professional development of English language teachers through the comparative study of M.A TESOL programs of two high ranked universities of Punjab and Sindh. The researchers using content analysis approach critically evaluated the M.A TESOL Scheme of Studies of two universities. The findings reveal that these universities award the same degree but substantial variation exists in both universities’ rationale, objectives, courses, teaching strategies and modes of assessment. However, significant similarities in above mentioned two MA TESOL Programs are also noteworthy, such as, disassociation of contents with Pakistani regional languages context, marginalization of a course about cultural pluralism and omission of the notion of World Englishes (WE) and the debate about English medium of instruction (EMI) in Pakistan. The researchers interviewed 10 faculty members of TESOL Programs of both universities about these omitted issues. It is recommended that the universities having MA TESOL Program should explicitly reflect Higher Education Commission (HEC) guidelines to maintain uniformity of contemporary trends in teaching
Author/s:	Dr. Humaira Irfan Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Patricia Pashby Senior Instructor, American English Institute, University of Oregon, Oregon, USA
Keywords:	Cultural Pluralism, Modes of Assessment, Teaching Strategies, TESOL Programs
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)02	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)02
Page Nos:	10-22
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	2
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Federalism and Provincial Autonomy in Pakistan: A Case of Balochistan
Abstract:	This paper aims to anatomies the issue of provincial autonomy under federal democracy in Pakistan. Though federal system is considered mandatory to accommodate diversities in heterogeneous states but it remained less effective to aggregate the fundamental demands of ethnic identities to ensure their due status in Pakistan. Absence of power-sharing acculturation gradually led to the sense of deprivation among the smaller federating units and drove them towards the articulation of autonomy, particularly Balochistan. Long-awaited provincial autonomy was affirmed under the 18thAmendment in 1973 constitution of by abolishing the concurrent list in 2010 but practically authoritarian trends in politics obstructed the process of decentralization. This is an analytical and descriptive type qualitative research mainly relies on literature review and semi-structured interviews to highlight the case-study. It finds out that the cooperative federalist approach can bring a positive change in the province to seek economic and identity interests of the people. It suggests to provide more fiscal autonomy to ensure regional economic development and assure isometry of all federating units to satisfy the smaller ethnic groups
Author/s:	Sadia Ashraf Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Aisha Shahzad Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Federalism, Balochistan, Fiscal, Provincial Autonomy
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)03	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)03
Page Nos:	23-35
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	3
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Existence of Glass Ceiling in Structures and Gender Forms in the Universities of Pakistan
Abstract:	In this study, the existence of the glass ceiling has been analyzed in the Federal Chartered universities of Pakistan. The study was descriptive. The data was collected through questionnaires from the employees of the universities, using purposive sampling techniques (n=484). The data revealed that the glass ceiling exists in Federal Chartered Universities of Pakistan. Elements of glass ceiling such as gender biases and internal structure of organizations were found to exist. Gender-based glass ceiling was found to exist for women and not for men. The internal structures factor favors the males. Based on discussions with the respondents, the strategies for melting the glass ceiling have been proposed. It has been recommended that the researchers may replicate this research to other industries. Further, it has been recommended that the practitioners can implement the strategies to mitigate the glass ceiling in their organizations
Author/s:	Saima Afzal Ph. D Scholar, EPM Department, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Aaisha Akar Professor, Department of Education, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Federal Chartered Universities, Gender, Glass Ceiling, Organizational Structure
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)04	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)04
Page Nos:	36-51
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	4
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Social Media Dependency and Socio-Cultural Integration: Case of Internally Displaced Persons in Pakistan
Abstract:	This empirical study explores the relationship between dependency on social media and socio-cultural integration of internally displaced persons (IDPs) belonging to the tribal region of Pakistan. The study used a quantitative research method for collecting the data from a sample of 722 IDPs. The data was analyzed through hierarchical regression techniques. The findings of this study revealed that the dependency of IDPs on social media increases their inward and outward socio-cultural integration. Resultantly, dependency on social media leads IDPs towards hybrid identity, where their socio-cultural links with the home society as well as with the host community become stronger. People and organizations working for IDPs can use social media to solve their problems and help them in integration
Author/s:	Muhammad Imran Khan Ph. D Scholar, Institute of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Prof. Dr. Noshina Saleem Director, Institute of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Keywords:	Migration, Social Media Dependency, Socio-Cultural Integration, Tribal IDPs
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)05	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)05
Page Nos:	52-65
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	5
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Exploring the Impact of Terrorism on Emotional and Psychological Wellbeing of University Students and Teachers in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study
Abstract:	Terrorism has stunned the peace and social fabric of the world. The educational institutions were being attacked to create unrest among students, teachers and parents in Pakistan. The present study was an endeavor to explore the outcomes of terrorism on emotional and psychological well-being of university students and teachers in Pakistan. The participants of the study were taken from Government College University, Faisalabad through purposive sampling method. In this qualitative research design, Focused Group discussion sheets were used as research instruments to collect data from respondents. There were 48 students and 29 teachers who participated and recorded their observations in five discussion sessions. The results indicated that students became psychologically imbalance and terrorism had badly affected their emotional health. Moreover the paper suggests training sessions for students to develop emotional stability in universities. Furthermore it recommends that teachers should also get appropriate trainings to handle such psychological and emotional disorders effectively.
Author/s:	Dr. Muhammad Naeem Ashraf Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Government Postgraduate College Samundri, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Nadia Rafique Headmistress, Government M.C Girls High School, Millat Colony Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Anila Yasmin Lecturer, Department of Education, Government College for Women Peermahal, TTS, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Emotional, Health, Psychological, Stability, Terrorism, Wellbeing
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)06	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)06
Page Nos:	66-80
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	6
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Frame Markers as Metadiscoursal Features in Pakistani English Newspapers’ Editorials: A Corpus-Based Study
Abstract:	Frame markers are said to be used as a tool to organize and frame the discourse in a text. This study, therefore, examines the use of frame markers in the newspaper editorials. Being a corpus-based study, it develops the corpora from 1000 editorials published in four Pakistani English language newspapers (250 editorials each) which are (the corpora) analyzed through AntConc 3.4.4.0 following interpersonal model by Hyland (2005). The results indicate that the editorialists in ‘The Frontier’, ‘The Dawn’, ‘The News’, and ‘The Express Tribune’ use frame markers to constitute the meaning contextually in the minds of the readers. However, the editorialists in The Frontier are observed to use frame markers more than any other newspaper in the study. The study also proposes a list of 121 frame markers from Hyland (2005) and textinspector.com which will help the future researchers to study frame markers in different genera
Author/s:	Ali Raza Siddique PhD Candidate, Department of Applied Linguistics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Muhammad Ahmad PhD Candidate, Department of Applied Linguistics, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Sumera Shan Ahmad Lecturer, Department of Applied Linguistics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Keywords:	Editorials, Frame Markers, Metadiscoursal Features, Pakistani Newspapers
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)07	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)07
Page Nos:	81-94
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	7
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Examining the Moderating Impact of Coping Strategies on the Relationship of Stress and Social Support
Abstract:	The current study was conducted with the aims to examine and recognize the complex association among stress among teachers, social support and coping strategies. Based on current and detailed critical literature analysis, the study developed a detailed (social support-coping strategies-teachers’ stress) framework comprising seven twenty items (seven constructs for social support, five constructs for coping strategies and seven constructs for teachers’ stress). The participants of a self-administered survey were asked to assess these variables on a five-point Likert scale. The study obtained 270 valid responses from secondary schools of AJ&K Pakistan to test the proposed relationships and hypotheses. The findings of the current research indicate that social support has a negative and significant impact on teachers’ stress. Further, the study findings also reflect the moderating effect of coping strategies between the relationship of social support and stress among teachers. A well-recognized effect of social support and coping strategies on teachers’ stress and ultimately on teachers and school performance is likely to offer a motivation to policy makers and practitioners to adopt and implement the study recommendations and decrease stress level among school-teachers’ and improve their performance.
Author/s:	Dr. Iftikhar Hussain Associate Professor & Dean, Faculty of Computing & Engineering, University of Kotli Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan Dr. Imrab Shaheen Assistant Professor & Chairperson, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Kotli Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan Kamran Haider Sherazi Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, University of Kotli Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan
Keywords:	Coping Strategies, Managing Stress, Pakistan, Schools, Social Stress, Teachers’ Stress
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)08	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)08
Page Nos:	95-116
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	8
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Tolerance, Peace and Social Cohesion among University Students of Pakistan: A Qualitative Assessment
Abstract:	Tolerance, peace and social cohesion are the key predictors for any sustainable society. The present study explored the factors affecting lack of tolerance, peace and social adjustment among university students. A qualitative study investigated various dimensions of above mentioned variables of interest. The Participants of study were students and chairpersons of Government College University Faisalabad. The Focused group discussion and Semi structured interviews were conducted to assess the insights and wisdom of participants. The findings of the study denoted the low level of tolerance regarding its sub factors; gender, caste, rival ship and social status. The study also revealed less extent of peace relevant to sub factors; religion, religious sects, discrimination and ethnic hatred. Moreover results revealed less degree of social cohesion in university students. It is strongly recommended to establish training programs to develop tolerance, peace and social cohesion through education.
Author/s:	Anila Yasmin Lecturer, Department of Education, Government College for Women PirMahal, Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Naeem Ashraf Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Government Postgraduate College Samundri, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Nadia Rafique Headmistress, Government M.C Girls High School, Millat Colony Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Peace, Social Cohesion, Tolerance
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)09	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)09
Page Nos:	117-130
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	9
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The Nexus between Microfinance, Income Inequality and Sustainable Development: Cross-Sectional Evidence from Central Karakoram National Park (CKNP) Region of Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Abstract:	The presence of two major sustainable developments leaks i.e. economic poverty and income inequality among the people living in Central Karakoram national Park (CKNP) are the serious threats to environmental degradation for a developing country like Pakistan. Keeping in view these serious socio-economic and environmental concerns in mind the focus of present research was to examine the connections between microfinance, income inequality and sustainable development in mountainous (CKNP) region of Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan. Three approaches of income inequality; Gini coefficient, Robbin Hood Index and Quintiles Analysis were applied to investigate the microfinance bias in favor of the income inequality among mountain poor. Empirical investigations are made using cross sectional data collected from four valleys; Bagrote, Haramosh, Rundo and Shigar among two districts; Gilgit and Skardu) of CKNP region applying multi-stage sampling technique to assess the nexus between microfinance, income inequality and sustainable development. The findings of the study demonstrate a positive connection between microfinance, income inequality and sustainable development
Author/s:	Kifayat Ullah Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Economics and Agriculture Economics, PirMehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Abdul Saboor Professor, Department of Economics and Agriculture Economics, PirMehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Abdul Qayyum Mohsin Assistant Professor, Department of Economics and Agriculture Economics, PirMehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Keywords:	Gini Index, Income Inequality, Microfinance,Quintiles Analysis, Sustainable Development
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)10	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)10
Page Nos:	131-144
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	10
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Child Abuse in Schools of Pakistan: Exploring Reasons and Suggesting Measures
Abstract:	The Educational Managers, Teachers and Parents are worried to view a painful condition of child abuse in the schools of Pakistan. Protecting school going children from such maltreatment and evils are our basic and shared responsibility. Therefore the role of educators averting child abuse is more pivotal and radical. The present study explored four major dimensions of child abuse in primary schools. The Participants of the study were compromised of 27 educational managers and 23 parents of students, whereas the sample of participants was taken through convenience sampling method. The Focused Group Discussion and Semi structured interview sheets were used as instruments to collect the observations of participants. The results exposed that an increasing number of children were subjected to abuse on a regular basis in our schools. Findings also revealed that the physical abuse happened moderately while emotional abuse occurred more frequently. Moreover physiological and sexual abuse was the part of our schools.
