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Volume 3, Issue 2

Articles

Social Media and Political Awareness in Pakistan: A Case Study of Youth
Abstract:	This study was designed to investigate the role of social media in promoting political awareness among the youth of Pakistan, recognizing the fact that new interactive technologies have powerful impacts on youth in augmenting their political knowledge. This study is descriptive in nature and quantitative by approach.The target population of this was students of BS and MS Programmes Public Sectors universities in Gujranwala division. The data was collected with a questionnaire and a test and was analyzed by applying descriptive statistics. The results of the study showed that social media plays a vital role in socializing the Pakistani youth but the results of the Test showed the lower level of political awareness among the students. This study recommends that educational institutions and public departments should share their authentic information via social media to create the political awareness among the students.
Author/s:	Dr. Muhammad Muzaffar Assistant Professor , Department of Political Science, GC Women University Sialkot, Pakistan Sarwat Chodhry MS Scholar, Department of Political Science, G.C. Women University Sialkot, Pakistan Naila Afzal Ph. D Scholar, Department of Political Science, G.C. Women University Sialkot, Pakistan
Keywords:	Social Media, Pakistani Youth, Political Awareness, Political Knowledge
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)01	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)01
Page Nos:	1-13
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	1
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Impact of Monetary Policy on Stock Exchange in Pakistan: Maturity Wise Data Analysis
Abstract:	This study examines the role of discount rate in monetary policy through different deposit rates in Pakistan. The discount rate is the key to monetary policy of a country. The monetary structure of it is not much strong as compared to developed countries. Time series data is used from 1980 to 2016. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron (PP) unit root test are applied for checking the stationary condition of the variables. The results of both tests confirm that all variables are of stationary at first differences. Therefore for the long run relationship among the integrated series is determined by applying the Engle and Granger method. This study finds incomplete and asymmetric adjustment of interest rate pass through and there is ascending rigidity in deposit rates of the country. This study suggests a strong monetary policy in the country to a wide-ranging and effective role of discount rate in Pakistan
Author/s:	Nasir Mahmood Lecturer, Punjab Higher Education Department, Pakistan Benish Rashid Ph. D Scholar, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics(PIDE) Islamabad, Pakistan Murtaza Omer Bashir Lecturer Economics, Higher Education Department Govt. of Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
Keywords:	Monetary-Policy, Deposit Rates, Asymmetric Adjustment
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)02	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)02
Page Nos:	14-29
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	2
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Gender Quota in Pakistan: An Analytical Study
Abstract:	This study critically evaluates the different gender quota policies adopted by Pakistan and what have been the actors and factors responsible for such strategies. Although the constitution of Pakistan grants equal rights to women, but these constitutional provisions had not improved the status of women accordingly. The descriptive research mythology has been adopted for this paper. Study has found that gender quota has always been introduced in isolation. There looks complete alienation between civil society and political elites. In the absence of a favorable social structure and cultural traditions, only constitutional provisions of equality could not guarantee the provision of any rights to a marginalized segment of the society.
Author/s:	Sher Muhammad Assistant Professor, Govt. College Bhalwal, Sargodha, Pakistan Dr. Nazim Rahim Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Qurtuba University of Science and Information Technology Peshawar, Pakistan Saher Hanif Ph. D Scholar, Department of Political Science, GC Women University Sialkot, Pakistan
Keywords:	Patriarchal Structures, Women’s Representation, Political Institutions Gender Quota
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)03	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)03
Page Nos:	30-46
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	3
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Investigating the Impact of Simplified Statutory laws to Expedite Justice in Pakistan
Abstract:	This study endeavors to simplify the statutory laws to make the speedy court trials in Pakistan. In this regard, the linguistic adequacy of lawyers and law teachers regarding intelligibility and time spent on reading laws is examined. So the issue of convoluted nature of legal language playing a role of impeding the comprehension and requiring much time can resolve the issue of delayed justice. For this, two questionnaires were formulated comprising of statues with both versions followed by different items were distributed among the law practitioners and law teachers to gather the date. And then, data was quantitatively analyzed. The findings revealed a clear picture of impact of simplified statutory laws on law stakeholders ‘comprehension and time. Through this study, the relative impact of original and simplified statutory laws is systematically measured in Pakistani academic and occupational legal context and subsequently Plain English Language Movement is suggested.
Author/s:	Dr. Iram Rubab Assistant Professor, Department of English, GC Women University Sialkot, Pakistan Hafiz Muhammad Qasim Assistant Professor, Department of Applied Linguistics, G.C. University Faisalabad, Pakistan Kashif Javed Lecturer, Department of Law, Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Pakistan
Keywords:	Legal English, Plain English, Plain English Language Movement, language and law
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)04	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)04
Page Nos:	47-61
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	4
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The Women Harassment Act 2010: Impacts on Pakistani Society
Abstract:	This study is designed to explore the pros and cones of Women Harassment act 2010 in Pakistan Women are not secured at public places for this security women Harassment Act 2010 was introduced, It is seemed that implementation of this Act is absent (legal and implementing issues are seen) like the other acts passed by the national assemblies of Pakistan. Explanatory and narrative method is followed to elaborate the topic and findings are that passing the laws and acts is not enough but the implementation is important. The lament is that implementation is not regulated efficiently and properly. Implementation of laws must be ensured, regulated and checked at periodic basis. Women’s quota and seat in assemblies Legislation regarding women and infant health, etc. is not securing the women in our society.
Author/s:	Dr. Zahid Yaseen Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, GC Women University Sialkot, Pakistan Anam Iqbal MS Scholar, Department of Political Science, Science G.C. Women University Sialkot, Pakistan Saima Rafique Ph. D Scholar, Department of Political Science, G.C. Women University Sialkot, Pakistan
Keywords:	Women, Harassment, Impact, Society, Law
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)05	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)05
Page Nos:	62-73
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	5
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Success vs Failure Prediction Model for SMEs: A Study of South Punjab and Baluchistan
Abstract:	This paper examines the factors that lead to success or failure of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) operating in South Punjab and Baluchistan. There is lack of studies that have conducted in this setting particularly in Pakistan.. Using quantitative approach the data was collected through questionnaire adapted from Lussier Model to measure the success and failure factors of SME’s. The data was analyzed by using e-views to examine the reasons for the success or failure using logistic regression statistical analysis. The result of this study showed that proper business planning, employee staffing, adequate capital inflow and partnerships are important for the viability, management experience, and planning play important role for the success of SMEs. The findings of this study help the SMEs owner, managers, policy makers, practitioners and other professional advisor to improve the success of SME’s by focusing on proper planning, professional advice, relevant industry experience, education, staffing, age, and to avoid failure by maintaining and improving proper record keeping and financial control
Author/s:	Dr. Khawar Naheed Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan., Pakistan Muhammad Arif Nawaz Ph. D Scholar, Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Shakeel Ahmad MS (Innovation & Entrepreneurship), Department of Commerce, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan
Keywords:	Small and Medium Enterprises (SME). South Punjab, Baluchistan, Lussier Model, Success, Failure
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)06	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)06
Page Nos:	74-85
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	6
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Pakistan Nuclear Doctrine from Minimum Deterrence to Full Spectrum Credible Minimum Deterrence (FSCMD)
Abstract:	In this study, attempt is made to briefly highlight theories and correlates them with Pakistan’s nuclear doctrine. Theoretical foundation of this study is based on realist philosophy and the off-shoots of realism. Nuclear doctrines are developed to deter aggression or deal with circumstances involving probable nuclear warfare. Pakistan’s nuclear ability has deterred Indian military from any aggression. Despite having entrenched political differences, the two republics have not aspired for any large-scale military adventure ever since the acquisition of nuclear capability. SverreLodgaard framed the term “political advantage,” for exultant deterrent role of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons. It is asserted hither efficacious practice of nuclear deterrent to preserve strategic objectives embedded sense of “virtual victory” in the psyche of Islamabad stationed bureaucrats. This doctrine stems from Pakistan’s opposition to Indian declaration that South Asia falls in Indian sphere of influence. Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan is though unwritten/customary yet, it is based on various handouts issued by national command authority (NCA) and Inter Services Public Relations (ISPR). Statements and interviews of civilian strategists, senior serving and retired government armed forces officials serve the purpose of providing policy guidelines for customary nuclear doctrine
Author/s:	Dr. Ashfaq Ahmed Assistant Professor, Dept. of Politics & International Relations , University of Sargodha, Pakistan Muhammad Jawad Hashmi Lecturer, Dept. of Political Science and International Relations, University of Gujrat, Hafiz Hayat Campus Gujrat, Pakistan Saima Kausar M. Phil Scholar, Dept. of Politics and International Relations, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
Keywords:	Nuclear Doctrine, Realism, South Asia, NCA, Realism
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)07	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)07
Page Nos:	86-101
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	7
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Security Dynamics in Saudi-Iran Relations: An Analysis (1997-2013)
Abstract:	This qualitative study aimed to discuss and analyze the complex regional security dynamics that have influenced and shaped the foreign policy of two Iranian presidents, President Muhammad Khatami (1997- 2005) and President Mahmud Ahmadinejad (2005-2013) towards Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia and Iran are gripped in a zero-sum game, contesting for land, economic resources, weapons and most specifically regional hegemony. An ancient historical and territorial dispute, age-old cultural, ethnic and linguistic differences have brought the two powers in deep-seated mistrust and acrimony. All these factors further encouraged the two nations to support their proxies through funding, military arms, soldiers, and by promoting sectarianism. In 2011, the Arab Spring escalated the Saudi-Iranian rivalry and further derailed the fragile stability and security conditions of the region. The nature and pattern of relations between the two regional rivals is highly significant as their mutual relations not only affect their domestic politics but also the strategic and political landscape of the entire middle eastern region
Author/s:	Robina Khan Visiting Faculty Member, Department of Politics & International Relations, University of Sargodha, Pakistan Dr. Ahmad Ejaz Assistant Professor, Pakistan Study Centre, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Dr. Unsa Jamshed Assistant Professor, Department of History and Pakistan Studies, Women University AJ & K, Bagh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Zero-Sum Game, Territorial Disputes, Sectarianism, Regional Security Dynamics, Hegemony
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)08	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)08
Page Nos:	102-115
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	8
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Critical Analysis of Rohingyan Crisis in Myanmar and its Impact on Neighbouring Countries
Abstract:	This article argues that Rohingya as “illegal citizens” in Myanmar and as refugees in other states of South East Asia are a marginalized community of the world and also increase challenges for receiving states. Myanmar has been deliberately declared them illegal citizens and demolished their villages after the latest genocide and build military barracks along the Bangladesh border. So, now almost two million Rohingya are living in refugee camps in different countries. For this article qualitative method and secondary data such as newspapers and articles are used. For ethnic cleansing of Rohingya from Myanmar, government and Buddist monks used the religion and ethnic cards; they introduced many policies such as citizenship bill of 1982, the Rohingya exodus and 969 movement. As a result, many people fled to neighboring states and become a challenge for the economy and society of receiving states such as Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand.