Author/s:	Nadia Rafique Headmistress, Government M.C Girls High School, Millat Colony Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Naeem Ashraf Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Government Postgraduate College Samundri, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Anila Yasmin Lecturer, Department of Education, Government College for Women Peermahal, TTS, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Emotional Abuse, Physical Abuse, Psychological Abuse, Sexual Abuse
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)11	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)11
Page Nos:	145-154
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	11
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Challenges to Professional Socialization of Female English Teachers in Pakistan
Abstract:	The purpose of this study is to know the professional socialization challenges with which female English teachers are confronted in their schools during the initial stage of their career. The data was collected through survey method by using questionnaires and afterwards qualitative interpretation of the data was made on the basis of statistical results. The random stratified sampling technique was used for choosing 100 teachers from 35 schools located in the district; Sheikhupura. The study has found many personal and organizational challenges including the lack of professional trainings courses, insufficient trainings programs, deficiency of expert mentoring staff, and lack of seniors’ support, lack of facilities in the organization and low level of job satisfaction. It is anticipated that the research findings would support the future researchers in understanding the complex system of professional socialization of teachers of English language in Pakistan
Author/s:	Iqra Arif M. Phil Scholar, Department of English, RIPHAH International University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Fakhar Hussain Malik Lecturer, Department of English, Languages and Translation Studies, Northern Border University, Saudi Arabia Dr. Adnan Tahir Associate Professor, Department of English, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Classroom Management, Professional Socialization, Workplace Learning
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)12	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)12
Page Nos:	155-167
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	12
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Firms’ Financial Constraints and Exporting Tendency in Pakistan
Abstract:	The financial constraints hinder firms’ operations and growth by limiting their access to working capital and funds for investment. The current study focuses on the effect of financial constraints on firms’ exporting tendency in Pakistan. The logistic regression is employed on the data set taken from World Enterprise Survey to find the probability of firms’ exporting tendency. The results indicate that financial constraints and their severity negatively affect firms’ exporting tendency while firm’s age, size and firms having formally trained employees increase the exporting tendency. The manufacturing sector firms are more probable to increase the exports as compared to services sector firms. The interaction effect of financial constraints and domestic firm has negative effect on exporting tendency which reflects that domestic firms are facing severe financial constraints for their exports as compared to foreign firms. Similarly, the interaction effect of financial constraints and manufacturing firm has negative effect on exporting tendency which explains that manufacturing sector is facing more financial constraints as compared to services sector. There is a need for financial access to promote the firms’ exporting tendency particularly for the domestic firms and manufacturing sector firms
Author/s:	Syed Mumtaz Ali Kazmi Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Economics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Syed Muhammad Imran Visiting Lecturer, Department of Economics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Rana Ejaz Ali Khan Professor and Chairman, Department of Economics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Keywords:	Exports, Financial Constraints, Human Capital, World Enterprise Survey
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)13	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)13
Page Nos:	168-178
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	13
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Website Homepages of Private Universities of Pakistan Serving as Bait for Prospective Students: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Abstract:	This study mainly focused on the use of language and pictures in website homepages and strategies employed by the universities to manipulate and influence their visitors. Three private universities were selected for the study by using simple random sampling technique. From the website homepages of each of these universities 20 screenshots were taken by using snipping tool. From these 20 screenshots, 3 screenshots per university were selected by using simple random sampling technique. Fairclough’s three-dimensional model was used for the analysis of these screenshots. The study showed that the private universities use different discursive techniques and strategies to manipulate and impress students and thereby influence them to give preference to these universities over other universities for taking admission. The analysis revealed that these universities rely on pictures of young beautiful females, majestic buildings, and ideologically loaded language for attracting students to take admission in them. The websites of private universities make a calculated choice of pictures, vocabulary and grammar for loading them with their implicit ideologies, which are taken for granted by prospective students as common sense assumptions. In this way, they or their parents, unaware of the power exercised over them, are influenced and deceived by the persuasive language, without taking notice of the hidden ideologies of these universities
Author/s:	Dr. Syed Shujaat Ali Chairman, Department of English, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat, KP, Pakistan Tariq Amin M. Phil Research Scholar, Department of English, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan Muhammad Shahid Lecturer, Department of English, University of Malakand, KP, Pakistan
Keywords:	Critical Discourse Analysis, Language, Picture Analyzing,Text Analyzing, Website Homepages
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)14	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)14
Page Nos:	179-194
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	14
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China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and Climate Change: The Mediation Role of Tourism Development
Abstract:	This research aims to explore the role of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) on tourism development and tourism development on climate change. In addition, the study also examines the mediating role of tourism development on the relationship between China Pakistan Economic Corridor and climate change. The study employed “Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling Approach” and results from the structural analysis suggest that CPEC significantly influences tourism development and tourism development in return significantly contributes to climate change. Moreover, tourism development partially mediates the relationship between CPEC and climate change. The findings of this study extend the understanding of CPEC and Tourism development in the context of climate change and offer implications for policy makers and other stake holders to minimize the destruction of climate change in future
Author/s:	Rehmat Karim Assistant Professor, Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Karakoram International University, Hunza Campus, Gilgit, Pakistan Faqeer Muhammad Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan Kifayat Ullah Lecturer, Department of Economics, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
Keywords:	China Pakistan Economic Corridor, Climate Change,Mediation, Tourism Development
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)15	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)15
Page Nos:	195-208
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	15
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Problems of Bonded Child Labor in Brick Kilns Industry at Peshawar, Pakistan
Abstract:	This study was designed to probe into the exploitative and state of bonded child labor working with their parents and other family members in the brick kiln industries. In these study social conditions, exploitative means used against bonded labor, the extent and hazardous effects of bonded child labor were focused. Quantitative research method was used and SPSS was applied for analysis. Sample size for the research was 300 children working at brick kilns with interview schedule through simple random sampling. Primary data was analyzed through SPSS using Statistical Chi-square for testing the hypothesis. A non-significant association was found between financial problem and bonded child labor while a highly significant association was disclosed between advance money and bonded child labor. A significant association was found between loan burden and bonded child labor. The researcher recommends that government should provide free compulsory primary education and make sure the implementation, increase income generating activities and schemes, and bonded labor abolition Act 1992 should be implemented strictly
Author/s:	Muhammad Iqbal Shah Ph. D Sociology, Department of Sociology, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Dr. Anwar Alam Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Shabbir Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, GC University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Advance Money, Bonded Labor, Brick Kilns, Loan Burden and Child Labors
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)16	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)16
Page Nos:	209-217
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	16
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Perception of Secondary School Teachers Regarding Emergency Education in Pakistan
Abstract:	The conducted study aimed to find teachers ‘perception regarding education in emergencies in Pakistan. Affected areas of AJK and KPK in the earthquake of 2005 were the population of the study. Multistage sampling techniques were deployed to select the emergency education programs, institutions and the respondents. The respondents include teachers who taught in emergency education programs. Data were obtained with the help of questionnaires. The questionnaire was developed on the bases of Inter Agency Network for Emergency Education. It included community participation, teaching and learning, Teachers and other educational Personnel, access and Learning Environment and education Policy and coordination in emergency education programs. Data obtained from the respondents were tabulated and analysis in the SPSS version 16 was carried out. The participation of community in EE programs was inadequate. Modules about teaching methods, teachers ‘guides about teaching those books were not given to teacher. There was insufficient staff to teach the affected students. Education department did not supervise and monitor the teaching staff properly.
Author/s:	Saqib Tanveer Ph. D Scholar, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Ahmad Farooq Mashhadi Professor, Department of Education, Department of Education, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Disasters, Inter Agency Network For Emergency Education Emergency Education, Internally Displaced People
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)17	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)17
Page Nos:	218-227
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	17
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Impact of Climate Change on Aquatic Situation in India: Implications for Pakistan
Abstract:	The present research aims to investigate the effects of climate change on aquatic resources in India and Pakistan, its worse implications on bilateral relations between both the agricultural countries on this grave issue. Extreme weather conditions like floods, droughts, heavy rain falls, cyclones and storms are responsible for the adverse climate situation in the region as well. Water is one of the basic necessities of life on this planet Earth. Population explosion along with urbanization, weather changes, water scarcity, and lack of proper institutional strategic mechanism which can deal with this alarming situation has become the burning issue in recent times. This research article unfolds and reveals that how inappropriate political decision making from both the countries aggravates this bulging issue and proves as a hindrance in its solution. This situation is a constant security threat to the lives of the people of both the countries. The present research provides a way to solve this problem that Megna Carta of both the countries on water resources and utilization of these sources is the need of the hour as both the countries are agricultural countries and their survival is not possible without water resources
Author/s:	Dr. Iram Khalid Chairperson, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab Pakistan Tahira Mumtaz Ph. D Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab Pakistan
Keywords:	Climate Change, Human Security Threat, Water Scarcity
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)18	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)18
Page Nos:	228-243
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	18
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“Securitization” of Islam and Muslims in the Australian Newspapers: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Abstract:	This paper sets out to explore whether the editorial coverage of Islam and Muslims in the Australian newspapers reflects the securitization discourse from July 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017. Earlier research findings have substantiated that the media have portrayed Islam and Muslims as a security threat to the West. The researcher has employed lexicalization and ideological square strategies within the CDA paradigm proposed by van Dijk to examine editorials published on Islam and Muslims in two top circulating Australian newspapers. The findings show that The Australian portrayed Islam and Muslims as a security threat to Australia, Europe, and to the West more explicitly than The Age. This study confirms that there is a clear transformation in the Muslims’ construction in the Australian press from an exotic presence to the bearers of values, culture, and political inclination considered violent, radical, and threatening to the Australian values and life style
Author/s:	Muhammad Junaid Ghauri Lecturer, Department of Media and Communication Studies, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Salma Umber Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Haseeb Ur Rehman Warrich Assistant Professor, Department of Arts and Media, Foundation University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Ideological Square, Islam, Lexicalisation, Muslims, Securitization, Security Threat
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)19	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)19
Page Nos:	244-255
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	19
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Portrayal of Pakistan’s Image in International Press Regarding Operation Zarb E Azab
Abstract:	This study is an attempt to find out the image of Pakistan developed by international community regarding operation Zarb E Azab. The researcher selected the international Elite Press from USA, UK, China, and India. In what ways this selected Elite Press (EP) portrayed, constructed and framed Pakistan’s image in their editorial pages and news reports regarding the operation Zarb E Azab (Z-E-A). Therefore, the researcher used framing theory for theoretical support of the study. For data collection researcher took help from the content analysis method by using defined categories. The result shows, Pakistan’s Image was positively developed at the international level, and international community and appreciated the Pakistan civil leadership role and military action against terrorism. Operation Z-E-A destroyed the militant groups and made the Pakistani society peaceful and established the terrorism free image of Pakistan. The Global Terrorism Index (GTI), 2017 report also admired Pakistan's military efforts
Author/s:	Syed Ali Hassan Shah Ph. D Scholar, Centre for Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan Dr Farish Ullah Yousafzai Professor, Centre for Media and Communication Dean of Arts, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Elite Press, Framing, Operation Zarb-E-Azab, Pakistan’s Image, Portrayal
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)20	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)20
Page Nos:	256-269
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	20
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The Emerging Concept of Entrepreneurial University: A Case Study of Public Sector Universities in Pakistan
Abstract:	Universities are the most important source for knowledge generation, technology development and its transfer. It is widely known that for innovation integration of different factors e.g. policy matters by Government, needs by society and economic development by Industry, are required. The main objective of this research is to determine the absence of some mechanisms that hinder the process of commercialization for academic research. The study has adopted quantitative and qualitative research methodologies. For quantitative data the close ended questionnaire based on Likert scale has been designed, for qualitative data semi structured interviews conducted by officials i.e. professors, associate professors, researchers, practitioners. The units of analysis for this research are universities in Sindh. Three main actors of commercialization process has been focused i.e. university, industry and government. Further, this study investigates various mechanisms and platforms for technology transfer. The factors related to the process of commercialization have been evaluated in 3 universities of Sindh. The study come up with some causes that hinder the commercialization of academic Intellectual property furthermore it propose some loopholes to overcome the challenges
Author/s:	Dahshilla Junejo Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, University of Sindh, Mirpurkhas Campus, Sindh, Pakistan Dr. Shakeela Shah Assistant Professor, epartment of Curriculum Development & Instruction, Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan Maryam Kalhoro Lecturer, University of Sindh, Department of Business Administration, Larkana Campus, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Academic Research, Commercialization, University Industry Government (UIG)
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)21	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)21
Page Nos:	270-287
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	21
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Partition, Migration and Refugee Settlement in Punjab: Refocusing on the Ethos of Sir Francis Mudie’s Governance
Abstract:	Sir Robert Francis Mudie, the Governor of the West Punjab from 15 August 1947 to 2 August 1949, has been lauded as an able governor of Punjab whose work in resettling refugees was considered exemplary.The article analyzes his unique ethos that played a critical role in deciding the fate of the refugees. First, the article looks at his early career in UP, where he witnesses Hindu extremism and cow vigilantism, and the role it had played in shaping his psyche. Then, through a myriad of theoretical lenses, namely Constantine Fasolt and AmartyaSen, we study the archival evidence in fresh light. Using two case studies, Mudie, we argue, had both simplified and distorted Jinnah’s vision of Pakistan, and had turned refugee issue in Punjab to an ambivalent project, lacking in any compassion. Today, the political climate in India may justify some of Mudie’s fears, however, his gross stereotyping of the Hindus and Sikhs still remains problematic.
Author/s:	Khizar Jawad Ph.D. Scholar, Department of History & Pakistan Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Iqbal Chawla Professor/Former Dean, Faculty of Arts & Humanities, Former Chairman, Department of History & Pakistan Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab,
Keywords:	Hindus, Jinnah, Migration, Mudie, Partition, Punjab, Reductionism, Refugees, Resettlement, Sikhs
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)22	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)22
Page Nos:	288-301
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	22
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Relationship between Smartphone Usage and Psychological Well - Being of Working Women with Different Socioeconomic Background in Punjab- Pakistan
Abstract:	The study aims to find out the relationship between Smartphone usage and Psychological well-being among working women with different socioeconomic background in Punjab Province of Pakistan. Population of study was (n=600) working women working in different sectors of Punjab-Pakistan. Data was collected by using Purposive Sampling technique. Two scales Smartphone addiction Scale (SAS) by Siew Mooi Ching and Ryff’s Psychological well-being scale was used for measuring the variables. Data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics and Pearson Correlation coefficient. Results suggested a significant relationship between Smartphone usage and psychological wellbeing as (r=.35) while there was a negative relationship between socioeconomic status, Smartphone usage and psychological wellbeing. Furthermore, the psychological well-being could be enhanced by indulging one’s self into more positive utilization of smart phones and avoiding the stress and anxiety caused by routine chores especially among females. Study also suggest that if provided with the modern technologies and social applications, population in Punjab Province of Pakistan with low socioeconomic status can also maintain psychological well-being
Author/s:	Rooma Shahzadi Ph D Scholar, Faculty of Media and Communication Studies, University of the Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Dr. Taimoor ul Hassan Dean, Faculty of Media and Communication Studies, University of the Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Keywords:	Psychological Well-being, Smartphone, Socioeconomic Background
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)23	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)23
Page Nos:	302-314
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	23
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Ethical Development of Young University Players through Involvement in Sports
Abstract:	The research aims to determine the relationship between sports involvement and ethical development (autonomy, collectivism, common good, dignity, and productivity) of young university players. Sports involvement increases young people assets and encourages positive conclusions for young people by providing chances, developing positive relation¬ships, and delivering the support needed to build their leadership strengths. Data was collected from 250 university student players through adapted and modified questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and linear regression analysis were employed to analyze the collected data. The findings indicated that involvement in sports was significantly associated with ethical development of young university players. It was concluded that sports involvement of university players may source of ethical development in their practical lives and ponder a positive sign for healthy society. Recommendations were yielded for director sports, sports officers, and coaches in line with administration to improve ethical development of student players at universities
Author/s:	Dr. Saeed Javed Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Abida Naseer Assistant Professor, Department of Physical Education & Sports Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Faryal Gul Lecturer, Department of Sports Sciences, University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Ethical Development, Sports Involvement, University Players
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)24	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)24
Page Nos:	315-324
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	24
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A Case for Communicative Language Testing for ESP Courses for Undergrad Business Students
Abstract:	The present study was undertaken to estimate the efficacy of communicative language testing in the backdrop of Business ESP at a Pakistani university. To do that, we first administered a short questionnaire to 100 teachers teaching ESP courses at different universities in Pakistan. The questionnaire contained both the close-ended and open-ended questions. The results of the questionnaire gave rise to the need for developing a communicative language test. Hence, a 75-mark communicative language test, paying due regard to the prescribed text and grammar items in addition to the composition and aural-oral skills was prepared and administered to 35 business majors at a Pakistani university after validation by a panel of experts. Different rubrics for speaking and composition skills were developed after review of the relevant literature. The study makes a claim that due to the washback effect of testing, such a test might be a motivating factor for the students
Author/s:	Seemab Rana Ph. D Scholar, School of Social Sciences, University Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang Malaysia Dr. Muhammad Rashid Hafeez Assistant Professor, Department of English, GC Women University Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Assistant Professor, Department of English, GC Women University Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Business ESP, Communicative Language Testing, Efficacy
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)25	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)25
Page Nos:	325-336
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	25
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Profile of Psychiatric Patients Visiting Outdoor of Psychiatric Department At Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Teaching Hospital, Gujrat
Abstract:	The objective of the study was to explore the profile of psychiatric patients visiting outdoor of psychiatric department at Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Teaching Hospital Gujrat, Pakistan. It was conducted from January, 2020 to March, 2020. Through census sampling, 300 psychiatric patients were approached in outdoor setting visiting to Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Teaching Hospital, Gujrat. Data were collected through a performa consisting of two parts; Socio-demographic information and Clinical profile of patients. In order to diagnose the patients, different diagnostic criterions based on DSM-V were used. The study consisted of 53.7% females and 46.3% males. Findings of the study indicated that patients were suffering from Depressive Disorder 26.3%, Substance Abuse Disorder (11.3%), Generalized Anxiety Disorder (10.7%) and Schizophrenia (10.3%). Further, it concluded that females have higher proportions of psychiatric disorders as compared to males. Major Depressive Disorder was most prevailing psychiatric disorder in clinical population
Author/s:	Dr. Noreena Kausar Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Sidra Maqsood Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Govt. College University, Lahore, Pakistan Areeba Ikram BS Student, Department of Psychology, Hafiz Hayat Campus, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Major Depressive Disorder, Psychiatric Disorders, Psychiatric Profiles
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)26	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)26
Page Nos:	337-350
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	26
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Measuring the Impact of Five Personality Traits on Organizational Effectiveness with Moderating Role of Electronic Medical Records
Abstract:	The study examines the effect of five traits of personality on organizational effectiveness. The research also scrutinizes the moderating role of electronic medical records between personality traits and organizational effectiveness. Simple random and stratified sampling strategies were used in the study. In the survey, 503 respondents (doctors) were taken as sample size. Statistical tests like cronbach alpha, correlation, descriptive statistics, regression and moderated regression analyses were employed for investigations. The results of the investigation showed that the personality traits (agreeableness, conscientiousness and openness to experience) had positive impact on organizational effectiveness, while the personality trait (neuroticism) had negative influence on organizational effectiveness. The outcomes also supported the impact of moderating role of electronic medical records on the relationship of personality traits (excluding conscientiousness) and organizational effectiveness. The current research is a valuable addition in the existing literature on organizational effectiveness. Duplication of this study in other fields is advised
Author/s:	Dr. Faisal Shafique Butt Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Pakistan Bilal Khalid Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Management Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan Maryum Qayyum Satti MS Student, Department of Management Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Electronic Medical Records, Organizational Effectiveness, Personality Traits
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)27	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)27
Page Nos:	351-370
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	27
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Psychodynamic Analysis of Early Childhood Teachers and their Professional Development: Evidence from Pakistan
Abstract:	The objective of current research is to examine the relationship between the ECE teacher’s competency and their professional development. A mixed method approach was adopted to administer various strategies in the study. Research protocols were adopted. Consent letters were sent to the respondents. A sample of randomly selected n = 160 early childhood education teachers from all the provinces of Pakistan were asked to complete the questionnaire. For collecting data, quantitative analytical techniques were used. Data was collected through review of the related literature, discussion and consultation with stakeholders administering questionnaire to early childhood education teachers. The numerical data were analyzed through SPSS. Results revealed a pattern of significant relationships between the psychodynamic characteristics and professional development of the early childhood education teachers. The study concludes that more efforts are require towards the professional development of early childhood education teachers for better learning of young children because these years (2-5 years) are the milestone of any human life
Author/s:	Nuzhat Naz PhD Scholar, Department of Education, Hamdard University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Prof. Dr. Muhammad Yousuf Sharjeel Professor, Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, Department of Education-SZABIST-Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	ECD, ECE, Professional Development, Psychodynamics Teacher’ Role
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)28	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)28
Page Nos:	371-388
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	28
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Re-setting World Order: World Politics in Transition
Abstract:	Polar distribution is an important category for the study of international politics. Every polar distribution creates the ‘order’ for a certain period in human history. This way, studying the ‘order’ of a certain era is essential for not only understanding the dynamics of politics; but also for making some accurate predictions about them. This is a ‘theoretical and conceptual’ research article aims analyze the post-Cold War period in international relations, with a significance to contribute in academia and policy making. The central argument concludes that the unipolar moment of the U.S is increasingly being challenged by a rising China, with a possibility of either ending in a bi-polar or multi-polar world order
Author/s:	Tasawar Baig Associate Professor, Department of International Relations, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan Shiwei Jiang Associate Director, Institutional Research, Virginia Military Institute, Virginia, USA Khurshid Ali Singay Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
Keywords:	Bi-polarity, Multipolarity, Unipolarity, US-China, Relations
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)29	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)29
Page Nos:	389-402
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	29
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Challenges of Militancy and Religious Extremism to National Security of Pakistan: An Analysis
Abstract:	Pakistan has been facing different kind of challenges to its National Security since 1947. Initially the nature of the problem was mostly external in which eastern border security was a dominant concern for Pakistan. Policy makers of Pakistan had pursued policies and developed strategic relations with other countries to counter India. Over the years, nature of National Security policy has considerably transformed. Pakistan active role during Soviet-Afghan war (1979-1989) and participation in the War on terrorism as a frontline state has deep implications for its National Security. Now it faces various kinds of serious internal challenges to its National Security in the form of Militancy, Extremism and Terrorism. Now it not only has to secure its borders from external threats as well as to deal with infinite rising internal challenges.Keeping in view the nature of threats, Pakistan Army has changed its blue book and has focused more upon internal security as well as on external threats.
Author/s:	Dr. Ramzan Shahid Assistant Professor, epartment of Political Science and International Relations, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan Shehzada Afzal PhD Scholar, Department of International Relations, QAU, Islamabad, Pakistan Zahid Yaqub PhD Scholar, Department of International Relations, University of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Afghanistan, Army, Security, Terrorism, Threat
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)30	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)30
Page Nos:	403-420
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	30
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Developing a Model for Educational Managers to Optimize Adoption and Use of Management of Information System (MIS) in Higher Education Institutions
Abstract:	The research study aims to design a model for educational managers to optimize adoption and use of MIS in Higher Education Institutions. Research was descriptive in nature, mainly consists of surveys, both qualitative and quantitative techniques were used to identify determinants of technology adoption and use. Questionnaires, structured interviews, field observations, focused group discussions and document analysis were used as data gathering tools for model development. On the basis of findings of the study it was concluded that people accept or reject new information Technology for many reasons like Professional Development training, Culture learning openness, social effects, Leadership attitude, various incentives like financial, moral, appreciation or recognition incentives attract the system user to adoption and use of MIS. Software design characteristics play an important role in adoption and use of MIS. User friendly Graphical interfaces are easy to work, navigate and understand. Users participation in MIS development is very crucial and can lead to optimum results regarding adoption and use of MIS
Author/s:	Tayyiba Sherjan Ph. D Scholar, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad. Pakistan Dr. Manzoor Hussain Shah Vice Chancellor, Hazara University Mansehra, KP, Pakistan Dr. Mohammad Daud Khattak Regional Director, AIOU, Regional Campus Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
Keywords:	Educational Managers, Higher Education, Management of Information System (MIS)
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)31	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)31
Page Nos:	421-436
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	31
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A Fundamental Rights Perspective of Land Reforms in Pakistan
Abstract:	This paper analyses whether the constitutional rights and freedoms available to the citizens of Pakistan can be realized for the agricultural tenants without introducing large scale land reforms including the fixation of a ceiling on individual land-holdings in Pakistan. The landlords owning large areas of land do not directly till the soil. Rather, the landless tenants and other seasonal labourers till such soil to get their livelihood. A critical and analytical study of the relationship between such landlords and tenants is made in this paper. This analysis reveals that the utter dependence of the tenants on landlords result in oppressive exploitation of the former by the latter. Consequently, it is found that the violation of a number of fundamental rights and freedoms provided to the citizens of Pakistan by the Constitution occur. There is urgent need of legislation to protect such rights and freedoms
Author/s:	Dr. Ghufran Ahmed Visiting Faculty Member, Department of Law, Faculty of Shariah & Law, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Ataullah Khan Mahmood Assistant Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Shariah & Law, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Saqib Jawad Civil Judge cum Judicial Magistrate, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Agricultural Tenants, Economic Well Being, Fundamental Rights, Land Reforms, Social Evils
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)32	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)32
Page Nos:	315-324
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	32
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Application of Islamic Laws through Judiciary in Pakistan: A Case Study of Riba
Abstract:	This study investigates that how the process of Islamization of laws shifted to judiciary and elucidates challenges being faced by the government in application of Shariah law with special emphasis on the eradication of Riba from economic activities. This legal research has been conducted in light of qualitative and deductive research methodology wherein constitutional amendments, legal instruments and case laws have been critically investigated. This paper has been divided into five segments: in first segment, an overview and development of the legal and judicial mechanism has been given. In second segment, Islamization and judicial activism in Pakistan has been discussed. In third segment, permissible financing instruments have been discussed. In forth stage, Islamization of laws through judiciary has been examined. In fifth segment, the article has been concluded which is coupled with findings to translate and materialize the existing financial system with the proposed Islamic financial system
Author/s:	Dr. Bakht Munir Lecturer, Institute of Languages and Linguistics, New Campus, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Ali Nawaz Khan Assistant Professor, University Law College, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Zaheer Iqbal Cheema Assistant Professor, University Law College, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Interest Related Transactions, Islamization of Laws, Judicial Response, Riba
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)33	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)33
Page Nos:	452-462
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	33
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Mediating Effect of Teacher’s Empowerment between Head’s Authentic Leadership and Teacher’s Job Performance at Secondary Level in Punjab, Pakistan
Abstract:	This study is carried out to explore the mediating role of TE between the relationship of head’s AL and teacher’s JP, particularly in the context of Pakistan. All the public secondary school heads and teachers in Punjab constituted the population and study was delimited to the six districts of Punjab, Pakistan. Through proportionate random sampling technique 271 heads and 865 teachers were selected. For the measurement of three variables of the study three different instruments; Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ), School Participant Empowerment Scale (SPSE) and Teacher’s Job Performance Scale (TJP) were adapted. In order to analyze the mediating effect of TE between head’s AL and TJP, Process-Macro was applied. This study develops and veteran a framework, collision of head’s AL and teacher’s JP in the occurrence of TE as mediator. The results shows significant mediating effect of TE among heads AL and TJP, consequently empowered teachers show better performance as compared to less empowered teachers. It is recommended that heads, supervisors, administrators and managers should highlight relational transparency, supreme moral principles, balanced processing and self-awareness to enhance teacher’s level of empowerment and their job performance
Author/s:	Javaria Ilyas PhD Scholar, Department of Education & FSS, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Almas Ikram Kayani Associate Professor, Department of Education & FSS, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan Prof. Dr. Abdul Saboor Professor/Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences, PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Authentic Leadership (AL), Teacher’s Empowerment (TE), Teacher’s Job Performance (TJP)
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)34	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)34
Page Nos:	463-479
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	34
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Identity and Speech Maxims: A Linguistic Analysis of Communication in Pinter’s The Caretaker
Abstract:	The Caretaker by Harold Pinter is a representative play of the Theatre of the Absurd rich in communication gap and breakdown of language resulting from the failure of human relationships in the wake of post-World War II conditions. Pinteresque language is marked with the incessant flouting of communication principles, tautological repetition based on real speech pauses, silences. Non-observance of Gricean maxims is employed by Pinter’s characters to conceal their real identity because the loser in a contest of words and their meaning loses his claim to live. In this sense, Pinter’s language is a weapon to fight the battle of social space and image through concealment of intention and/or half-communication or conscious miscommunication of intention. Therefore, everyone is deceiving everyone else. Aston, incapable of facing and hence communicating to others because of hospitalized violence on him, is monosyllabic throughout the play except in his soliloquy wherein he speaks to himself. Davies’s language is incoherent like his dress but superfluous and shows excessively repetitive violation of the maxims especially of quantity in view of Aston’s weak persona. Speech maxims are flouted for Identity because of mental vacillation, to conceal linguistic incapacity, for supremacy and power, and for evasion
Author/s:	Dr. Ghulam Murtaza Associate Professor, Department of English, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Qasim Shafiq Ph. D Scholar, Department of English, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Ali Usman Saleem Assistant Professor, Department of English, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Flouting of Speech Maxims, Pinterese, Pragmatics, Theatre of the Absurd
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)35	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)35
Page Nos:	480-492
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	35
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Status of English Language Teaching at Madaris of Tehsil Dargai, Malakand: An Analysis
Abstract:	The purpose of the study was to find out the current status/position of English language and the interest of teachers and students regarding teaching of English language in Madaris of Tehsil Dargai, Malakand. For this purpose, a five point scale questionnaire was designed followed by the descriptive analysis. The findings showed that majority of the teachers and students favored the teaching of English language in Madaris. Both, the teachers and the students considered the teaching of English language in Madaris as essential and suggested that it should be kept as a subject. However, some of the teachers and students showed reservation about English language teaching in Madaris. They believed that as the main focus of Madaris is to inculcate Islamic knowledge, therefore, in this connection, the teaching and learning of English in Madaris is useless
Author/s:	Dr. Mujahid Shah Assistant Professor, Department of English, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan Dr. Marukh Shakir Assistant Professor, Department of English, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, KP, Pakistan
Keywords:	English language, Descriptive analysis, Teachers, Islamic knowledge and Madaris
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)36	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)36
Page Nos:	483-508
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	36
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Revisiting the Eighteenth Constitutional Amendment: Obscurities and Prospects
Abstract:	Islamic Republic of Pakistan is constitutionally a federation and this treatise through the Eighteenth Constitutional Amendment is an attempt to examine the relationship between federating units interse. The study has highlighted some grey areas and overlapping articles with recommendations to the stakeholders to resolve those obscurities towards its purposeful execution and smooth running of the state business. With the help of primary and secondary sources, qualitative and deductive research methodology has been applied. The research recommends that Federal institutions shall be further strengthened to balance the legislative/administrative relationship between provincial legislatures and the Parliament. Moreover, financial resources to discharge responsibilities in respect of national security shall also be shared by all stakeholders equitably
Author/s:	Jawwad Riaz Assistant Professor, University Law College, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Ali Nawaz Khan Assistant Professor, University Law College, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Zaheer Iqbal Cheema Assistant Professor, University Law College, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Constitutional Obscurities, Grey Areas in 18th Amendment, Judicial Response
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)37	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)37
Page Nos:	509-521
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	37
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Current Affairs Talk Shows on Leading TV Channels in Pakistan: Agents of Political Harmony
Abstract:	In this study, the researchers have investigated the escalatory and de-escalatory potential of current affairs talk shows in the leading TV channels in Pakistan. The data was analyzed through content analysis by applying the war and peace journalism model developed by Johan Galtung. We found the five leading talk shows produced more escalatory content like pitting the political parties against each other to create more drama, decontextualize the political issues and proved to be politically biased. Moreover, the issues of political nature were mainly of escalatory nature as compared to the non-political issues. The study concludes that to create a more democratic culture in the country, the media should educate people in democratic traditions like tolerance, political knowledge and including popular perspectives on important national issues
Author/s:	Dr Asmat Ullah Independent Researcher and Development Expert, slamabad, Pakistan Dr. Shabir Hussain Associate Professor, Media Studies Department, Bahria University Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Rashid Khan Assistant Professor, Institute of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Content Analysis, Escalation, Pakistan, Sensationalism, Talk Shows, TV Channels, War and Peace Journalism
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)38	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)38
Page Nos:	522-534
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	38
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Effectiveness of Local Government Systems, Pro-Poor Budgeting, and Policies for Marginalized Communities
Abstract:	Empowerment under the local self-government system is a long-awaited desire of the citizens of Pakistan. As Pakistan is a land of diverse cultures and traditions, a single formula for all the decentralizing units would never serve the purpose of empowerment of marginalized communities and national development. Thus, the local government system is the only way to strengthen Pakistan's democratization and the issues at grass root level. This research paper is an analysis of the Department of Political Science and International Relations of Government College University Faisalabad that illustrates the effectiveness of local government systems, pro-poor budgeting, and policies for marginalized communities, supported by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan. The study was outlined in the light of international agreements, considering the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to gender equality, social inclusion, and reducing inequalities at large. The mixed-method methodology explicitly helped the research team to collect data through primary as well as secondary sources. The research team concludes that the findings would arrest the attention of different social actors such as policymakers, the law enforcement agencies/authorities, and rights holders to identify and play their respective roles for the development of Pakistan.