Author/s:	Dr. Ghulam Mustafa Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Tooba Ahmad Ph. D Scholar, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Shabbir Chaudhary Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Rohingyan Crisis, Myanmar, Genocide, Bangladesh
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)09	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)09
Page Nos:	116-127
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	9
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Enigma of Political Parties in Political Socialization of Pakistan: A Case Study of Muslim League
Abstract:	Political Parties play a vital role in shaping the future political attitude of an individual. This study was designed to determine the role of political parties generally and Muslim League particularly in socializing the people of Pakistan politically. Mix Method was used generalize the results of this study. A total number of 385 voters were randomly selected form Gujranwala Division, a questionnaire comprising of 37 statements on five-point Likert scale with one open ended statement was developed and the collected data were analyzed by applying the descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the study showed that the political parties especially Muslim League could not perform continuously and the level of political socialization among the masses of Pakistan remained low. Pakistan Muslim League should present a clear ideology and party manifesto to retain their representation at the National and Local level to socialize politically the general masses of Pakistan.
Author/s:	Dr. Ghulam Fareed Assistant Professor, Political Science, Government College Depalpur, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Muzaffar Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, GC Women University Sialkot, Pakistan Anam Riaz MS Scholar, Department of Political Science, GC Women University Sialkot , Pakistan
Keywords:	Political Parties, Political Socialization, Pakistan Muslim League, Pakistan
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)10	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)10
Page Nos:	128-141
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	10
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Comparison of English Language Learning Strategies Used by Punjabi and Pashto Undergraduates
Abstract:	For the last three decades, there has been an emphasis on autonomy in language learning. An important feature of this phenomenon is research into language learning strategies (LLS). Several studies have been conducted to find out relationship between LLS and several other variables including gender, class and academic achievement. However, there has been no study till date about the relationship between second/foreign LLS and different L1s. The present study tries to fill the same gap. Using data from 200 students, half whom had Pashto as their first language and the other half Punjabi, the study tried to understand whether L1 plays any role in choice and employment of LLS. Results revealed that both the students belonging to both the speech communities reported lower frequency of LLS use. There was no significant difference in the reported frequency of LLS use in five out of the six subscales of LLS. The study makes certain recommendations for future research.
Author/s:	Dr. Muhammad Rashid Hafeez Assistant Professor, Department of English, GC Women University Sialkot, Pakistan Rana Faqir Muhammad Aslam PhD English , Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Shahbaz Assistant Professor, Department of English, GC Women University Sialkot
Keywords:	language Learning Strategies, academic achievement, second/foreign Language
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)11	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)11
Page Nos:	142-152
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	11
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A Sociological Study of Contributing Factors of Educational Exclusion of Children in Southern Punjab, Pakistan
Abstract:	There are many factors such as (low economic status of the parents, children involvement in domestic and earning activities, language (English) barrier, long distance from home to school, attachment with traditions/ patriarchal thinking, disability of the children, retention of the children from the school etc.) of the educational inclusion of the school age children. South Punjab is the socially excluded region where school age children faced more educational exclusion than Upper Punjab. The researcher selected 600 households in which 5-9 years old child/children was/were available and was/were excluded from primary education. Interview schedule was used for data collection and data was analyzed by using SPSS. It was found that the most prominent factor was the economic factor that compelled the parents to exclude their children from schools because they did not afford the educational costs. It is recommended that at micro level the community development programs should be started and at macro level the government of Pakistan should have to increase the educational budget
Author/s:	Zahid Zulfiqar PhD Scholar, Department of Sociology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Shabbir Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan Dr. Kamran Ishfaq Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan
Keywords:	Capability, Educational Exclusion, Educational Inclusion, Disability, Southern Punjab
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)12	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)12
Page Nos:	153-163
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	12
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Modal Auxiliaries in Pakistani English Newspapers: Social and Pedagogical Perspectives
Abstract:	This study aims at analyzing the nativisation of certain modal verbs in Pakistani English newspapers. The modal verbs convey social meanings apart from their grammatical functions. In many cases the choice between will/would and can/could is not in accordance with the norms of Standard British English. Modal auxiliaries are considered very problematic for non-native learners and speakers. This study examines the use of modal-auxiliaries-verbs in Pakistani written English with special focus on their social and pedagogical perspectives. The data for the study have been taken from English newspapers. The frequency list has been generated by using the software AntConc 3.5.7. The findings of the study can be used to teach the auxiliaries to the students of English particularly in the appropriate social contexts.
Author/s:	Behzad Anwar Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan Bisma Butt Lecturer, Department of English, University of Lahore, Gujrat Campus, Gujrat, Pakistan Raja Muhammad Ishtiaq Khan Lecturer, Majmaah University, AlZulfi Campus, Saudi Arabia
Keywords:	Modal Auxiliaries, Pakistan English, Pedagogical Perspective
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)13	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)13
Page Nos:	164-177
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	13
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The Dilemma of Democracy and Democratization: A Case Study of Pakistan’s Political System
Abstract:	In the recent decade, it is judgment by many spectator and member that the most momentous trend in world politics is the appearance of democratization. So far, Pakistan has not much acquaintance about democratization. Pakistan contains the reappearance of several multi-parties systems, along with civilian administration and brought to power through elections Therefore, in widely and competitive political culture has reemerged. Current study showed that there is significant relation between democracy by the ways democratization and political system. A historical process was involved in democratic transition to democratization. However, if democratization is certainly known as a question can be raised here that how do we evaluate when democratization has been merged or stabilized in political system of Pakistan? The study argued that democratization achieved if democratic period of government increased decade after decade. In Pakistani politics, serious issues are raised when the democratization returned as the major structure as a political system of Pakistan. There are sure possibilities of democratization in political system of Pakistan.
Author/s:	Dr. Muhammad Saleem Akhter Department of Political Science , Govt. Postgraduate College Sheikhupura, Pakistan Qamar Abid Hussain Ph. D Scholar, Department of Pakistan Studies , Bahauddian Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan Muhammad Saleem Qazi Visiting Lecturer, Department of Pakistan Studies , Bahauddian Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan
Keywords:	Democratization, Democracy, Political Parties, Political System and Political Leadership
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)14	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)14
Page Nos:	178-188
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	14
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Physical Activity and Sports to Prevent Suicidality among School-going Adolescents
Abstract:	The qualitative systematic review aims to present critical analysis regarding association of involvement in sports and physical activities with suicidal behaviors among school-going adolescents. Twelve major research databases were considered for search and following systematically identification, screening, and assessing eligibility, a total of thirty studies (29 cross-sectional and one longitudinal) were finally included in this review. This qualitative synthesis found weak support in favor of beneficial effects of involvement in sports and physical activities on reduction in suicidal behaviors for male school-going adolescents. However, these findings are less consistent for developing countries and minority groups in advanced countries. Findings regarding relationship of these variables for female school-going adolescents are inconclusive. Future studies with strong study designs and utilization of gold standard validated measuring instruments are essential for strong evidence particularly resolving controversial findings emerged for females
Author/s:	Asif Ali Assistant Professor , Department of Physical Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Asif Naveed Ranjha Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Anjum Noreen Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, Government Degree College for Women, Dubai Mahal Road Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Suicidality, Sports, Physical Activity, Schools, Adolescents, Social Worker
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)15	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)15
Page Nos:	189-203
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	15
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Peace Building through Religious Tourism in Pakistan: A Case Study of Kartarpur Corridor
Abstract:	This qualitative study examines the process of Peace Building through Religious Tourism in Pakistan. Pakistan has many religious sites of shrines and temples. Gurnanak Sahib stayed his last eighteen years of his life at Kartarpur, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan. The Government of Pakistan addresses the problems of the Sikh community, and the Kartalpur corridor in the Sikh community is innovative for the entire Sikh community. These Sikh communities can visit the holy saints of Kartapur without a visa. Today, world started to acknowledge Pakistan’s efforts towards achieving peace in the country. The findings of the study expose that Kartarpur; a religious place of Sikhism in Pakistan may play a vital role in the peace building image and economic sector through increased international tourist arrivals. Therefore, the Federal Government should consider taking advantage of the country's religious tourism potential, developing strategies to protect religious archeological sites, and providing facilities to tourists to visit sacred sites is needed. Enough hospitality for believers, in addition to generating income, helps to improve the soft image of the country
Author/s:	Dr. Muhammad Imran Ashraf Assistant Professor, Department of IR, NDU, Islamabad Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Saleem Akhter Lecturer HED, Govt. College Shaikhopura, Punjab, Pakistan Iqra Jathol Ph. D Scholar, Centre for South Asian Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Religious, Peace Building, Tourism, Kartarpur, Sikhism
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)16	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)16
Page Nos:	204-212
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	16
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Application of Agenda-setting, Framing and Propaganda during News Production Process
Abstract:	The present research is a meta-analysis of agenda-setting, framing and propaganda literature to highlight the application of these three approaches of media effects during news production process. An extensive literature review of these three theories was conducted. It is proposed through this article that the news content that is received by the consumers goes through a complicated process application of different theoretical approaches which help to shape up the final product of a news item and the final news product somehow becomes different then the first hand information. A process model of agenda-setting, framing and propaganda is proposed during news production process. That helps to understand the links present in the above mentioned theoretical approaches
Author/s:	Dr. Samia Manzoor Assistant Professor, Department of Communication Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab Pakistan Dr. Aasima Safdar Assistant Professor, Department of Communication Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Ashraf Khan Professor, Department of Communication Studies, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Agenda-Setting, Framing, Propaganda, News Production Process, Meta-Analysis
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)17	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)17
Page Nos:	213-228
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	17
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Mediating Intimacy through Phatic Tokens in Social Media Communication: A Pragmatic Inquiry
Abstract:	People nowadays have most of their conversations on social media apps. They use many phatic tokens while having online conversations. The present study aims to analyze the types of phatic tokens youngsters use in their conversations on social networking sites. Laver’s theory of phatic tokens and Scheff ’s Bond Theory have been used as theoretical framework for better understanding of this discursive mechanism of phatic communication. Following mixed method approach, a small scale corpus of watsapp real interactions have been collected from 10 participants and analyzed using mixed method approach. Data reveal that phatic tokens perform the function of conflict avoidance hence very helpful in keeping harmony and balance in the community or a society. It is suggested that knowledge and awareness about the phatic communication should be made compulsory at all levels in different social institutions to create social bonds and minimizes the damages caused by conflicts and tensions, through applications of phatic communications
Author/s:	Mamona Yasmin Khan Assistant Professor, Department of English, The Women University Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Iram Rubab Assistant Professor, Department of English, GC Women University Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Umaima Kamran In-charge/Assistant Professor, Department of English, Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Social Networking Sites, Social Media, Phatic Communication, Phatic Tokens, Social Interactions
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)18	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)18
Page Nos:	229-240
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	18
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Democratic Political Development: A Case Study of Pakistan 2008-2013
Abstract:	Political development modernizes the country by improving institutional functions, national integrity, democratization and political participation. But, this concept could not be sustained in Pakistan due to the domineering behavior of the executive, poor performance of the parliament, lack of judicial independence and military coups. The period 2008-13 saw various events contradicted previous political upheavals. Conduct of continuous elections, the establishment of the coalition government, political cooperation between the opposition and the government on the issues of national importance, increased political participation, vibrant media, restoration of a democratic constitution and abundant law-making, judicial activism to restore constitutional independence of judiciary helped to develop a democratic political system of the country. These political events are explored in this paper which occurred for the first time in the political history of the country and caused political development. This research paper highlights the specific condition of political development in this era and identifies the issues which affect democratic development in the country. It also describes that either democratic political development in Pakistan during 2008-2013 was improved or not?
Author/s:	Ghulam Zikria Ph.D. Scholar, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Khalil Ahmad Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering & Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan Ghulam Qasim Ph. D Scholar, Department of Political Science and International Relation, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Democracy, Political Development, Third World, Judiciary, Separation of Powers, Pakistan
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)20	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)20
Page Nos:	254-266
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	19
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Contextualizing Self (Re)Invention in Modern World: An Urban Sociological Perspective of Exit West
Abstract:	The current study questions the impacts of differentiating characteristics of incongruous social locales of modern urban cities and traditional chaotic city in transforming the lives and characters of two individuals in the selected novel. It chooses Exit West by Mohsin Hamid as the text under discussion. It also underscores how salient features of the dichotomous social locales help them to (re)invent themselves in the phenomenon of self-exploration in the differently located geographical terrains. The paper seeks guidance from the critical insights of (Bhaba, 1994; Ashcroft, 2000; Berman, 1988) to analyze and highlight the challenges that modernity and tradition pose to them to intervene in their journey of self-realization. It goes on to underline the causal adumbration that engages them to oscillate between the two opposite poles by bringing them in a fix of ambivalently divided affinities. Subsequently, it aims to highlight how the gravitational pull of the ephemeral modernity and the solidified tradition intrigue to be the determinants of their destiny under different circumstances, clandestinely
Author/s:	Shiraz Ahmed Lecturer, Department of English, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan Moazzam Ali Malik Assistant Professor, Department of English, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Ehtsham Assistant Professor, Govt., Zamindar Postgraduate College, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Tradition, Social Locales, Urban Sociology, Self (re)invention, Modernity
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)21	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)21
Page Nos:	267-278
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	20
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Pakistan-China Military and Security Ties: A Qualitative Analysis
Abstract:	After China’s emergence as a global power, military modernization, strengthening military ties with other states in different regions of the world, and enhancement in arms exports are some of China’s objectives to achieve.This research paper focuses on analyzing China and Pakistan’s cooperation in defense sector as it is one of the leading elements of Pakistan-China strategic relations. This paper analyzes the Pakistan-China defense cooperation in all three branches (Army, Air Force, and Navy).This research study has employed the qualitative method in which secondary sources of data have taken from existing literature, published and unpublished research works and primary data was collected by conducting interviews of International Relations experts’ to analyze Chin’s defence and security cooperation with Pakistan. The outcome of discussion reflects that in the post 9/11 period, Pakistan and China have strengthen their military and security ties
Author/s:	Muhammad Jawad Hashmi Lecturer, Department of Political Science and International Relations, University of Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan Sobia Jamil Ph. D Scholar, Department of Law and International Relations, University Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia Dr. Ashfaq Ahmed Assistant Professor, Department of Politics and International Relations (DPIR), University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	China-Pakistan Strategic Partnership, China, Defence, Pakistan, Security
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)22	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)22
Page Nos:	279-296
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	21
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Legislative Measures on Violence Against Women: A Critical Study of The Editorial Caricatures of Mainstream Pakistani English Dailies
Abstract:	The study intends to examine, how opinion page illustrations of main stream English dailies depict females’ issues as well as women and men, who characterize in the cartoons are incarnated both individualistically and in association to each other as well as how present the “Women Protection Bill”. Legislative measures on violence against women are directly related to sustainable harmony and peace in society. The study is based on framing theory and researchers’ employed content analysis and semiotic analysis; research methods. The findings show that only 13% editorial caricatures of Dawn and The Nation sketched the women as victim, because of dominating patriarchal society structure. Whereas, the illustrations in The Nation, are being frequently framed gender stereotype roles of women. Though, women protection bill supported by print media but interestingly, editorial illustrations showed “zero tolerance” at religious parties’ suggestions to dilute/revise some of the clauses of legislation for women, as these are, according to Council of Islamic Ideology, contrary to Quran and Sunnah. This paper proposals an imperative insight into how legislation on violence against women delicately portrayed in leading media caricatures. It’s evocative to study the Editorial cartoons; reflect the policy of any news organization and also delicately twist public opinion
Author/s:	Dr. Nasim Ishaq Chairperson, Communication Studies Department, Government Fatima Jinnah College (W) Chuna Mandi Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Robina Saeed Assistant Professor, Department of Mass Communication, Faculty of Humanities, Minhaj University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Khurram Khurshid Loha Lecturer, Department of Mass Communication, Faculty of Humanities, Minhaj University Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Editorial Illustrations, Punjab Women Protection Bill, Semiotic Analysis, Women Issues, Gendered Stereotypes
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)23	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)23
Page Nos:	297-310
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	22
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Nationalism and Muslim Women During Pakistan Freedom Movement in From Purdah to Parliament
Abstract:	Colonial discourse generally depicts domination of colonizers as a threatening force to culture, ideology and civilization of colonized land and it highlights their struggle to liberate them from external tyranny. Building upon this notion, this essay uses Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah’ s novel Purdah to Parliament, to analyze nationalistic tendency, which refer to provide the nationalistic Strule of Muslim women in the pre-independence era. The ascent of Muslim nationalism mingled with idea of separate homeland demanded the enrollment of Muslim women to support the cause. This paper provides indispensable insight into issues related to nationalism and nativism, fabrication of their women’s national identity, their past and their transformation with regard to the idea of nationalism. Along with Fanonian nationalism This notion of colonial power, however, takes into account various mechanisms through which power has been employed by colonizers and resisted at different levels by colonized in order to liberate themselves. This nationalistic struggle depicts that alongside men; creation of Pakistan was also the result of Muslim women struggle
Author/s:	Dr. Amna Saeed Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Fasih Ahmed Assistant Professor, Department of Humanities, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan Ayesha Malik Research Scholar, Department of Humanities, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Nationalism, Pakistan Movement, Muslim Women, Postcolonialism, Hybridity
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)24	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)24
Page Nos:	311-321
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	23
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Consilience: An Integrative Approach for Holistic, Overarching and Deterministic Knowledge
Abstract:	This research seeks for a major change of direction in the management research field. As proposed by Kuhn in 1970, the academia and research needs unification of knowledge. The article opens up a critical debate by challenging and questioning the status quo (normal science) (Kuhn, 1970). Employing interpretive and critical discourse analysis it presents three of the integrated praxis in academia i-e multidisciplinarity, interdiciplinarity and transdisciplinarity, highlighting the differences among the stated integrated approaches in academia it presents an overarching approach to integration that encases all the three integrated approaches of the academia – consilience, thus responding to Kuhn’s call and further suggesting how it will be aiding the field of management.