Author/s:	Dr. Ghulam Mustafa Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science & International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Naseem Anthony Research Assistant, HEC Thematic Project, , Department of Political Science & International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Arslan Research Associate HEC Thematic Project, Department of Political Science & International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Local Government, Persons with Disabilities, Religious Minorities, Transgender, Women
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)39	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)39
Page Nos:	535-554
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	39
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The Impact of Farmland Conversion on Agricultural Production of Tehsil Takht Bhai, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan (1985-2015)
Abstract:	This study is designed to observe the consequences of built infrastructure on agricultural production in the tehsil Takht Bhai from 1985-2015. The recent spatial techniques like Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) tools are used to detect land use land cover change in the study area. The satellite imageries of Lan-Sat were acquired from the open source web Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF), the images obtained from this source were then classified and processed in ArcMap to determine a clear scenario of spatial and temporal land use dynamics in the area under investigation. Moreover, for the analysis of acquired data the Statistical tool, like correlation is used. The analysis showed that rapid physical expansion in infrastructure is reported in the area during the examination period from 1985-2015. The built area is increased about six times in the tehsil takht bhai during study hours, by engulfing agricultural land. Therefore, it is a dire need of the time for government and land use lanner to device new land use policies and strategies for proper land use, and to reduce further undesirable and unintentional physical expansion on agricultural land.
Author/s:	Sher Ali Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Islamia College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan Sajjad Ali Ph. D Scholar, Department of Geography, University of Peshawar, KP Pakistan Shabana Parveen Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
Keywords:	Agricultural Production, Built Environment, KPK, Pakistan, Takht Bhai
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)40	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)40
Page Nos:	555-573
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	40
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Social Media with Smartphones in Pakistan: A Study of Impacts on Youngsters in South Punjab
Abstract:	This study investigates the impact of social media with Smartphones on youngsters through survey by using questionnaire as a tool of data collection. The audience was 200 male and female (married/unmarried) youngsters, age 18 to 30 years old and simple random sampling technique used to select sample unit. 100% respondents filled the questionnaire. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistical tool to test the hypothesis. The finding indicates that use of social media apps in Smartphone have both positive and negative impact on youngsters. Face book is the most favorite social media app of youngsters and majority of youngsters use social apps in Smartphone for entertainment purpose. Large scale of respondent said that social apps in Smartphone playing a key role to get awareness about latest fashion and for seeking job opportunity. This study also found that youngsters facing major problem in the use of social media apps in Smartphone is social isolation and losing companionship
Author/s:	Dr. Zahid Yousaf Associate Professor/Chairman, Center for Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujra, Punjab, Pakistan Faiza Bajwa Lecturer, Center for Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Roohul Amin Khan Assistant Professor, Department of Media and Communication Studies, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Social Media, Smartphones, Youngsters, Pakistan
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)41	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)41
Page Nos:	574-586
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	41
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Saudi Iranian Rivalry: The Struggle for Power and Influence in the Middle East
Abstract:	The purpose of the study is to observe the radical changes in Middle Eastern politics as well as to understand the struggle for economic, political and social influence in the region. Saudi Arabia and Islamic Republic of Iran are the most important states of the Middle East. The research also deals with the analytical approach of US policies towards Iran and Saudi Arabia. The theory Balance of Power has been used to understand the power struggle of the both states, (Iran and Saudi Arabia) in the Middle East. Both of these States have been struggling for power in the region. Saudi Arabia has its economic influence, whereas, Iran is influential owing to its military capacity. The aim of becoming hegemonic power, led them to the conflicts and rivalry. The revolution of 1979 of Iran was great threat to the Saudi Arabia as well as its allies. This threat initiated proxy wars in the region. Subsequently, Saudi Arabia and Iran adopted unfriendly approaches against each other.
Author/s:	Anwar Ali Ph D Scholar, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Govt. College University Faisalabad , Punjab, Pakistan Prof. Dr. Mughees Ahmad Ex Dean, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Govt. College University Faisalabad , Punjab, Pakistan Adnan Nawaz Lecturer, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Govt. College University Faisalabad , Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Arab-Israel Hostility, Rapprochement, Revolution 1979, Saudi-Iran Relations
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)42	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)42
Page Nos:	587-598
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	42
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Effects of Political Polarization of Media on Contents Credibility and Consumers in Pakistan
Abstract:	This paper investigates the relationship between political polarization of Pakistani TV news media and their contents’ credibility among consumers. For this quantitative survey study, the data was collected from the youth of Lahore, mainly media students of six universities i.e. three each public and private sector through cluster sampling and employing the instrument of a purpose-built questionnaire comprising 20 items. Marshal McLuhan’s (1964) work “Medium is the Message” provided theoretical basis of the study. That data was analysed through SPSS while tests of Cronbach alpha and beta test applied. The study results revealed that TV news channels political polarization affected the youth consumers significantly negatively (β= -0.449) while contents’ credibility also affected negatively due to political polarization of channels (β= -0.180). This study recommends media channels, PEMRA and policy makers to ensure non-partisan political coverage to increase their contents credibility and viewership
Author/s:	Dr. Muhammad Shabbir Sarwar Assistant Professor, Institute of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Salma Umber Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Amir Mehmood Bajwa Assistant Professor and Chairman, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Contents Credibility, Media Polarization, Effects on Consumers, Pakistan, Political Polarization, Watching Habits
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)43	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)43
Page Nos:	599-609
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	43
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E-Commerce Ethics into Expectation-Confirmation Model: Emerging Case of Pakistan’s B2B SMEs
Abstract:	E-commerce ethics enhance the online repurchase intentions of e-commerce buyers and provide rut and rudder to the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to survive in a competitive environment across the globe. Covid-19 has completely altered the game of business to business (B2B) e-commerce that led towards multifaceted ethical issues. Paradoxically, limited research in empirical side has been conducted in the area of e-commerce ethics. This study investigated the influence of e-commerce ethics in terms of buyers’ perception of suppliers’ ethics (BPSE) on online repurchase intentions. Partial least square structural equation modeling as an analysis technique has been used in this research. The data was collected through questionnaire from 387 respondents belonging to four metropolitan cities; Islamabad, Lahore, Karachi, Multan and Sialkot. The findings of this study revealed the direct and all indirect effects of e-commerce ethics on online repurchase intentions are significant and have positive relationship along with mediators. This study contributes to existing literature by using ethical theories and expectation confirmation theory (ECT), testing for empirical and practical side of e-commerce ethics in case B2B SMEs of Pakistan. Moreover, e-commerce services providers will be able to get advantages from BPSE to increase repurchase intentions of B2B SMEs in future.
Author/s:	Muhammad Arif Nawaz Ph.D Scholar, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Khawar Naheed Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	E-Commerce Ethics, Ethical Theories, Expectation Confirmation Theory, Online Repurchase Intentions, SMEs, Pakistan
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)44	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)44
Page Nos:	610-638
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	44
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Corruption, Crime, Credit Rating, and Stock Market Development in Pakistan: An Analysis through ARDL Bounds Testing
Abstract:	This study examines the relationship of corruption (CRPI), crime (CRMI), and credit rating (CR) with stock market development (SMD) of an emerging economy, using the secondary data for a period ranging from 1997Q1 through 2016Q4. The study employs robust ARDL bounds testing to cointegration and error correction model (ECM)for empirical analysis. Findings expose the existence of a negative and significant relationship between CRPI, CRMI, CR, and SMD. The negative and statistically significant coefficient of ECT also ratifies the cointegration estimation of bounds testing. The study contributes in existing literature by examining and reporting the association of some key factors with stock market development of an emerging Asian economy. Bases on results, the study offers certain policy implication and recommendations. It is suggested to control the rising level of corruption and crime in the country. Credit rating also needs proper monitoring and management. Such measures will be helpful in promoting the sustainable economic and financial development of the country
Author/s:	Dr. Muhammad Asif Khan Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, University of Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan Dr. Ghulam Mujtaba Chaudhary Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, University of Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan Adeel Arshad Lecturer, Department of Business Administration, University of Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
Keywords:	ARDL Bounds Testing, Corruption, Credit Rating, Crime, Stock Market Development
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)45	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)45
Page Nos:	639-655
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	45
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Anglicization of Urdu Language: A Lexico Grammatical Analysis of Urdu Advertisements
Abstract:	When native languages come in contact with non-native languages, they absorb lexical items of each other. Urdu and English languages are pertinent case in this regard. Urdu language came in contact with English language particularly after the arrival of British forces in Indo-Pak subcontinent. Contact of Urdu language with English language resulted in Anglicization of Urdu language and Urduization of English language. This study focuses on the lexical borrowing of English in Urdu advertisements. Data is collected from billboards and signboards. To achieve the targeted aim insights are taken from Kachru’s model of world Englishes. Moreover, dictionary (Wiktionary) and online cite www.quora.com is used to find out etymology of both English and Urdu words. Ten compound words are extracted from billboards and sign boards. These words are tested from ‘American Heritage English Dictionary’ in order to check whether or not these words are lexically borrowed from inner circle. Dictionary of etymology explored the origin and literal meaning of words. The research unearths remarkable Anglicization of Urdu language in terms of advertisement. Syntactic pattern shows that parts of speech are significant attribute of advertising text and noun words are borrowed more. Lexical borrowing is taking place in Urdu advertisements to fill the Lexical gaps that Urdu cannot meet in bilingual context of Pakistan
Author/s:	Muhammad Waseem Ph. D Scholar, Azad Jammu Kashmir University, Muzaffarabad, AJK, Pakistan Tasawar Abbas Shah Ph. D Scholar, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA Adila Hussain Ph. D Scholar, University of Gujrat, Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Advertisements, Anglicization, Borrowing, Grammatical, Kachru, Syntactic
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)46	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)46
Page Nos:	656-667
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	46
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Determinants of Participation of Women to Paid Labor Market Work and Unpaid Household Work
Abstract:	This research work is an attempt to sort out the factors that affect the participation of women to the paid labor market and unpaid household work. The data is obtained from Labor Force Survey (2017-2018) and logit model is used in this study. We have found that age and higher education positively and significantly affected women’s participation to the paid labor market work. However, square of age, primary, middle, matric, and intermediate educational categories, being married, joint family system, and residential provinces of Sindh, KPK, and Baluchistan have a negative influence on participation of women in paid labor market work. In case of participation in unpaid household work, age, being married, and belonging to KPK province have a positive and significant influence. Age square and educational categories have significantly reduced the participation of women in unpaid household work. This study suggested that government should address the issue of declining participation of women in paid labor market by providing better working opportunities and also give due value to the unpaid household activities at the academic and social level
Author/s:	Sidra Yaqoob PhD Scholar, Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan Amtul Hafeez Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Household Work, Labor Market work, Logit, Participation
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)47	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)47
Page Nos:	668-681
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	47
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Support Needs of Novice Public-School Teachers for Effective Management of Elementary Level Classrooms in Lahore
Abstract:	The purpose of this study was to develop an understanding of the support needs which novice teachers considered essential in their initial three years of service. A basic qualitative research design was used, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample comprising of 20 novice teachers who had less than three years of teaching experience at public-elementary schools in Lahore. The result of the study indicated that novice teachers considered that both principal and senior teachers should guide them. It was found that half of the interviewed teachers were satisfied with the support of the principal and senior teachers, whereas other half reported principal did not help them, and senior teachers were involved in leg-pulling. Most principals were co-operative, and novice teachers could discuss their classroom management challenges with them like student’s absence, behavioral challenges, cleanliness, and lack of interest of parents/over-involvement. Whereas some reported their principal did not listen to their challenges, and they could not discuss challenges with them. Most teachers received suggestions from principals such as keeping students involved, teaching slowly, and dealing with students’ behavioral challenges patiently.