Author/s:	Marriam Malik Ph. D Scholar, School of Business and Economics, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Naveeda kitchlew Associate Dean Academics, School of Business and Economics, University of Management and Technology Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Consilience
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)25	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)25
Page Nos:	322-335
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	24
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The Effect of Gender, Professional Qualification, and Experience on Teachers’ Perceptions Regarding their Role as a Curriculum Leader
Abstract:	This study aimed to explore the role of teachers as Curriculum leaders in educational settings at secondary level. Through this study, researcher tried to evaluate the leadership responsibilities of teachers. After the pilot study, a final questionnaire was developed and administered to one hundred and twenty teachers of different universities of Lahore. The data in general, revealed that the teachers were doing their leadership responsibilities on their own but administration was not properly arranging activities for their leadership development. They were in fact concerned only with the completion of the job. Teachers were therefore just a tool for the implementation of the orders and policies. On the other hand teachers were given freedom in arranging different classroom activities according to the requirement of the lesson. In general, the administrative environment was not collaborative, interactive and knowledge sharing but teachers was personally trying to maintain collaboration. The research noted an interesting phenomenon that majority of staff believed that most of teachers did not concentrate on their role as a curricular activities leader due to the provision of tailor made curriculum
Author/s:	Dr. Mubashira Khalid Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan Dr. Tahira Kalsoom Assistant Professor, Research and Evaluation Department, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore Pakistan Fakhra Aziz Assistant Professor, Research and Evaluation Department, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore Pakistan
Keywords:	Teacher, Role, Leader, Curriculum, Effect, Gender, Qualification, Experience
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)26	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)26
Page Nos:	336-345
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	25
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School Crisis Preparedness/ Prevention and Management: A Survey of School Stakeholders
Abstract:	The main purpose of this study to explore the perception of school stakeholder responsible for the school crisis management in the primary schools of the Punjab, Pakistan and to address the answer of the question “what are the most crucial factors responsible for the management of the school crisis. In this regard survey study conducted to explore the perceptions of stakeholders through five-point Likert scale. This scale based on school crisis prevention/preparedness and management which self-developed questionnaire. All Primary schools’ stakeholders of the Punjab were targeted for this survey study. Eight districts were selected as sample from three regions of the Punjab through stratified sampling which based on their literacy rate. Three hundred teachers were sampled from sampled schools of sampled districts. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. Effective School Crisis management and preparedness is required for the security and wellbeing of Educational Institutions
Author/s:	Mehwish Jabeen Ph. D Scholar, Department of Education & FSS, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Tariq Hussain Assistant Professor, IER, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Muhammad Afzal Butt Associate Professor, Department of Urdu, GC Women University Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	School Crisis Preparedness School Crisis Management
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)27	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)27
Page Nos:	346-363
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	26
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The Urban Informal Economy and Earning Facilitations: Evidence from District Multan
Abstract:	Urban informal sector is a vital source of employment to wide array of labor in urban territories. This study surveys urban informal sector with specific objective to assess the monthly earning dynamics of the individuals. For this purpose, primary data was collected by field survey of District Multan with sample size of 200 individuals engaged in informal sector. The ordinary least square method is in corporate for estimation of results. The findings show significant and positive contribution of education, age, duration of working hours, and experience toward monthly income. Work shift and annual pay rise are traced for no effect whereas, family size showed mixed results. Marital status, nature of work, and road conditions to work, where significant, are found to positively affect monthly income. The need of time is to investment in urban informal sector to amplify the horizon of job opportunities and income of labor in urban informal sector
Author/s:	Khawaja Asif Mehmood Lecturer, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan Ali Azam Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Fahim Ullah M. Phil Scholar, School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Urban Informal Sector, Low Paid Jobs, Ordinary Least Square
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)28	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)28
Page Nos:	364-379
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	27
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Orientalism and its Relevance to Colonial Sources of South Asia: An Analysis
Abstract:	This paper focuses on the discourse of Orientalism that was started with the book of Edward Said Orientalism. According to Orientalism the Europeans had no right to write a history of East because they observe East as others and they do not understand the true nature of Eastern culture. Therefore, according to Said, they distorted the history of Orient. Here this article specifically throws light on Orientalist discourse presented in British colonial sources on South Asia. For facilitating the understanding, discussion on indo-Orientalist sources are dichotomized; one group comprising sympathetic writers and the other consisting of writers who observed India with antipathy. This article will explore how Eurocentric colonial sources on India established stereotypes while at the same time brought overlooked past of this country to the pages of history. Because in the case of India these outsiders actually preserved of its history and brought ancient past into broad daylight. Although these writings of Europeans are not free from the Euro-centric approach still they had credit to preserve the past of India
Author/s:	Samia Khalid Assistant Professor, Department of History, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Fiaz Anwar Assistant Professor, Department of Pakistan Studies, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Orientalism, Colonial Sources, Indo-Orientalist Sources, Eurocentric Sources. Stereotypization
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)29	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)29
Page Nos:	380-391
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	28
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TQM and EMO Relation and Effects on Export Performance of Furniture Firms in Pakistan
Abstract:	The export of furniture industry is observed low in last few years. However, the manager / owner of furniture firms is looking for suitable strategies to increase the exports of the industry. However, the main objective of the study is to investigate the mediating role of export market orientation (EMO) between total quality management (TQM) and export performance (EP) of the small and medium furniture firms in Pakistan. The survey technique has used to collect the responses; the total one hundred nineteen (119) usable responses were received. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the data. The results of the study revealed that TQM and EMO influenced the SME export performance. Moreover, EMO plays a mediating role between TQM and SME export performance in furniture industry of Pakistan. The present study’s results motivate owner/managers of SMEs for more effort and investment in TQM implementation. Future research is encouraged to validate current work in service industry.
Author/s:	Muhammad Imran Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Mutasim Billah Tufail Sr. Assistant Professor, Department of Management Sciences, Bahria University Karachi campus, Sindh, Pakistan Ume Sumayya Assistant Professor, Business Administration Department, Iqra University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Total Quality Management, Export Market Orientation, Export Performance, PLS-SEM Analysis, Furniture Industry
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)30	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)30
Page Nos:	391-406
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	29
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Effect of Collaborative Learning Strategies on Student’s Science Achievement at the Elementary Level
Abstract:	The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of collaborative learning strategies on student science achievement. The study was experimental in nature. The Nonequivalent Control Group Design was applied to conduct the study. All the students of grade eight of district Sheikhupura were the population of the study. The sample consisted of eighty students enrolled in grade eight, selected through simple random sampling technique by belting from two public secondary schools of district Sheikhupura. Eight grade science test developed by the Punjab Examination Commission (PEC) 2018was used by the researcher to collect the data from the sample. Collaborative learning strategy (Jigsaw) was used during Intervention. The duration of the intervention was twenty-six weeks and the full book of General Science was taught to the students. The data were analyzed by using statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) version 22. Mean score, Standard Deviation, independent sample t-test and ANOVA were applied. Results indicated that collaborative learning strategies have a significant effect on student science achievement. The results of the study were likely to help teachers, administrators and policy makers in improving the quality of teaching and learning of Science at the elementary level
Author/s:	Shakeela Parveen Ph. D Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Mumtaz Akhter Professor (R), Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Bismillah Sahar Ph. D Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Collaborative Learning, Strategies, Science achievement, Social Skills, Jigsaw
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)31	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)31
Page Nos:	407-423
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	30
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Sanctity of Property Rights and Title Enforcement: Philosophy versus Realty perspective on Pakistan
Abstract:	This paper intends to analyze De Soto's idea of the mystery of capital in the context of Pakistan. History witnesses the fact that nations that respect property rights, “fought for property rights” thrived with economic growth, inclusive institutions and democratic regimes, juxtaposed to the nations where property rights were dealt prodigally. But the question arises why developing countries could not catch up developed nations even they are getting so much influential advice from DCs and fore founders of developed nations were very much clear about the importance of property system in the development process. Pakistan has a quite intricate structure of laws and regulations; however, the implementation of title enforcement and property rights is very poor. We recommend that the ambiguity in the property laws should be clarified as the first step towards secure property rights. We also recommend that loopholes in the enforcement and implementation of existing laws should be addressed with a strong political will
Author/s:	Rabia Nazir Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan Fareeha Adil Consultant, Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI), Islamabad, Pakistan Misbah Akhtar Lecturer, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Keywords:	Property Rights, Title Enforcement, Dead Capital, LRIMS
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)32	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)32
Page Nos:	424-434
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	31
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Corporate Governance, Firm Attributes and Financial Performance: Evidence from Pakistan
Abstract:	This study aims to investigate the well-established governance-performance relationship for a sample of 201Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) listed firms over the period of 2010-2018 in the context of an important firm characteristics i.e. firm size. Sample firms categorized into small and large size based on total assets. Firm performance measures through ROA, ROE, and Tobin’s Q. Panel econometrics techniques namely fixed effect model and random effect model applied to bridge the relationship between CG and firm performance after confounding effects of firm size, leverage, and firm age. Large firms have higher profit which endorses the size effects benefits enjoying by big firms than smaller firms. Furthermore, large firms better implemented the governance code than small firms. Overall CG remains significant towards accounting return (ROA) and market measures (Tobin’s Q) but remains valueless in terms of return on equity (ROE). In the perspective of firm size, larger firms got enriched with higher profit through better implementation of governance mechanism than smaller firms which remains deprived from this values enhancing effect of corporate governance. Results suggest to strengthen the governance mechanism in smaller firms too, to reap the benefits of CG in terms of higher profitability
Author/s:	Dr. Amna Noor Assistant Professor, School of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur-Pakistan Muhammad Farooq PhD student in Finance, School of Business Management and Administrative Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur-Pakistan Kiran Farooq Institute of Business and health Management, Dow University, Karachi -Pakistan
Keywords:	Corporate Governance, Firm Performance, Firm Size
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)33	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)33
Page Nos:	435-447
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	32
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Safety, Health and Wellness Practices in the Public Universities of Punjab, Pakistan
Abstract:	The management of employees' safety, health and wellness is a major factor that contributes in the smooth functioning of any organizations. A safe, secure and healthy workforce is an important asset of any organization. Mixed method research was conducted by collecting both qualitative and quantitative data through questionnaire and interviews. The major objective was to analyze the system of safety, health and wellness of university teaching facultyin old and new universities. The study revealed that teachers and administration of universities were generally satisfied with the health facilities i.e. at campus medical facilities, referral facilities, and reimbursement of medical bills. However, CMOs of both types of universities further demanded extension of indoor lab facilities at campus, more doctors and medical staff, and increase in budget. The most common health problem was hypertension followed by diabetes. Other health problems of teachers include ischemic heart disease, seasonal ailments, psychological disorder and musculoskeletal problems
Author/s:	Dr. Abida Nasreen Associate professor, Institute of Education & Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Safety, Health, Wellness, Universities
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)34	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)34
Page Nos:	448-461
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	33
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Relationship between Physical Activity and Learning Ability: Perception of Physically diminished Adolescents
Abstract:	Physical activity is integral part of a healthy way of life and specially in the process of learning activities, the degree to which youth participate in physical activity is therefore of great interest to students and public health. The present study aimed to underline the relationship between effect of doing physical activity and perceptions of physical handicap impaired adolescents, to find the relationship between physical activity and physically handicap adolescents and their perception about learning. A sample of size 684 (male=526, female=158) collected from public sector special/disable institutes in Punjab using simple random sampling. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used Scale for Individual with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD) and found significant under Pearson Chi square. In order to assess the respondent perception by using UCLA scale, the higher proportion (44.6%) of respondents sometimes feel that they are isolated from others, whereas 42.8% of respondents never feel that there are people I can turn to them. Further the analysis of the data yielded that 5 out of 10 respondents seldom feel lack of companionship, no longer close to have anyone, their social relationships arc superficial and no one really known them well
Author/s:	Dr Muhammad Latif Javed Lecturer, Department of Education, IUB, Bahawalnagar Campus, Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan Misbah Akhtar Lecturer, Department of Education, IUB, Bahawalnagar Campus, Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Aamir Tehsil Sports Officer, Bahawalnagar, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Learning Ability, Physically Handicap, Learning Perception
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)35	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)35
Page Nos:	462-471
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	34
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Motivation: A Reason of School Efficiency and Effectiveness
Abstract:	This research aimed to identify the impact of students’ and teachers’ motivation on school efficiency and effectiveness and measured the difference among male and female teachers view regarding impact of motivation on efficiency and effectiveness in selected public sector schools in Punjab, Pakistan. Concerned variables were examined through quantitative research methods. Research Tool (Questionnaire) was administered on sample of (810) which was chosen through Multistage Sampling Technique. To get results, t-test and regression were used. It was noted that students- teachers’ motivation is associated with school efficiency and effectiveness. Both students and teachers are equally responsible for making the school efficient and effective. This study recommended that emergency facilities provision campaign may be started immediately, Govt. should review its educational and evaluation policies, students’ & teachers’ involvement in decision making may be considered, teachers’ annual increments should be performance based.
Author/s:	Shahid Hussain Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Attique Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Akhtar Ali Professor, Department of Education, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Effectiveness, Efficiency, Motivation, Pakistan, Public Schools
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)36	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)36
Page Nos:	472-483
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	35
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Gendered-based Analysis of Politeness Strategies employed in Henrik Ibsen’s “A Doll’s House
Abstract:	Gender differences in using language have been examined for hundreds of years. The study of politeness strategies has much significance in this regard since it clearly reveals the interdependence of gender and language. This paper attempts to examine discrepancies between men and women in a male dominated society by employing Brown and Levinson’s strategies of politeness. The methodology adopted in this study is discourse investigation of Ibsen’s “A Doll’s House”. Brown & Levinson’s model of politeness has been implemented as a tool for the analysis of the utterances of the characters, determining variations between males and females in the use of politeness strategies. The results expose that women are socially restricted to use positive politeness strategies to pay regards towards man’s public face and to show their subordination while men freely apply bald on record, a dominating politeness strategy to impose their superiority over women. Moreover, it shows that there are changes in use of women language with the advancement of their social status in which they become more and more self-assertive and independent. Findings will contribute in better understanding of the phenomenon of politeness and its implication on men and women conversational styles.
Author/s:	Muhammad Ilyas Mahmood Director, Centre for English Language & Learning, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan Abida Shamim Visiting Lecturer, Centre for English Language & Learning, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan Mobashra Mobeen Centre for English Language & Learning, University of Okara, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Brown and Levinson, Culture, Gender, Language, Politeness Strategies
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)37	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)37
Page Nos:	484-495
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	36
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Consumer Protection and Role of Consumer Courts in Punjab
Abstract:	Currently, only seventeen out of thirty six districts of Punjab have consumer courts. The main role of these consumer courts is to protect the interests and rights of customer. The purpose of this research is to find out whether these courts are performing this role well and for this purpose; this study carefully examines the decisions of these courts and their number and concludes that these courts have been able to perform this role effectively. But the establishment of consumer courts in all districts of Punjab is an urgent need of time to provide justice to the customer at his doorstep.
Author/s:	Dr. Ghulam Murtiza Assistant Professor, College of Law, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Qamar Abad Incharge Ph.D. Programme, College of Law, University of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Khalil ur Rehman Tariq Lecturer, College of Law, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Consumer, Courts, Protection, Punjab
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)38	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)38
Page Nos:	496-505
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	37
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Assessing the Moral Development Level of Juvenile Delinquents Imprisoned in District Jail Okara: A Case Study
Abstract:	The main purpose of the current study was to assess the moral development level of the juvenile delinquents. An adopted tool “Moral Development Interview Inventory (MDII)” was used for the assessment of moral development level. The study was conducted at District Jail Okara, situated in Punjab province of Pakistan. Five juvenile delinquents were selected as research subjects. Purposive sampling technique was used to carry out the study. Using Quasi-experimental, A-B-A format was adopted to finalize the study. Microsoft Excel version 2016 software was used to analyze the data. The treatment was given for 75 days and one hour daily. The results were drawn after the findings on the basis of discussion. Keeping in view the comparison, it was concluded that treatment has significant effect to promote the moral development of juvenile. It was recommended that treatment program would be prepared to train the juvenile for restoration in the society.
Author/s:	Noor Muhammad Ph. D Scholar, Department of Special Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Hina Fazil Assistant Professor, Department of Special Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Delinquents, Juvenile, Moral Development, Treatment
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)39	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)39
Page Nos:	506-516
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	38
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Sale of Goods and Freighting by Sea: An Analytical
Abstract:	Carriage of Goods by Sea is generally coupled with sale agreements. For just and peaceful commercial environments, importance of governing law and its apt interpretation cannot be denied. In situations resulting from non-performance, frustration of contracts or similar causes, the relevant laws require interpretation. Commerce and trade necessarily require trust and confidence as well as unification and simplicity. International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) have made certain rules and introduced INCOTERMS which greatly help in this regard. In this paper an endeavor has been made to study the significance of contacts of sale coupled with delivery of goods and their consequences. An attempt has been made to differentiate between the old fashioned simple sale/purchase transactions under the provisions of Caveat Emptor and modern sale by description, sample and or trademarks standards.
Author/s:	Dr. Qamar Abad Incharge Ph.D. Program, School of law, University of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan Dr. Ghulam Murtiza Assistant Professor, College of Law, Government College University, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Amir Shahzad Assistant Manager Legal, Gujranwala Waste Management Company, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Affreightment, Bill of Lading, Caveat Emptor, Caveat Venditor, Freight on Board
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)40	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)40
Page Nos:	517-526
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	39
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Exploring the Underpinnings of Ethnicity, Gender and Body Image as Determinants of the Eating Habits of Malaysian Youth
Abstract:	This study investigated relationship between gender, ethnicity, and body image with eating habits of Malaysian youth aged 17-35 years (Malays 148, Chinese 103, Indians 53, Others 5). Of 309 respondents, 195 were female and 114 were male. Questionnaire was adapted from the Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26), the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), the Body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (BI-AAQ) and the Figure Rating Scale (FRS) to explore the differences in perceptions among ethnicity and gender regarding body image as well as eating habits. The association between body image and eating habits was also explored. Findings showed that females preferred slimmer bodies and youth of Indian descent had a higher body satisfaction. Respondents’ fear of gaining weight do not determine their practice of unhealthy eating habits such as skipping meals or eating less as other studies have suggested. For future research, Body Mass Index (BMI) of the respondents to be taken into consideration.