Author/s:	Ayesha Saleem Ph. D Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Yaar Muhammad Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Sajid Masood Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Classroom Management, Novice Teachers, Public-Elementary Schools, Support Needs
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)48	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)48
Page Nos:	682-697
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	48
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Work-Family Role Conflicts and Its Relationship with Job Performance of Female Nurses Working in Public Hospitals of Lahore
Abstract:	Work family conflict impacts representative execution at workplace and furthermore the lives of individuals. Women have progressively participated in labor and expanded goals for their professions, and budgetary autonomy. The study explored the relationship of job performance with the work family struggle of nurses working in public hospitals of Lahore. The quantitative research method was used to find out the relationship of job performance with the work family conflict with respect to time, strain and behavior. In this research study, cross sectional research design was used and sample was selected with the help of multistage random sampling technique. The sample of 352 respondents was selected randomly from four hospitals of Lahore Two tools; i) Work Family Conflict Scale (WFCS), ii) Individual Work Performance Questionnaire (IWPQ) were used for the purpose of data collection to measure the conflict between family and work and job performance of nurses. The data analysis based on descriptive and inferential statistics, in descriptive. Results depict a positive strong relationship (r =.642, n =327, p < 0.01) between job performance of nurses and their work family role conflict. The study findings helped to develop understanding towards time, strain and behavior as the basic causes of conflict among the family and work.
Author/s:	Ghazanafar Hussain Ph D Scholar, Department of Gender Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore , Punjab, Pakistan Nayab Javed Lecturer, Department of Gender and Development Studies, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Warda Irshad Department of Gender Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore , Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Behavior, Job Performance, Strain, Time, Work-Family Conflict
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)49	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)49
Page Nos:	698-710
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	49
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Endorsement of Diverse Cultures in Less Developed Areas: A Study to Understand the Effects of Cable Television in Southern Punjab
Abstract:	This research study was conducted to study the effects of television, especially when it is available with multi-channel facility in less developed areas. Population for this study was South of Punjab Province in Pakistan, which is a less developed area comparatively. A sample size of 300 was selected by using multi-stage cluster sampling technique. Data was collected through survey questionnaire. Results of the study revealed that consumption time for TV contents by the respondents of the selected area was quite reasonable. People agreed not only to give weightage to the different cultural values but also adopted many of the traits. It was concluded that television has got the power to influence any type of audience, regardless of their age, education level and other demographic variables.
Author/s:	Dr. Imran Muslim Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Shabbir Sarwar Assistant Professor, Institute of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Amir Mehmood Bajwa Assistant Professor and Chairman, Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Cable TV, Cultural Invasion, Demographic, Variations
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)50	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)50
Page Nos:	711-720
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	50
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USA Cooperation for Education Sector in Pakistan after 9/11: An Analysis
Abstract:	This paper aims to assess different ways of cooperation of the USA in improvement of education in Pakistan in the wake of War on Terror and deals with the reflection that following 9/11 that the lack of education and the inadequacy of the opportunities in Pakistan contributed significantly to the development of extremism and its associated ideologies which fueled the terrorism and sectarian tension in the society of Pakistan and stifled the growth of country’s economy. Following the historical method the data has been collected for this paper from different archival sources that lead to the findings of research. While assessing different modes of cooperation it is exposed that the boost of American cooperation established new links of USA-Pakistan relations in people to people contacts and social sectors. It developed the education sector and enhanced the social acceptance for the USA in Pakistan. The paper recommends that international cooperation in the field of education should be enhanced so that it may be helpful in durable peace and stability. Mutual cooperation in education is guarantee of decrease in violent resorts for the ends of political controls.
Author/s:	Rana Tajamal Rashid PhD Scholar (History), Department of History & Pakistan Studies, Govt. College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Rizwan Ullah Kokab Chairman & Associate Professor, Department of History & Pakistan Studies, Govt. College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Mohammad Dilshad Mohabbat Assistant Professor, Department of History & Pakistan Studies, Govt. College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Education Assistance, Educational Reforms, Pakistan-USA Relations, Student Exchange, War on Terror
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)51	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)51
Page Nos:	721-733
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	51
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COVID 19 and Changing Facets of Stress: A Psychological Study of Stress-Oriented People
Abstract:	This study discusses the emergence of the myriad of stress patterns experienced by different professionals and people of different classes in Pakistan during COVID- 19 pandemic. To support this argument, the perspectives of different professionals regarding stress: doctors, engineers teachers and students, from private and public sectors from Pakistan have been incorporated into the study. A survey research method was employed and subsequent data was collected form 433 people through convenience sampling method. The research argument that COVID-19 has inculcated stress in people has been supported by the views of psychological theorists regarding stress, its functions and effects on human psyche and behavior. The research reveals that COVID-19 has given rise to the emotional, economical and academic and professional stress, social-alienation, social fallibility and many other types of fear among people as has been brought to light on the basis of subjects' questionnaires. The study recommends that various stress management strategies should be adopted to minimize the stress level in people.
Author/s:	Hina Rafique Assistant Professor, Department of English, Govt. P. G. College (W) S/T Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan Farhana Tabassum Senior Lecturer, University Institute of Medical Lab Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Bushra Munawar Adjunct Professor, Kean University, NJ, The United States of America
Keywords:	Covid-19, Economical Stress, Emotional Stress, Professional Stress
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)52	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)52
Page Nos:	734-748
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	52
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Perceptions of Teachers on Prevalence of Sensory Problems among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Abstract:	Sensory processing disorder is a complex neurobiological process in which the sensory input either from the environment or from one`s body is poorly detected or interpreted and often unusual responses are obtained or sometimes no response is made. Unfortunately, children with autism also show impaired, repetitive, and restricted behaviors. The current study was conducted to analyze such abnormalities among children with autism. The questionnaire was made as a tool and data were collected from teachers dealing with children affected by autism. A sample of 125 teachers was selected from different public and private sector schools of Lahore city for data collection. The data were analyzed through SPSS software. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to find the results of the study. Independent sample t-test and correlation were run to reach the results and the mean value was calculated. The results of the study concluded that Vision is found to be the most common sensory issue among all the children. Early interventions, occupational and sensory therapies can be helpful to overcome the sensory issues.
Author/s:	Tahmina Kausar M. Phil Scholar, Department of Education, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Hina Fazil Assistant Professor, Department of Special Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Keywords:	Autism Spectrum Disorder, Perception, Sensory Processing Disorder
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)53	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)53
Page Nos:	749-765
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	53
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Exploring Teachers’ Perceptions and Practices Regarding Instructional Planning: A Multiple Case Study
Abstract:	This study attempted to explore teachers’ perception and practices about Instructional planning at secondary school level. The study employed multiple case study design to explore and compare the different strategies and approaches between the cases that were being employed for instructional planning. This study explores the phenomenon by using purposive sampling technique i.e. sample of two cases (one each from Lahore and Narowal district) of Punjab; eight male teachers from each sampled school with two teachers from each of the four compulsory subjects (English, Urdu, Islamiat, and Pakistan Studies). The qualitative data collection sources included semi-structured interview guide for school teachers, classroom observation protocol for teachers, and documents review related to instructional planning. The instruments were validated and improved through experts’ opinion and pilot testing. Furthermore, Triangulation approach was used to cross verify the data. The results revealed that most of the teachers in the two cases were in favour of implementing instructional planning for quality teaching; but only a few of them were executing it in their classroom teaching. Additionally, most of the teachers were not aware of need based instructional strategies; students’ cramming was being emphasized during teaching
Author/s:	Bilqees Khanum PhD Scholar, Institute of Education & Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Saeed Professor, Institute of Education & Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Instructional Planning, Multiple Case- Study, Perceptions, Practices, Teachers
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)54	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)54
Page Nos:	766-776
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	54
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Effect of Decision Making Styles of Academic Managers on Quality Assurance in Public Sector Universities of Punjab
Abstract:	The study aimed to find out the effect of decision making styles of academic managers on quality assurance in public sector universities of the Punjab province of Pakistan. The sample of the study was comprised of 186 academic managers and 940 teachers teaching at university level. Multi stage random sampling technique was used to select the sample. Two instruments were used for data collection named as Decision Making Styles Questionnaire (DMSQ) and Quality Assurance Questionnaire developed by the researcher. The data were analyzed by regression analysis technique. The results of the study showed that decision making styles of academic managers on the whole and its all components significantly and positively predicted the outcome variables (quality assurance) but second and third dimensions of decision making styles of academic managers did not significantly predict the quality assurance. It is concluded that universities are functioning under the supervision, leadership, and vision of their academic managers so academic mangers need the abilities to take a right decision at the right time and frame a set up of quality assurance in their real essence in universities.
Author/s:	Hafiza Sadiya Iqbal Ph D Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Prof. Dr. Mahr Muhammad Saeed Akhtar Professor (Rtd), Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Academic Managers, Decision Making Styles, Quality Assurance
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)55	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)55
Page Nos:	777-791
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	55
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Geopolitical Dynamics of Afghanistan and Concerns of Regional and Global Actors vis a vis Pakistan
Abstract:	Afghanistan is a landlocked Country and it’s topographically surrounded by East West and North South extensions of Hindukush range which traps the invaders. It forms a crucial bridge which connects the Southern and Eastern Asia to Central Asia and West Asia. Afghanistan has enormous importance for the global world during the 19th century, the area which is today called Afghanistan acted as a buffer zone between the Britisher and the imperialist Russia. In 20th century Afghanistan engaged into theatre of Cold War hostility between the USA and the USSR. After the departure of Soviet troops, the country dipped into a decade long civil war. While the West including the US, remained largely detached to the country during the 1990’s, and regional actors supported their favourite allies. Russia, Iran, India, Pakistan, and Central Asian states chose their linked proxies in the conflict. Objective of this research is to be analysed geopolitical potential of Afghanistan as well as geo strategic competition of global and regional powers in Afghanistan. This research is the case study which evaluates geopolitical dynamics of Afghanistan and Pakistan’s concerns in South Asian politics perspective.
Author/s:	Muhammad Imran Ph D Political Science, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Ghulam Mustafa Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Rizwan Bhatti Ph D Scholar, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Afghanistan, India, War against Terrorism, Pakistan, South Asia, Terrorism
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)56	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)56
Page Nos:	792-806
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	56
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Psychological Experience of University Students in COVID-19 Lockdown: A Qualitative Research
Abstract:	The rapid spread of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is causing stress and challenges for people from all fields of life. This pressure also affected the students due to lockdown in country and closing of educational institutes in Pakistan. The objective of the present study is to explore the psychological experience of university students during COVID-19 lockdown. Using a descriptive phenomenological approach, 20 students were selected from private and public universities, with equal distribution based on gender. Telephonic interviews were conducted and data were analyzed by using Colaizzi’s 7-step method. It can be concluded that during the lockdown, students experienced mixed emotions. In the initial stage, positive emotions were dominant but negative emotions appeared gradually. Use of coping strategies for adaptation and adjustment played a significant role in maintaining the students’ mental health.