Author/s:	Dr. Gul Muhammad Baloch Senior Lecturer, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Malaysia Dr. Pasand Ali Khoso Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan Dr. Sumera Irum Assistant Professor, Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Body Image, Eating Habits, Ethnicity, Gender, Malaysian Youth
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)41	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)41
Page Nos:	527-542
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	40
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Needs of Continuing Professional Development of College Faculty in Lahore
Abstract:	The present research is designed to explore the needs of continuing professional development of college faculty (CPD) in Lahore. Limited education budgets in developing countries may not allow implementation continuous professional development system and, therefore, researcher proposed that government hire a team of educational experts who work on training of a small number of master trainers that give on job training to untrained teachers in their respective colleges. This system of continuous professional development well in the limited financial resources of Lahore Government and, therefore, has been suggested in the present work for upcoming provincial teachers training projects. The proposed system of CPD has been designed according to teachers training needs of Lahore based colleges. In this qualitative research the related data was collected from interviews of 24 teachers of 18 Girls’ degree colleges where CPD is not followed at present. The interviewed teachers supported the proposed the suggest involvement of Government supervised master trainers to develop education skills of college teachers thereby improving the provincial education system.
Author/s:	Amna Naushahi Ph. D Scholar, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Ashiq Hussain Dogar Controller of Examinations, Department of Education, University of Jang, Punjab, Pakistan Shaista Syeda Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	College Faculty, Continuing Professional Development, Module of Training, Needs of Training, Teacher Training
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)42	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)42
Page Nos:	543-556
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	41
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Socio-Economic and Technological Constraints for Implementation of 5G Technology
Abstract:	The Fifth Generation wireless technology 5G development capabilities depend on 4G technology.5G is struggling to achieve its target of performance. In this paper we will throw light on the different existing generations (1G, 2G, 3G, 4G) and the upcoming one (5G). This paper throws light on the advantages and disadvantages of 5G technologies its need over the 4G technology. 5G mobile communication technology stands for 5th Generation mobile communication technology. The architecture of the Wireless World Wide Web (WWWW) is being investigated by 5G. 5G technology will have the increased bandwidth for all users. Major advantage of 5G network is giving unlimited facilities to all the users. This paper presents an overview of the 5G technology about its advantages disadvantages challenges and need for 5G and also discussing the previous generation.
Author/s:	Rizwan Abbas Lecturer, Department of Information technology, University of the Punjab, Jhelum Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Naveed Jhamat Assistant Professor, Department of Information technology, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Ghulam Mustafa Assistant Professor, Department of Information technology, University of the Punjab, Gujranwala Campus, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	5G Technology, Technological ConstraintsSocio-Economic
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)43	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)43
Page Nos:	556-572
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	42
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Xenophobia: Consequential Impacts on South Asian Politics
Abstract:	The success of European Union (EU) as an economic cum political community gave hope to many regional areas around the globe to follow their example for regional stability. South Asia is one of them. Thickly populated, strictly religious, and full of territorial controversies are those dynamic which not only identify as major characteristics of south Asians but also proved a hindrance for the fulfillment of that dream in which they wished to work as one unit like EU. The hypothesis which initiates this research is that, avoidance of religious zeal in politics, helped the formation and success of EU, either this concept is applicable in South Asian political scenario. The objective of this research is to analysis those factors particularly religious xenophobia (Augustine & Jonathan C. Augustine, 2012) which maintained a statuesque in south Asian political dynamic and hinders its working as one unit like EU. There are two questions which are needed to be answered before reaching any conclusion, first, what are the dynamics of south Asian politics and How religious intolerance drives and effects regional politics in South Asia internally and externally. Apparently the failure of SARC indicates after the two decades of twenty first century, that the states of south Asian region are not yet prepared to take a leap where their economic preferences outnumbered their religious feeling even regarding diplomatic relations.
Author/s:	Dr. Umer Hayat Head of Department, Humanities and social science, Bahria University, Islamabad, Pakistan Dr. Humaira Dar Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, GC Women University Sialkot, Punjab, Pakistan Kanza Naz Assistant Professor, Pakistan Studies, Govt. Post Graduate College for Women Kasur, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Conflict, European Union, Regional Politic, South Asia, Xenophobia
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)44	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)44
Page Nos:	573-584
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	43
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Impact of Organizational Justice on Performance of Employees at University Level
Abstract:	The current study explored the intention to identify the impact of organizational justice on university employees’ performance. This research was drawn on the Positivist paradigm under Quantitative approach for the attainment of objectivity in the results. The data was collected through the Survey method from 60 university employees comprising of 43 male and17 female. Accordingly, 40 employees from public universities whereas 20 from private universities by the Simple Random sampling technique. The university employees ‘Organizational Justice’ (OJ) was measured by the University Employees Organizational Justice Questionnaire (UEOJQ) that was adopted after having permission from the developers. Whereas, employees performance was measured by taking their performance score calculated by their institutions in terms of their evaluation through performance evaluation report (PER). The results helped to conclude that organizational justice has a significant impact on the performance of university employees. On the basis of these results, it is recommended that university administration may revise their policies of organizational justice while considering the employees’ current needs consider sharing the results of performance evaluation of employees at regular intervals that become the reason to motivate the employees to work with more devotion.
Author/s:	Muhammad Subhan Yousaf Ph. D Scholar, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Ijaz Ahmed Tatlah Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Shumaila Mahmood Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Interactional Justice, Performance, Procedural, University Employee
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)45	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)45
Page Nos:	585-593
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	44
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Hydro-politics in Iran and Afghanistan: An Overview
Abstract:	This paper is an overview of the water issue that is escalating for past few years both in Iran and Afghanistan. There is no such dispute that has been ever reported between these two countries that are on the territory unlike the regional countries with the likes of Pakistan and India. The basic issue that is compromising the relationship of these two countries is the water from Helmand River. Both the countries are almost landlocked countries and they have very few resources through which they can complete their need for water and hence the Helmand River is important for both of the countries. Both the countries are building dams without proper research. They are bent on building more dams and wells without authentication of environmental institutes which is a major cause of the environmental change in the area. Both the countries are harvesting crops which are not suitable for the environment and hence they have a very low production rate. It is very important for both of these countries to come to agreements and solutions for their disputes as it will clarify a lot of issues between these countries. The United States of America played an important role and tried to bring both the countries on the same page. This was important to assure peace in the area and help these two countries to come up to an agreement.
Author/s:	Prof. Dr. Iram Khalid Chairperson, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Sitwat Zahra Ph. D. Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Afghanistan, Hydro-politics, Iran
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)46	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)46
Page Nos:	594-605
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	45
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Social Media Reliance: News Channels as Source of Information in Pakistan
Abstract:	Social Media is now becoming a vast source of getting information relating to almost every aspect of social, political, religious and physiological perspectives in a democratizing country like Pakistan. This paper attempts to explore the reliance to news channels of Pakistani TV on Social Media with reference to information, ratings, policies and issues. Qualitative research design was followed to explore the phenomenon of reliance to social media. Snow ball sampling technique was used to collect data of media persons through gathered through in-depth interviews of participants. Participant’s response was thematically analyzed for the evaluation of results. Different aspects of the verification process of news channels the information gained through were analyzed. Theories of uses, gratification and media dependency were related with results. It was concluded that the search engine ads, display ads, micro and macro targeting, Google demographics, audience bar, sprout etc. were the major source of information for audience and productive for the TV channels. It was also concluded that brand awareness and brand reputations sustains the attention of its viewers on TV channels so, services by software’s analyst can aid in perceptions of information.
Author/s:	Dr. Muhammad Rashid Khan Assistant Professor, Institute of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Kashif Ali M Phil Communication Studies, Institute of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Asmat Ullah Independent Researcher and Development Expert, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Brand Reputation, News Channels, Reliance, Social Media, Source of Information
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)47	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)47
Page Nos:	606-617
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	46
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Role of School Based Factors in Improving Secondary School Students Performance in Mathematics
Abstract:	The current study was carried out to identify the role of school-based factors to influence the students’ achievement in mathematics. Cross-sectional survey research under the umbrella of descriptive research of quantitative approach was carried out. With the help of a two-stage random sampling technique, the sample was selected. A questionnaire-based on two sections demographic and 3 factors (teaching methodologies, the working routine of teachers, and resources) were comprised of 5 points Likert scale developed by the researcher. The validity of the questionnaire was assured with the help of experts whereas reliability was checked through piloting having a value of 0.72. on the other hand, the students’ performance was measured through their midterm exams prepared by their mathematics teacher. The findings of this study helped the researcher to conclude that students are agreed that they have sufficient resources in their schools as its mean value is highest among other factors and students achieve satisfactory marks in mathematics as well as there is a positive as well as significant but week correlation between these two variables which highlighted there is the influence of school-based factors on students’ achievement in mathematics who are learning in 10th grade at secondary schools of Lahore. These results provide a guideline to policymakers to update their policies regarding curriculum implementation at the school level regularly by keeping in mind the students’ needs, potential, and requirements of the present era.