Author/s:	Dr. Shahnila Tariq Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Psychology, School of Professional Psychology, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Farooq Lecturer, Department of Sociology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Subha Malik Assistant Professor/ Incharge, Department of Gender & Development Studies, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	COVID-19, Lockdown, Psychological Experience, University Students
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)57	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)57
Page Nos:	807-823
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	57
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Tracer Study of Socio-economic and demographic Impacts of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) for Women in Baluchistan
Abstract:	This paper describes socio-economic and demographic impacts of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) provision for women empowerment in rural and urban areas of Baluchistan. Within the TVET institutional framework, the analysis is descriptive and questionnaire-based data from 178 TVET qualified women, by using three stage-stratified sampling techniques, are traced out in rural and urban areas/markets of Baluchistan. The factors like, self-employed, parents’ education, ethnicity, household head characteristics, rural and urban set ups, institutional affiliation, and self-choice for a specific TVET skill trade contribute to socio-economic and demographic empowerment of women. Rural women are found to get less economic benefits of jobs and income earnings as compared to their urban counterparts. The findings guide towards the profound contribution of TVET in theory of human capital formation and its socio-economic and demographic impacts specifically to women empowerment studies in the under-developed regions
Author/s:	Dr. Aziz Ahmed Lecturer, Department of Economics, Faculty of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan Dr. Abdul Wadood Assistant Professor, Department of International Relations, Faculty of Arts and Basic Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan Dr. Noor Mohammad Associate Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Faculty of Management Sciences, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta, Balochistan
Keywords:	Employment, Female Earnings, Socio-Economic, Development, Tracer Study, TVET
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)58	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)58
Page Nos:	824-838
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	58
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Analysis of Pedagogic Concerns about Covid-19 in Educational Institutions in Pakistan
Abstract:	The aim of this research is to inform the readers that Covid-19 pandemic has ceased all pedagogic and scholastic activities through the globe and Pakistan is no exception. This seizure has caused many individuals and organizations to halt their professional, personal and organizational schedules. Academic organizations have also suffered tremendously. Impeding concerns include payment of tuition fees, admission fees and other academic costs. The study analyzes some measures for the educational institutions in the light of Covid-19. This research suggests inviting alumni for counseling, psychological counseling and partnering with digital education platforms to provide high-quality courses. Educational institutions can use this opportunity to teach students about the pandemic, the challenges it presented, and the mental willpower needed to overcome this robust goblin-like viral attack. Business, social sciences and medical students could also benefit from lessons on how the market adapted and innovated when faced with the challenge of the lockdown. There will also be some attention directed to the problems faced by universities and their management and faculty. Finally, some recommendations are provided to address these matters. A lot of information can be gleaned from locally published scientific articles, some of which are still under review.
Author/s:	Dr. Muhammad Yousuf Sharjeel Professor, Department of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences and Education, SZABIST-Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Mahmood Ahmed Dool Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Sukkar IBA University-Sukkar, Sindh, Pakistan Syed Tanweer Ahmed Shah Lecturer, Department of Education, Sukkar IBA University-Sukkar, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Covid-19, Impeding Concerns, Lockdown, Pedagogic Concerns, Social Distancing
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)59	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)59
Page Nos:	839-853
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	59
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Analyzing Graphological Deviation in Pakistani Television Commercials
Abstract:	The current study aimed at analyzing graphological deviation in the language used in television commercials. The investigation was segmented into two sections. The 1st section, presents the graphological deviation in Pakistani television advertisements through observation. It was investigated whether graphological deviation is the part of Pakistani society like other countries of the world or not. In the 2ndphase impact of graphological deviation on people was examined. For this purpose a close-ended questionnaire was prepared and administered to the respondents. The population for the current study was taken from Lahore where 100 people were randomly selected as a sample of the study. The findings revealed that graphological deviation was a regular feature of advertising language used in television commercials. The results gleaned through questionnaire also suggested that graphological deviation had become a source of attraction, fascination, and newness for the people of Pakistan.
Author/s:	Muhammad Mooneeb Ali Lecturer, Department of English, Government College of Science Wahdat Road Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Tayyaba Yasmin Lecturer, Department of English, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Muammad Nadeem Anwar Lecturer, Department of English, Government College of Science, Wahdat Road, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Graphological Deviation, Linguistic Deviations, Linguistic Variations, Television Commercials
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)60	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)60
Page Nos:	854-870
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	60
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Cross-Cultural Politeness Perspective of Bapsi Sidhwa’s Novel “An American Brat“
Abstract:	This research opens up cross-cultural politeness perspective of the Bapsi Sidhwa’s novel “An American Brat”. Moreover, it endeavors to explore most preferred polite linguistic strategies utilized by American speakers while interaction with the people of third world countries. Brown & Levinson’s theoretical framework of politeness will be employed as a research instrument for the textual analysis of the novel. It’s very supportive tool in current research. This research is exploratory in nature. Textual analysis of the novel will be conducted to deduce the results. This research concludes that Bald on- record politeness strategy is much preferred in most of powerful countries. Since America is a dominating country so most of Americans use this strategy while dealings with colonized people. Due to colonizing sub-continent for a long time they still consider themselves powerful and superior to others. Therefore, they think that they have privilege to dominate and control the social behaviors, cultural values and language of the people of sub-continent countries even after post colonization. The findings of this research will be helpful for linguists, sociolinguists and educationists in understanding the real nature politeness.
Author/s:	Muhammad Ilyas Mahmood Director, Centre for English Language & Learning, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan Abida Shamim Visiting Lecturer, Centre for English Language & Learning, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Shabeer Ahmad Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Cross-Cultural Politeness
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)61	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)61
Page Nos:	871-881
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	61
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Relationship between Fair Value Accounting Adoption and Financial Reporting Quality
Abstract:	The purpose of present research is to assess the impact of fair value accounting adoption while preparing financial reports in financial reporting quality. This study has taken five determinants of financial reporting quality. These determinants are faithful representation, relevance, understandability, comparability and verifiability. Banking sector of Pakistan was chosen and five banks were selected for data collection. Employees who are responsible for preparing financial reports were selected as sample utilizing structured questionnaire. Findings indicate that fair value accounting adoption has positive significance impact on determinants of financial reporting quality specifically, relevance, faithful representation, understandability, comparability. Moreover, results indicate that verifiability is also significantly related with fair value accounting adoption. Findings are beneficial for those financial managers which are responsible to prepare financial report.
Author/s:	Dr. Salman Ali Qureshi Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Bilal Anwar Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, University of Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan Riaz Hussain Ansari Ph D Scholar, Department of Business Administration, University of Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Fair Value, Accounting Adoption, Financial Reporting Quality, Relevance, Verifiability
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)62	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)62
Page Nos:	882-894
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	62
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Development of Personal Autonomy in English as the Second Language (ESL) Teachers and Learners in Pakistan
Abstract:	This paper explores Dearden’s concept of personal autonomy for English as the Second Language (ESL) teachers and learners as an important aim of education. The personal autonomy can be effectively developed by English teachers who are critical agents, use modern knowledge; research oriented teaching approaches and technology. The findings reveal that creative pedagogy, critical pedagogy, experiential learning, and reflective thinking can be used as valuable and beneficial strategies for the development of personal autonomy with regards to ESL teaching and learning.
Author/s:	Dr. Katarzyna Borkowska Lecturer, School of Education, University of Glasgow, UK Dr. Humaira Irfan Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab Pakistan
Keywords:	Personal Autonomy, ESL, Reflective Thinking, Experiential Learning
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)63	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)63
Page Nos:	895-903
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	63
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Effect of Constructivist Teaching Approach on Student’s Achievement in Science at Elementary Level
Abstract:	Main objective of this study is to determine the effect of this approach while comparing it with traditional method of teaching. The study was experimental in nature. The population of study was 7th class students school. Sixty students were selected randomly. After pretesting students were distributed into two groups. Treatment was assigned randomly to the groups. Experimental group was taught through constructive approach and control group was taught through traditional approach. Treatment time was 8-weeks. Selected topics of science were taught to both groups. An achievement test was constructed and validity and reliability of the test was ensured through expert opinion and pilot testing. Conquest 4 was used to determine psychometric properties of items based on IRT. Selected items were used in achievement test. After taking post-test independent t-test was used to calculate the difference between two groups. The main findings of the research indicated that there is a significant difference between achievements of two groups. Experimental group performance is better as compare to traditional method. So, it would be suggested that as constructivism renovates the student from a passive learner to an active participant in the teaching learning process, teacher’s role is to facilitate students in constructing knowledge rather just mechanically consuming knowledge from the teacher or the textbook.
Author/s:	Dr. Ghazala Noureen Associate Professor, Department of Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore Pakistan Tahseen Arshad Lecturer, Department of Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore Pakistan Muqadas Bashir MS Scholar, Department of Education, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore Pakistan
Keywords:	Constructivist Teaching, Achievement, Elementary Level
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)64	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)64
Page Nos:	904-911
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	64
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Moderating Mechanism of Psychological Hardiness in the Effect of Emotional Exhaustion on Teachers Job Performance
Abstract:	This study was aimed to examine the role of psychological hardiness in the effect of emotional exhaustion on job performance of teachers. Data were collected from 383 regular university teachers by applying purposive sampling technique. To overcome potential common method biases, the study applied time lagged and dyadic approach for collection of data. Hypothesized direct effects were examined with the help of structural equation modeling (SEM) in AMOS and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to identify the feasible measurement model. For probing the moderating mechanism, PROCESS macro of Hayes (2013) was used. Results indicated a negative and significant effect of emotional exhaustion on each component of performance, i.e. in-role and extra-role. Furthermore, the results revealed that psychological hardiness fully moderated the effect of emotional exhaustion on job performance of teachers. Implications and limitations of findings were also discussed and further research possibilities were specified. The study contributed in existing literature by examining the moderating role of hardiness in teaching profession.
Author/s:	Khatiba Akhter Ph D Scholar, Department of Education, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif, AJ&K, Pakistan Prof. Dr. Muhammad Aslam Asghar Department of Education, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif, AJ&K, Pakistan Dr. Nazir Haider Shah Department of Education, Mohi-Ud-Din Islamic University, Nerian Sharif, AJ&K, Pakistan
Keywords:	Exhaustion, Hardiness, Job Performance, Moderation, Teachers
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)65	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)65
Page Nos:	912-926
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	65
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Managerial versus Infrastructural Quality of Teacher Training Institutions in Pakistan: A Quantitative Analysis
Abstract:	The main objective of this study was to find out the availability of the overall infrastructure and the managerial practices adopted by the Principals to ensure quality management in their respective teacher training institutions as per quality set benchmarks. Forty specific teacher training institutes (TTIs) were selected for this study. All the Principals and 155 faculty members from these institutions situated in Punjab province were selected as a sample of this study. Two questionnaires were developed, one checklist type questionnaire to take the opinion of the Principals and faculty about the infrastructure of the sampled institutions. The second questionnaire was about the quality management practices may be adopted by the Principals. This questionnaire was also administered to the facultyinorder to verify the opinion of the Principals about quality management practices. A positive correlation was observed between the opinion of the faculty and the Principals showing the truthfulness of the management practices. The mean score three was fixed as satisfactory point regarding quality management. The position of infrastructure was found deteriorating and the overall management practices remained below the quality point. The proper allocation of budget to these teacher’s training institutions were suggested along with the quality management training to the Principals.
Author/s:	Dr. Muhammad Arshad Javaid Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, DG Khan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Arslan Raheem Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, DG Khan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Anees ul Husnain Shah Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, DG Khan Campus, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Managerial Practices, Quality, Teacher Training Institutions
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)66	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)66
Page Nos:	927-940
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	66
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Environment and Women in Erdrich’s Tracks and Morrison’s Paradise: A Comparative Ecofeminist Study
Abstract:	This study, in tune with Cheryll Glotfelty’s methodological propositions of ecocriticism and black feminist Patricia H. Collins’ contribution to ‘ecriture feminine’, studies the formation of the female subject in Erdrich’sTracks and Morrison’s Paradise. With the delimitation of the Native American and Afro American women’s writing,this study analyzes how these female writers from the marginalized communities have produced ‘ecofeminism’ placing the sexuality of their women and their relation with nature at the center of subjectivity. While the Euro American accounts of the history, culture and origin of the indigenous and Afro American subjects had projected stereotypical, negative images of the non-White people, Louise Erdrich and Toni Morrison, through the employment of eco-feminist narrative techniques, have reconstructed the history, beliefs, rituals, traditions, myths and cultural identity of their people. This comparative eco-feminist approach explores how Erdrich and Morrison liberate woman and nature from oppressive phallogocentric and anthropocentric strangle holds.
Author/s:	Mumtaz Ahmad Ph.D. Scholar, Department of English, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Ghulam Murtaza Associate Professor, Department of English, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Qasim Shafiq Ph.D. Scholar, Department of English, National University of Modern Languages, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Afro-American Literature, Ecofeminism, Patriarchy, Native American Literature, Nature
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)67	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)67
Page Nos:	941-950
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	67
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Evolution of Borders and Borderlands: A Historical Overview
Abstract:	Borders and borderlands concept was found from the very beginning of human society. In early period of time borders demarcation was physical like rivers, mountains, forest etc but with passage of time it converted to lines. The study throws light on those historical events that played great role in the formation of borders. The paper scrutinize the policies of Colonial powers in the borderlands of Asia and Africa where they were completely ignorant from the nature of these societies who lived over borderland and their policies of utilizing these colonies as raw material for theirindustrialization. The decisive treaties of Westphalia and Paris accord has been discussed as main event that played role in the formation of borders. The emergence of nation states and increasing of borders has been highlighted. The paper concludes that borders and borderlands possessed great importance in the state politics and world political scenario as they are the main source of connection between people, societies, culture, civilizations of the states. The prevention of crimes, smuggling and illegal movement of goods and people could be controlled by effective border management control.
Author/s:	Tahira Jabeen LLM Scholar, Faculty of Shari‘ah & Law, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Shazia Sultan PhD Scholar, Department of Political Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
Keywords:	Borderlands, Evolution, Historical Events, Orders
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)68	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)68
Page Nos:	951-959
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	68
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Teachers’ Perceptions about Teaching Contemporary Global Issues through a Gender Perspective Lens
Abstract:	The purpose of the study was to explore the perceptions of elementary teachers of social studies about teaching global issues using a gender perspective lens. Employing random sampling technique, a total of 110 public elementary school social studies teachers (60 males and 50 females) were selected from Gilgit as a sample of the study. Aself-tailored questionnaire,developed on five-point Likert scale, was self-administered for data collection purpose. Both descriptive (Mean, SD, frequency, and percentage) and inferential (independent sample t-test) statistical techniques were employed using SPSS. The results revealed that teachers prioritize education and literacy, terrorism, war, conflict, health, poverty, and human rights issues as the most important global issues. Majority of the teachers agreed that global issues have multiple effects. The teachers also had contradictory perceptions about global issues as theyperceived that global issues would be resolved in the future and wouldget worse in future. The researchers recommend introducing more issues-based education at elementary level.