Author/s:	Dr. Fayyaz Ahmad Ranjha Education Officer, School Education Department, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Shaheen Pasha Assistant Professor, Chairperson, epartment of Special Education, University of Education, University of Education , Lahore , Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Shakeela Shah Assistant Professor, Department of Curriculum Development & Instructions, Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Mathematics, Performance, School-Based Factors, Secondary School Students
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)48	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)48
Page Nos:	618-627
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	47
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Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Teacher Effectiveness of Secondary School Teachers
Abstract:	This study was designed to measure the relationship between emotional intelligence and teacher effectiveness. Emotional intelligence is an ability to monitor personal and others’ emotions before taking some action or showing some behavior. Teacher effectiveness is a construct that measures how frequently teachers perform certain roles based on some standards. It was a correlational study. Using multistage sampling technique, the researchers randomly selected 40 male and female high schools (strata) in Okara district. Later, all 380 teachers of English and Mathematics in these schools were sampled for the study. Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire (α=.82) and School Self-Assessment Instrument for Teacher Evaluation (α=.86) were used as tools for data collection. Pearson correlation coefficient demonstrated that emotional intelligence and teacher effectiveness were strongly correlated with each other. Moreover, female teachers demonstrated better in emotional intelligence than male teachers, while male teachers were better than female teachers in their score on teacher effectiveness. It was recommended that female teachers may be given training to improve their effectiveness on teacher quality factors, while male teachers need to be more intelligence while demonstrating their emotions.
Author/s:	Dr. Muhammad Akram Associate Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Farrukh Munir Lecturer, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Samavia Zafar University of Education Lahore, Pakistan
Keywords:	Assessment, Emotional Intelligence, Emotionality, Self-Control, Sociability, Teacher Effectiveness, Teacher Evaluation, Wellbeing
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)49	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)49
Page Nos:	628-645
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	48
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Challenges to the Electoral Politics of PPP in Sindh in 21st Century
Abstract:	Provincial elections in Sindhh as special rule in the electoral politics of Pakistan. Sindh assembly rule can be understood through its rule in parliament that include National Assembly, Senate and president as it has constitutional rule to elect the senate and president. Pakistan people’s party is a leading political force that has been playing role for strengthening of democracy in Pakistan. There have been ups and downs in the electoral politics of PPP since 1971. The electoral politics and performance of the PPP in the Sindh remains very responsive as people in Sindh never discredit the PPP despite the fact the PPP has done nothing good for them during its rule in the province of Sindh that has prolonged on nearly three decades. Political Alliance against PPP has been very attractive and active since 1988 but their performance in the field of elections remains not good and appreciable. Nature of these political alliances and their performance in elections of Sindh is basic idea of this work as status quo in Sindh electoral politics is intact and any change in this status quo cannot be predicted.
Author/s:	Karim Haider Syed Lecturer, Pakistan Study Center, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Imran Khan Lecturer, Government Graduate College Hafizabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Alliances, Elections, Electoral Politics, PPP, Sindh
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)50	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)50
Page Nos:	646-655
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	49
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Political Satire and ‘Brazen Censorship’: Cartooning, Pakistan-US-India Political Ties and Government Backlash
Abstract:	Popular discourses assume that in the world of political cartooning, nothing is too sensitive and too outrageous; they can intimidate and instigate the powerful stakeholder of a country. Political cartoonists have capacity to criticize and comment on serious political matters and raise voices of general public but it is only possible if their political system provide freedom to them to play with their pens and brushes. This study primarily aims at drawing the attention to the point that how the dynamics of free speech and freedom to political cartooning in Pakistan have been changed with the same patterns of depiction of the United States-Pakistan-India relationships in different political eras and state foreign policies of the county. Therefore, political cartoons from three highest circulated newspapers (The News, Dawn and Nation) were selected from post-Cold war (January 1991) to October 2019. Political cartoons only related to Pakistan-United States-India political ties were analyzed under the Barthes’ model for Semiotic.
Author/s:	Dr. Ayesha Ashfaq Assistant Professor, Institute of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Savera Shami Assistant Professor, Institute of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Shazia Ismail Toor Lecturer, Institute of Communication Studies, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Brazen Censorship, Government Backlash, Political Satire, Political Ties
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)51	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)51
Page Nos:	656-672
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	50
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Politico-economic Scenario of Pakistan: A Way Forward
Abstract:	The study shows debt for development is a deception and funding are canoodling the sovereignty, entrapment and distressing economic policies of Pakistan. Underdeveloped and developing states are lured by loans for transformative developmental and infrastructure projects illuminating any significant relationship between financial institutions, state’s financial backing and economic growth whether it is positive or negative. The study is focused to draw conclusion and make recommendations through analysis whether Pakistan should borrow from US, China, IMF, friendly countries and other financial institutions, or look for other ways of handling under developing economies and starvation. The lender states by using their own brand of “debt trap diplomacy” is compelling smaller states to stomach by their injunctions. This will have maleficent corollaries for the borrower countries and is likely to bounce back on funding state or institution. It is worthwhile to know that how the lender states and financial institutions through financial assistance and loans trying to pursue its geopolitical or geostrategic interests in Pakistan? The lender states are snuggling the sovereignty under the shadow of Infrastructure upgradation, road, rail and energy sector development of the borrower states and the financier institutions focusing well on finding resilient solution to economy of Pakistan.
Author/s:	Javed Iqbal Ph. D Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Prof. Dr. Iram Khalid Professor, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	BRI, CPEC, Rollover Loan, Debt Trap, Financial Sovereignty, Geopolitical, Geostrategic, New Silk Road, Predatory Loan
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)52	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)52
Page Nos:	673-686
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	51
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Prospective Teachers’ Critical Thinking Disposition, Problem Solving Skills and Self-Efficacy: A Relationship Study in Pakistan
Abstract:	The researcher undertook this study to find out the relationship between prospective teachers’ critical thinking disposition, problem solving skills and self-efficacy. 712 participants from two public universities of Lahore were selected as a sample. Data was gathered through questionnaire and qualitative research was done. Analysis was done through different statistical analysis techniques. The results showed that there exist a significant moderate and positive relationship between critical thinking disposition, problem solving skills and self-efficacy. It is encouraged that programs and workshops aiming to impart critical thinking disposition, problem solving skills and self-efficacy awareness in teachers of the future may be added into the teacher training curriculum. Additionally, it is suggested that instructors should make a conscious effort to create class environments that may prove helpful in nurturing and promoting critical thinking disposition, problem solving skills and self-efficacy in prospective teachers as it may prove vital for their careers as a prominent and successful teacher.
Author/s:	Ehtisham Manzoor M. Phil Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Tariq Hussain Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Aroona Hashmi Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Critical Thinking Disposition, Problem Solving Skills and Self-Efficacy
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)53	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)53
Page Nos:	687-696
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	52
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Role of Women Legislators in Decision Making Process: An Assessment of Punjab Assembly(2008-2013)
Abstract:	With the commencement of the 21st century, substantial initiatives have been taken by Member States of the United Nations regarding women’s rights and concerns. United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) directed all states to formulate and implement strategies to develop gender equality and women empowerment by ensuring women’s existence in decision-making structures. Pakistan also took various initiatives regarding women’s rights and increased their ratio of representation in both Central and Provincial Bodies. It is a fact that interests of a community can be better represented and protected by their own community representatives. In this perspective, this paper intends to highlight the relationship between women empowerment and decision-making, with particular focus on the role of women legislators of Punjab Assembly, during the period of 2008-2013. To accomplish the mentioned task, the paper explores the ratio of women, appointed as decision-makers and analyzes their contribution in legislative process, while keeping focus on commencement of bills and resolutions regarding women’s rights. The findings indicate that female members in Punjab Assembly are not getting fair representation on decision-making positions. Except for a few, most women legislators remained inactive and in-operative during the whole tenure. Collectively, they were unable to actively participate in the legislative process. They also remained inept in promoting the rights of their gender community.
Author/s:	Rehana Saeed Hashmi Associate Professor, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Hina Rashid Ph. D Scholar, Department of Political Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Decision Making, Legislation,Punjab Assembly, Women Empowerment, Women Legislators
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)54	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)54
Page Nos:	697-712
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	53
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In-Service Training at Federal Government Educational Institutions (Cantts/ Garrisons): Investigating Trainees’ Perspectives about Trainers’ Practices
Abstract:	This study aimed to investigate the “trainees’ perspectives about the teacher trainers’ practices at Federal Government Educational Institutions (Cantts/ Garrisons)”. The survey was conducted for this study. The sample consisted of 94 Elementary School Teachers from 23 schools of FGEI’s (C/G) Lahore region. The instrument for data collection was developed by the researcher which was consisted of four point Likert rating scale with 36 items. The results showed that the “trainees’ reaction” was not satisfactory as most of the trainers were not well trained. So, the trainers conducted training sessions autocratically and did not carry out the variety of activities. However, due to the trainees’ socialization with each other during training sessions, they learnt different activities, strategies, techniques and tactics to cope with the problems being faced during teaching. Their interaction with each other during the training session not only improved their teaching skills but also students’ learning out comes. Whereas, there was no significant difference found between trainees’ perceptions on the basis of gender and experience. So, the Directorate of FGEI’s (C/G) may hire the subject specialist trainers along with the provision of training related material, strict directions to follow the agenda and execution of activities in order to make the training sessions fruitful.