Author/s:	Tajuddin Sharar Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Chitral, Chitral, Pakistan Sadruddin Bahadur Qutoshi Assistant Professor, Department of Educational, Karakorum International University, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan Sarfraz Khan Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Facilitating Factors, Gender Views, Global Issues, Hindering Factors, Teachers’ Perceptions
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)69	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)69
Page Nos:	960-975
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	69
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A Critique of the Unrelenting Curse of Gender Discrimination in Pashtoon Society and the Way Out
Abstract:	This study was conducted to appraise the unrelenting curse of gender discrimination in Pashtoon society and annotate the topical-cum-radicated factors behind it. The data was collected through vis-à-vis semi-structured interviews from the aggrieved women; those who have suffered gender discrimination. For the analysis of data, the tool of Thematic Analysis, developed by Braun and Clarke (2015), was used. The findings of the study show that gender discrimination is practiced in different walks of life like education, politics, economics, health-care and nourishment. The findings have deduced numerous distinct socio-statal factors active behind gender discrimination in Pashtoon society. It is inferred that different socio-cultural, political-cum-statal, economic, and educational factors are seeding the menace of gender discrimination in Pashtoon society. In the light of the findings, the researcher recommends the promotion of education and literacy for women, their economic independence, the complete elimination of anti-women stereotypes, promoting the political participation of women both as contesters and voters, dissemination of awareness regarding women’s rights, and the establishment of women’s welfare organizations in the area.
Author/s:	Dr. Hamida Bibi Lecturer, Bacha Khan Medical College Mardan, Khyber Medical University Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
Keywords:	Pashtoon, Women, Gender Discrimination, Sexism, Violence
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)70	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)70
Page Nos:	976-982
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	70
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A Single Piece of Legislation on Consumer Protection in Pakistan is a Matter of Urgency: A Lesson from India
Abstract:	This study is based on doctrinal research and aims to convince the government that a single legislation on consumer protection is essential in the context of Pakistan. Legislation on consumer protection in Pakistan is fragmented. Each province has its own law and the federal capital Islamabad has its own law. In the absence of single consumer protection legislation in Pakistan, a citizen of Pakistan who travels from one place to another place and buys a service or product from there and if the service is faulty or the product is defective, first he has to see in which province he stands and under which law he will get justice. With this in mind, this topic becomes very important. Moreover, the law of one province is different from the law of another province. This study examines the points where the law of one province differs from the law of another province. At the same time, the study provides an in-depth analysis of Indian law on consumer protection and concludes that there is an urgent need for single consumer protection legislation for the whole of Pakistan in the style of India in order to get the consumer of this country out of this confusion
Author/s:	Dr. Ghulam Murtiza Assistant Professor, College of Law, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Khalil ur Rehman Tariq Lecturer, College of Law, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Amir Shahzad Assistant Manager Legal, Gujranwala Waste Management Company, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Consumer, Legislation, Protection, Provinces
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)71	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)71
Page Nos:	983-991
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	71
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A Journey from Dualism to Commitment: A Critical Study of Matriculation Islamiat Textbook
Abstract:	Activities and material related to cognitive development and critical thinking skills in Pakistani textbooks have been a matter of debate for decades. Pakistani textbooks are often accused of posing a little cognitive challenge to the students, which is widely considered their inability to cope with real life socio-structural settings. The study aims to examine activities and question items given in the Matriculation Islamiat Textbook. Perry’s nine-point scheme of Cognitive Development is adopted for analysis. A rubric has been developed to assign point-value to each activity presented in the textbook. The results reveal that all the activities presented in the textbook fall under ‘dualism.’ The study recommends tailoring the textbook to invite multiple viewpoints on a subject, presents a debate on us-vs-them, and provides a bifurcated worldview to the students.
Author/s:	Dr. Asim Aqeel Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Linguistics, University of Agriculture , Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Saqib Zafar Lecturer, University of Management and Technology, Sialkot Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Syed Kazim Shah Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Linguistics, GC University Faisalabad , Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Commitment, Dualism, Islamiat, Matriculation, Textbook
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)72	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)72
Page Nos:	992-1009
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	72
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Role of Private Housing Companies as Developer of Housing Industry to Achieve the Goal of Housing for All in Pakistan
Abstract:	Pakistan is a party to the UN Habitat agenda which envisaged the goal of housing for all. Housing is one of the basic necessities of every human being but due to financial constraints it is beyond the financial resources of the Government of Pakistan to provide housing units to each and every citizen of Pakistan. Due to very limited capacity of the Government of Pakistan the leading role to provide housing units has been assigned to the private sector to provide housing units. The present Legal Frame Work instead of encouraging the private sector is undermining the role of the private sector to provide housing units, so, there is a need to introduce a new self-contained law for the registration of private housing companies at provincial level along with suitable amendments in the existing Legal Framework.
Author/s:	Mirza Shahid Rizwan Baig College of Law, Government College University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Hafiz Muhammad Usman Nawaz Faculty of Sharia & Law, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan Rao Qasim Idrees School of Law, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Companies Act, 2017, Government of Pakistan, Legal Issues, Private Housing Schemes
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)73	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)73
Page Nos:	1010-1022
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	73
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Principles of Administrative Discretion: A Case Study of Pakistan
Abstract:	With the emergence of the concept of welfare state and multiplication of executive functions, administrative discretion has to be accepted as a necessary evil. Discretionary authority conferred on the executive is never been absolute rather subject to legislative and judicial control. State functionaries, in performance of their duties, are entrusted with certain discretionary powers to regulate state affairs and to advance the cause of justice. In the exercise of discretionary powers, the executive authorities are bound to observe certain principles, standards, and parameters articulated by legislature and the Superior Courts so as to avoid misuse of authority. With the help of qualitative and deductive research methodology, this article aims to examine various case laws wherein the Superior Courts enunciated principles and standards for the proper exercise of discretionary authority, in order to keep the executive in its bounds.
Author/s:	Dr. Bakht Munir Visiting Faculty Member, University Law College, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Ataullah Khan Mahmood Incharge Postgraduate Programs, Faculty of Shariah & Law, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Sohail Civil Judge cum Judicial Magistrate, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Pakistan, Rules for Exercise of Discretion, Standards for Discretion
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)74	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)74
Page Nos:	1023-1035
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	74
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Parental Authority, Introversion, Self-Esteem and Religious Coping Factors as Predictors of Social Anxiety among Adolescents
Abstract:	The main objective of this study was to find out either parental authority, self-esteem, religious coping factors are predictors of Social Anxiety among Adolescents or not. 800 participants were screened out in the initial process and from them 600 have been selected who were fulfilling the selection criteria. Out of 600, 50% (N = 300) were male students and 50% (N = 300) were female students from the colleges and high schools of Pakistan. Urdu version of The Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), Self-esteem Scale, Big Five Inventory, Parenting Authority Scale and Religiosity and Spirituality Scale for Youth scale was used to collect data. There is non-significant difference exist between male and female on social anxiety and there is non-significant difference exist between male and female on self-esteem. There is significant difference exist between male and female on religiosity. The results of multiple regression are also showing mix trend for male and female respondents.
Author/s:	Muhammad Luqman Khan Ph. D Scholar, Department of Psychology, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Najam ul Hasan Abbasi Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Introversion, Parental Authority, Religious, Self-esteem, Social Anxiety
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)75	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)75
Page Nos:	1036-1044
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	75
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Pakistani Anglophone Novel and Romance/ Dastan Narrative Strategies: Farooqi's‘Qissa-Novel’ as a Case of Genre Re-visitation
Abstract:	The paper reads closely Musharraf Ali Farooqi’sThe Merman and the Book of Power: A Qissa (2019) asan adamantly conceived a cross between Romance/Dastan and the Novel genre. The paper explores MAF’s claim regarding the creative shortcomings of Novel genre vis-à-vis its inadequacy to cater to the needs of exploiting fantastic imagination and scrutinizes his Qissa for its model praxis in incorporating Romance/Dastan narrative strategies as a specific case of genre re-visitation. Utilizing the key term of ‘Romance’ (as in Western critical theory) and ‘Dastan’ (as in Urdu critical theory) as the theoretic perspective to help read the target text the paper concludes that MAF deliberates the (re)familiarization of the long lost narrative strategies as utilized in Romance/Dastan to the contemporary Novel genre - neither debunking it nor devaluing it - albeit expanding the scope of narrative fictions.
Author/s:	Dr. Aamer Shaheen Assistant Professor, Department of English Literature, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Asif Khan Assistant Professor, Department of English Literature, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Sadia Qamar Lecturer, Department of English Literature, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Anglophone Novel, Dastan, Novel, Pakistani, Romance, South Asian Fiction
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)76	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)76
Page Nos:	1045-1059
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	76
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Factors Affecting English Language Anxiety among Learners: A Case Study of a Public Sector University
Abstract:	The objective of the study is to investigate the factors affecting English Language Anxiety among Learners at Higher Education Level. Qualitative research approach was used and case study design was employed. The population of this study was students and teachers of public sector university of Karachi. To collect the data purposive and convenience sampling technique was used. The participants were fifteen students from undergraduate and graduate programs and five teachers from department of English. Data was analyzed by thematic analysis technique. The study revealed the several factors effect on English language anxiety on communication skills among students English language speaking skills. These factors are included; lack of confidence, fear of failure, social cultural differences, gender, and peer pressure among the students. Effective teaching strategies of teaching language can play important role to reduce anxiety among students. In this regard, professional well trained teachers can play an important role. The study recommended that English Language teaching should be based on interactive approach and students should get more opportunities to use English language in class room and outside of the classroom.
Author/s:	Lubna Oad PhD-ELM Scholar, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology - Karachi Campus, Sindh, Pakistan Najmonnisa Khan Associate Professor, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology - Karachi Campus, Sindh, Pakistan Farzana Jabeen Khoso PhD-ELM Scholar, Department of Education, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology - Karachi Campus, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Anxiety, English Language, Higher Education, Interactive Teaching Strategies, Socio-Cultural
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)77	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)77
Page Nos:	1060-1078
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	77
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Challenges Faced by Parents of Children with Intellectual Disabilities studying in Government and Private Schools during Lockdown Due to COVID-19 in Lahore
Abstract:	The present study was conducted find out the challenges faced by parents of children with intellectual disabilities due to lockdown during COVID-19 across Lahore, Pakistan. It was included a sample of 67 parents (59 = mothers and eight = fathers). Parents of children with intellectual disabilities living in Lahore were the population of the study. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select the sample of the course. The researchers used a self-developed questionnaire, including six perspectives related to challenges faced by parents of children with intellectual disabilities during lockdown due to COVID-19 in Punjab. Researchers have applied descriptive and non-parametric analysis procedures through the SPSS. Mean value (30.2090) of Medical perspectives of parental challenges and mean value(22.8209) of Professional needs-based parental challenges of children with intellectual disabilities revealed that to a great extent, parents of both government and private schools are facing severe difficulties in arranging supplementary aids related to the medical and professional services for children in Punjab during lockdown due to COVID-19.It is concluded that there was no association between parental education and facing challenges, and parents of both government and private schools were facing almost the same kind of challenges.
Author/s:	Hina Fazil Assistant Professor, Department of Special Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Hina Hadayat Ali Ph. D Scholar, Department of Special Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Sidra Anser Ph. D Scholar, Department of Special Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Challenges, COVID-19, Intellectual Disabilities, Lockdown, Parents
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)78	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)78
Page Nos:	1079-1091
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	78
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The Impact of Dominant Languages on Regional Languages: A Case Study of English, Urdu and Shina
Abstract:	The aim of this study is to investigate how Urdu and English have influenced the Shina lexicon in the time span of three successive generations which has been divided into three categories of ‘Youngsters’, ‘Middle Age generation’ and ‘Older generation’. For this research,the data was collected through a questionnaire. The people of three successive generations were asked to choose the most frequently used lexical item in conversation from English, Urdu and their mother tongue Shina. The responses showed that young Shina speakers have been greatly influenced by the dominant languages English and Urdu. The middle aged Shina speakers indicated the direct influence of the Urdu language on the variety of Shina spoken by them. It was revealed that the old generation is not influenced by any of the dominant languages as the only language they can speak is Shina. The present study indicated that Shina might become an endangered language in future if it is not properly documented. Linguistic anthropologists can replicate similar research methods to see impact of dominant languages on other regional languages. Future researchers can also conduct a large scale corpus based study investigating the approximate number of lexicons that have been borrowed from the dominant languages
Author/s:	Dr. Shammim Ara Shams Assistant Professor, Department of Linguistics & Literature, Karakoram International University, Gilgit, Pakistan Dr. Munir Khan Assistant Professor, Faculty of Languages and Literature, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water, and Marine Science, Uthal, Baluchistan, Pakistan Dr. Mujahid Shah Assistant Professor, Department of English, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Kp. Pakistan
Keywords:	Dominant Languages, Endangered Languages, Ethnic Group,Language Shift, Shina
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)79	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)79
Page Nos:	1092-1106
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	79
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Newspaper’s Impact on Education Development in Pakistan: An Analysis
Abstract:	The main purpose of this study is to describe news paper’s impact on education development and here it can improve educational system. Newspapers have an important role in print media because they contain latest information regarding every field and subject. They have Material for the students of various subjects including Science, Social Science, Commerce and Business Administration.No one can deny the importance of newspapers in 21st century.Many educational institutes have libraries where teachers as well as a large number of students get benefit from newspapers on daily basis. In universities, students use authentic newspapers as a reference in writing their research studies It can enhance the knowledge, abilities and skills. It is qualitative research based on literature review and survey protocol to collect date and the data were analyzed on the basis of literature review and survey results. It is concluded that the use of newspapers in academics is very helpful and it increase the ability of the students from school to university level. Some recommendations are given in the end of the study.
Author/s:	Irum Fazal Public Relations Officer, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences & Technology, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Dr. Saifullah Khan Media Relations Officer, State Bank of Pakistan, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Educational Institutes, Education, Newspaper, Print Media
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)80	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)80
Page Nos:	1107-1122
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	80
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Nexuses between Glass Ceiling and Career Advancement of Women: An analysis of Punjab, Pakistan
Abstract:	The endeavor of study is to manifest extensive matter of gender phenomenon and to present diverse definitions. Particular focus is given to those blockades which are producing impediments for women progression in career. The target population was the female staff belonging to the Private sector of district Faisalabad, Rawalpindi and Sargodha of Punjab province. Survey method was adopted and data was collected from 300 respondents contacted through multistage sampling techniques. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to verify the relationship among variables through SPSS. It was concluded that majority females agreed that women experienced “glass ceiling” in their occupational carrier, women faced intricacy to be promoted to higher-ranking positions and gender stereotypes down-graded the abilities of females. Shattering the glass ceiling involved a vital devotion on the part of institutions to take acts in development of people regardless of their gender.
Author/s:	Moazzama Naseer Ph D Scholar, Department of Sociology, GC University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Shabbir Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, GC University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Uzma Niaz Ph D Scholar, Department of Sociology, GC University Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Career Advancement, Gender Stereotypes, Glass Ceiling, Occupational Career, Vital Devotion
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)81	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)81
Page Nos:	1123-1132
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	81
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Nuclearization of South Asia: Impacts on Regional Peace and Security
Abstract:	The India and Pakistan conflict has suffered for six decades, a series of wars and crises design its course. The rapidly growing Arms race among them poses a threat to regional stability in sense of Peace and security. Both states are entangled in a long-standing security competition, most commonly globally recognized as a dispute the Kashmir is the nuclear war flashpoint. There is a long timeline of armaments among both states since the partition. The security competition is an action-reaction spiral; this relationship is a classic example of a security dilemma, whereby one state’s action causes insecurity to another. This security dilemma may lead to an Arms race among two rivals. New Delhi often justifies its military builds-up postures China-centric but this is creating a security dilemma among its neighboring countries especially in recent years Pakistan. This article intends to explain the phenomenon of the arms race between India and Pakistan and its regional implication as poses a threat to peace and security in South Asia.
Author/s:	Dr. Zab Un Nisa Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Govt. Graduate College Samanabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Gul e Zahra PhD Scholar, Department of Political Science & International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Syed Waqas Ali Bokhari M. Phil. International Relations, Department of Political Science & International Relations, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Arms Race, Kashmir, Nuclearization Peace and Security, South Asian Stability
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)82	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)82
Page Nos:	1133-1148
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	82
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Factors of Dropout in Government Primary Schools of Sindh: A Qualitative Study of District Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan
Abstract:	The purpose of study was to analyze factors leading to students’ dropout, and to identify administrative measures in addressing those factors. The study has covered four towns of District Larkana. The qualitative approach was used and within it case study research design was employed. The sample of the study was the 4 taluka education officers (male/female), 2 district officer (male/ female), 4 students, parents and community of district Larkana. Moreover, purposive sampling technique was used for the selection of participants. The data was analysed through thematic analysis. The findings of the study revealed that poverty, illiteracy, political interventions, tribal conflicts, child labour, lack of facilities, informal institutional arrangements, impractical administration are the main factors leading to student dropout, and there is no any mechanism at district administrative level to address factors leading to student dropout. Current study recommends that collaborative action plan and mechanism at district administrative level may be developed which may focus on School coordination with all stakeholders concerned to introduce poverty alleviation program, and, above all, mechanism to diffuse threat of undue political intervention so as to address the factors, and ensure the sustainable transparent system at primary schools in Larkana, Sindh.
Author/s:	Ishfaque Ali Kalhoro Lecturer, Department of English Language and Literature, The Shaikh Ayaz University, Shikarpur, Sindh, Pakistan Dr. Gulzar Ahmed Assistant Professor, Department of Teacher Education, The Shaikh Ayaz University Shikarpur, Sindh, Pakistan Dr. Shahid Hussain Mughal Associate Professor, Department of Education, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Dropout Factors, Larkana Pakistan, Primary Schools,
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)83	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)83
Page Nos:	1149-1163
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	83
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Horror Sells as Commodity: Examining Socio-psychological Effects of Horror Film among Adults during Covid-19
Abstract:	This research seeks to uncover the causes that affect young people's choice to watch horror films. Demographics i.e. gender, setting, and psychological factors i.e. past beliefs about the entities shown in horror films; audiences are exposed to specific results that differ in severity and nature-based on their gender category, setting, and past beliefs about the objects seen in horror films. This study's fundamental structure is to find the psychological issues among adults while focusing on social cognitive theory. It can be explained what makes some people enjoy horror films and why some people avoid them, argues that audiences are proactive and their location, self-effectiveness, and self-reflexiveness play a significant role in their learning process. The survey research is employed for this study and data collected from 560 male and female of two cities of Punjab, Pakistan (Sargodha and Lahore) with age 20 to 35 years during the Covid-19 lockdown. The findings of the study reveal that there are two critical reasons for youth to watching horror films, amusement and interest. Young people who believe in these characters from film or other supernatural entities are more scared than those who do not believe in their existence. It is infer that horror is commodity that sells fear in horror films among adults. However, Socio-psychological effects of horror films cannot be ignored.
Author/s:	Mudassar Hussain Shah Assistant Professor , Department of Communication and Media Studies, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Saima Kausar Assistant Professor, Department of Communication and Media Studies, Department of Communication and Media Studies Mariam Waqas Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, National University of Modern Languages (NUML), Lahore Campus, Pakistan
Keywords:	COVID-19, Emotional Effects, Horror Films, Pakistan, Socio-psychological Effects
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)84	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)84
Page Nos:	1164-1175
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	84
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Analysis of Self-Esteem in Oral English Language Proficiency among Secondary Schools Students: Issues and Challenges
Abstract:	The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors that affect learner’s self-esteem in the context of oral proficiency among secondary school students in the district South Karachi. The study focused on the impact of self-esteem on English language speaking skill of the target population. The self-esteem factors in the study were addressed as self-confidence, self- motivation, gender, grammatical structural knowledge, vocabulary and usage, fluency and pronunciation. The study employed survey as the major research. Private schools operating in the district South Karachi were the samples of the study. Data was collected through purposive sampling. Questionnaire and interview were followed as research instrument. Data was analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The study found that self-esteem of secondary school students is an indispensable aspect of learner’s life and must be addressed while developing the curriculum for these students.
Author/s:	Dr. Kamal Haider Assistant Professor, Department of Education, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences and Technology Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Prof. Dr. Muhammad Yousuf Sharjeel Professor, Department of Teacher Education, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Dr. Shahid Iqbal Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Fluency and Pronunciation, Oral English Language Proficiency, Self-Esteem, Self-Motivation
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)85	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)85
Page Nos:	1176-1189
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	85
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Perceptions of Government Primary School Head Teachers about Challenges and Issues in Making Schools Effective in District Sukkur
Abstract:	The purpose of this paper is to share the findings of a research study that aims to find out the perceptions of head teachers (HTs) about challenges and issues they face in making their schools effective. Participants of the study include government primary school head teachers working in district Sukkur’s two subdivisions (tehsils) i.e. new Sukkur and Sukkur City. The focus group discussion protocol has been used as a data collection strategy. Major findings of the study indicate that head teachers face different challenges in making their schools effective. Due to shortage of teaching resources in schools, HTs unable to facilitate teachers in implementing curriculum in the classroom. The level of professional support is not desirable and irrelevant for HTs. The school management committees (SMCs) are not effective because of lack of funds. Head teachers face difficulty in performing their role as an instructional leader because of their low level of understanding about school improvement and effectiveness. The study suggests to provide professional, academic and financial support to primary schools in district Sukkur.
Author/s:	Dr. Shahid Hussain Mughal Associate Professor, Department of Education, Sukkur IBA University, Sindh, Pakistan Dr. Gulzar Ahmed Assistant Professor, Department of Teacher Education, Sheikh Ayaz University, Shikarpur, Sindh, Pakistan Dr. Shila Devi Assistant Professor, Sindh Teacher Education Development Authority (STEDA), Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Affective Schools, Challenges, Head Teachers, Primary Schools
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)86	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)86
Page Nos:	1190-1201
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	86
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Self-Efficacy Expectations through Breast Cancer Media Campaigns: Content Analysis of Media messages under the Umbrella of Social Learning Theory
Abstract:	The current research study recognizes diverse factors related to breast cancer awareness and knowledge campaigns running in Lahore, Pakistan which is based on Bandura’s social learning theory. The study aims to allow an understanding about breast cancer into what progressing campaigns and activities demonstrate, moreover giving awareness. The data were collected from the official Facebook pages of Pink Ribbon Pakistan and Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital from the duration of October and November 2019 i.e. pinktober. The article analyzed the signs, images, and implications used in breast cancer awareness campaigns, and methods that were utilized to demonstrate the concentration of the spectators towards this disease. The results of the data consist of writings, visual expressions, and objects, and even though symbolical perspectives and qualitative descriptions were distinguished and investigated. The study concludes that in Pakistan, breast cancer awareness campaigns are giving more attention to raising resources and funds rather than educating individuals about precautionary actions.
Author/s:	Shafaq Chaudhry Ph. D Scholar, Department of Mass communication, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Prof. Dr. Anjum Zia Chairperson, Department of Mass communication, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Awareness Campaign, Breast Cancer, Breast Self-Examination (BSE), Pink Ribbon, Social Learning Theory
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)87	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)87
Page Nos:	1202-1214
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	87
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China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): Challenges and Prospects in the context of Political and Economic Challenges associated with BRI Initiative
Abstract:	This research paper explores Pakistan-Chinese political and bilateral relations in the context of BRI Initiative. There is a history to Pakistan-China relations, which favors both economies during their tough times. BRI-Initiative is a great opportunity for developing economies to grow globally and to testify their economic development programs. CPEC is the first and most important corridor of BRI-Initiative and aims to serve as a game changer for Pakistan-China. Belt One Road plan of China aims to improvise economic growth of more than 66 economies of the region. A large number of skilled and well-equipped human forces are projected to associate with various projects of CPEC under BRI. CPEC- initiative not only focuses on infrastructural development but also aims to cover economic development, social sustainability, technological advancement and industrial relocation. Global dimensions and regional connectivity due to BRI Initiative are main focus of this research article.
Author/s:	Naveed ur Rehman Lecturer, University Law College, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Noor Asfia Research Associate, Ministry of Commerce Islamabad, Pakistan Khadija Gull Business Development Manager, Boss Bearings, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	BRI, CPEC, Economic Growth, Political Relations, Regional Connectivity
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)88	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)88
Page Nos:	1215-1224
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	88
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The 9/11 Legacy: A New Framework for Conceptualizing Terrorism
Abstract:	The present study examines the profound impact of the tragic events of September 11, 2001, on the conceptualization of terrorism. This research delves into the implications of 9/11 in redefining the understanding and perception of terror in contemporary society. Through an in-depth analysis of various sources, including scholarly literature, governmental reports, and media discourse, this study sheds light on the transformative effects that the 9/11 attacks had on the conceptual framework of terrorism. The findings highlight the shift in focus from conventional notions of terrorism towards a more comprehensive and multifaceted understanding that encompasses new dimensions and actors. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on counterterrorism strategies, policy formulation, and international cooperation by examining the evolving nature of terrorism in the post-9/11 era and recommends that an all-comprehensive empirical approach is required to conceptualize the universal phenomenon like terrorism.
Author/s:	Dr. Ahmad Raza Khan Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Government College University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	9/11 Impact, Conceptualizing Terrorism, Extremism, Redefining Terror, Transformative Effects
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)89	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)89
Page Nos:	1225-1240
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	89
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The Essence of Romance in the Novels of Krishan Chander
Abstract:	This study addresses Romanticism, particularly the romance in the stories of Krishan Chander, that emerged in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries as a way to understand life and the universe. Krishan Chander's writings, such as his short stories "Talaba Khayal," combine elements of Romanticism, showcasing love and romance in various forms. The Romantic style in his stories captures the essence of nature, showcasing sincerity, sacrifice, and dedication. Chander's romanticism is not just about nature but also human relationships and the importance of understanding and appreciating nature's beauty. His theory about clay represents the desires of the universe, and his creative treasure is influenced by love and beauty. Despite criticisms, Chander's romanticism is not nostalgic or balanced, but rather a name for escaping social conditions and political life.
Author/s:	Mohammad Yasir Lecturer, Department of Arts & Humanities, BUITEMS, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan Dr. Aurang Zaib Assistant Professor, Department of Arts & Humanities, BUTEMS, Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
Keywords:	Krishan Chander, Romanticism, Stories, Urdu Literature, Young Man
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)90	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)90
Page Nos:	1241-1251
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	90
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Issues of Networking and Gender Disparities
Abstract:	This qualitative inquiry investigates the reasons behind the striking low presence of women in high-ranking managerial positions within Pakistani Universities. By conducting semi-structured interviews with 48 women occupying various management roles and facilitating a focus group discussion, the study meticulously investigates the reasons behind this imbalance. The gathered data highlights, among other factors, the significant influence of networking opportunities on their career trajectories. Thematic analysis uncovers prevalent challenges and obstacles hindering women's advancement to senior management, particularly disparities in access to supportive networks compared to their male counterparts and their exclusion from predominantly male networking circles. The research emphasizes how deeply ingrained organizational cultures, discriminatory practices, and societal norms in Pakistani culture create an unfavorable environment for networking, compounded by women's own networking shortcomings. This underscores the pressing need for systemic reforms and initiatives aimed at bolstering professional support for women and fostering greater gender equity in higher education management.
Author/s:	Dr. Bushra Inayat Raja Former Controller of Examinations, Fatima Jinnah Women University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Career, Networking, Pakistani Culture, Senior Management, Women
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)91	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2020(4-III)91
Page Nos:	1253-1263
Volume & Issue:	v4-3
Article #:	91
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