Author/s:	Dr. Ghazal Khalid Siddiqui Assistant Professor, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Farzana Yousaf Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Shahid Zulfiqar Ali Zulfiqar Ali, Department of Education, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Elementary School Teachers (ESTs), Federal Government Educational Institutions (FGEI’s), In-service Training, Teacher Trainers, Trainees
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)55	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)55
Page Nos:	713-723
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	54
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Role of Behavioral Intervention in Developing Non-Verbal Communication Skills in a Boy with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case Study
Abstract:	The current study focused to investigate the efficacy of discrete trial training program under multiple contexts for developing social communication skills in a boy with autism spectrum disorder in Pakistani society. Single subject experimental design was employed to investigate the phenomenon of the study. This research design was consistent with specific reversal design (Seah, 1997) such as A-B-C-D-E-A and two follow up periods. Enrolled children at Govt. Special Education Centers across the Punjab province of Pakistan were taken as the population of the study. The researchers completed the procedure into seven steps. Descriptive statistics supported the researchers to describe the features of the obtained data of the study. Task objective 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 was developed at higher percentage during phase E, phase C, phase E, phase E, and phase E respectively.
Author/s:	Hina Hadayat Ali Ph. D Scholar, Department of Special Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Hina Fazil Assistant Professor, Department of Special Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Autism Spectrum Disorder, Discrete Trial Training, Non-Verbal Communication
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)56	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)56
Page Nos:	724-739
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	55
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Perception of Cryptocurrency: Adoption Challenge Among Crypto-Investors
Abstract:	This study aims to explore cryptocurrency investment experiences from an emerging market context. This study investigates the lived experiences of cryptocurrency investors, the potential risks and benefits of the cryptocurrency investment, and the potential prospects from cryptocurrency investors’ perspectives. The current study intends to adopt a qualitative research approach to address the phenomenon of the study. The qualitative study employs interviews as a data collection tool that allows researchers to seek people’s stories from their lived experiences. In this regard, the interpretivism paradigm is employed as it indicates that people determine the reality around events rather than other factors. Moreover, the purposive sampling technique is adopted to discover and recruit the current study respondents, which were in alignment with the proposed research questions. The interviews were terminated at the point of saturation, where a total of twelve cryptocurrency investors participated in the survey.
Author/s:	Dr. Ghulam Mustafa Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology, University of the Punjab Gujranwala Campus, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan Hafiz Amaad Research Scholar, Department of Information Technology, University of the Punjab Gujranwala Campus, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Naveed Jhamat Assistant Professor, Department of Information Technology, University of the Punjab Gujranwala Campus, Gujranwala, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Cryptocurrency Investment, Digital Economy, Investor Perception, Paperless Economy
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)57	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)57
Page Nos:	740-760
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	56
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Issues and Management of Transgender Community in Pakistan: A Case Study of Lahore
Abstract:	The purpose of this paper is to highlight the issues of transgender community of Lahore. The exploratory cum analytical method of research is applied to the study. The literature was reviewed as part of an extensive study on transgender community in Pakistan. The interviews were also conducted with open end questionnaire and snow ball sampling techniques. The first author of this paper interviewed 20 transgender people in different localities of Lahore that are recruited through the help of NGO Akhuwat Fountain House Khawajasera Support Program Lahore near civil Secretariat. To protect the confidentiality of research articles, there were no audio recorded, only detailed notes were written on pages. Interviewees were paid Rs. 200 to cover their time. The first author then analyzes the interview reports. The study suggested the recommendations to the management of the transgender community of Pakistan. The study also explored the fact that mismanagement of the transgender community is affecting the overall sexual behavior of the society.
Author/s:	Imran Alam Assistant Professor, University Law College, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Saqib Khan Warraich Assistant Professor, Department of Political Science, GC University Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Naveed Ur Rehman Lecturer, University Law College, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Fundamental Rights, Hijra, Lahore, Social Issues, Transgender
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)58	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)58
Page Nos:	761-770
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	57
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Representation of Political Issues in Electronic Media: A Case Study of Peace and Conflict
Abstract:	Political issues are most discussed matters of any country and media also plays vital role in establishing political sphere of any country. The research aimed to examine what kind of role TV plays while highlighting political issues of Pakistan. The study also aimed to see the agendas of media organizations regarding political issues. Working under agenda setting theory and framing theory the study used content analysis to meet the objectives. By taking frames of peace, conflict and neutral the research analyzed two talk shows of leading channel from 13 August to 18 Dec 2014, the Dharna era. The findings revealed that political electronic media create conflict while highlighting political issues instead to develop peace environment and deface political sustainability. The study concluded that media have their own particular interest and affiliations toward certain political parties and political issues are highly focused by media organizations as compare to other social problems.
Author/s:	Faiza Bajwa Lecturer, Center for Media and Communication Studies, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Punjab, Pakistan Muhammad Haseeb Sarwar Lecturer/Coordinator, Department of Mass Communication & Media, University of Narowal, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan Rooh ul Amin Khan Assistant Professor, Department of Media & Communication Studies, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Conflict, Frames, Peace, Political Issues, Representation, Talk Shows
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)59	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)59
Page Nos:	771-784
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	58
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Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Pupils’ Attitudes Towards Technology (PATT) Scales: A case of Pakistan
Abstract:	The study seeks to investigate the psychometric properties of the Pupils’ Attitudes Towards Technology (PATT) Scales in technical education institutes of Punjab, Pakistan. The philosophical paradigm of the study was positivism while descriptive research design of quantitative research approach was used to confirm the structure of PATT. 300DAE students were selected from nine technical education institutes of Punjab. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) was applied to confirm the structure of PATT Scales by using Smart-PLS 3. The results indicated that the value of Cronbach’s alpha and composite reliability for the General Interest in Technology (GIT); Attitude Towards Technology (ATT); Consequences of Technology (CT); The Concept of Technology (TCT) were acceptable and greater than 0.70. Meanwhile, the convergent validity and discriminant validity of all the PATT Scales were adequate and higher than 0.5. It is recommended that administrators of Polytechnic Institutes and Colleges of Technology may identify the kind of students who wish to learn technical education by considering their attitude towards technology that might effect on future academic achievement.
Author/s:	Dr. Tariq Hussain Assistant Professor, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Nisar Abid Ph. D Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Ehtisham Manzoor M. Phil. Scholar, Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Pupils’ Attitudes towards Technology
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)60	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)60
Page Nos:	785-794
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	59
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Cultivating Hope and Resilience: Meeting the Climate Change Challenge
Abstract:	This study contributes to transforming climate change trauma and despair by mitigating the risk and fostering a pro-environmental attitude within young people. Considering human emotions are essential in offering an immediate, effective response to high-risk situations, possible courses of action can be formulated—all in an effort to direct this fear and hopelessness towards a positive engagement with the environment in order to solve global warming. Bearing in mind the fact that literature and arts have the potential to dramatically alter perceptions and emotions, my study argues that efforts towards raising awareness for the importance behind pro-environmental and sustainable behaviour (in order to mitigate climate change risk) can be made more effective through engagement with literary humanities. The creative pedagogies as suggested in this paper serve to sensitise the participants to environmental calamities, as well as to encourage the ecological thinking.
Author/s:	Munazza Yaqoob Associate Professor, Department of English, female Campus, International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
Keywords:	Climate Change Fear, Climate Change, Environmental Consciousness Hope and Resilience, Pro-Environment Pedagogies
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)61	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)61
Page Nos:	795-805
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	60
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Pedagogy for Sustainable Educational Development of Students with Special Needs: Teacher’s Perspective
Abstract:	Training, learning, and practical experiences are included in sustainable education in formal and informal settings, increasing the community involvement and personal development of students with special needs. The fourth goal of sustainable development clearly described the surety of quality of education for all. Priority is not only given to the normal students but also included students with special needs. With suitable pedagogy for sustainable educational development, every aspect of students' lives with special needs can be promoted. This study aimed to identify the important components for sustainable educational development for students with special needs. A self-developed questionnaire comprised 20 statements was used to collect the data against the Likert scale (Cronbach Alpha .87). Fifty teachers of special education were selected as a sample to collect the data. Data were analyzed through SPSS using descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The study concluded that according to the perceptions and responses of teachers' poverty reduction, appropriateness of curriculum, active participation of the special students, least restrictive environment, and special students in general setup are the necessary components for the educational sustainable development. It was recommended that teachers should adapt the curriculum and pedagogies to meet the specific learning needs of students with special needs.
Author/s:	Dr. Hina Fazil Assistant Professor, Department of Special Education, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Saira Zafar Ph. D Scholar, Department of Special Education, University of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan Hafiz Muhammad Afzaal Ph. D Scholar, Department of Special Education, University of the Punjab, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Education, Pedagogy, Students with Special Needs, Sustainable Development
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)62	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)62
Page Nos:	806-8818
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	61
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The Impact of Aerobic Training on Psychological fluctuating of Degree College Students in District Sialkot
Abstract:	Aerobic exercise provides cardiovascular conditioning. The term aerobic actually means “with oxygen,” which means that breathing controls the amount of oxygen that can make it to the muscles to help them burn fuel and move. Aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) is physical exercise of low to high intensity that depends primarily on the aerobic energy-generating process. “Aerobic” means “relating to, involving, or requiring free oxygen” and refers to the use of oxygen to adequately meet energy demands during exercise through aerobic metabolism. In general, light- to moderate-intensity activities that are sufficiently supported by aerobic metabolism can be performed for extended periods of time. What is generally called aerobic exercise might be better termed “solely aerobic,” because it is designed to be low-intensity enough so that all carbohydrates are aerobically turned into energy. The purpose of the study was to find out “Effect of Aerobic Training on Psychological Variables of Degree College students.” To achieve this purpose, 40 males& female in the age group ranging from 22 to 23 years’ students studying in degree college of district Sialkot were selected randomly as subjects. The following aerobic training were selected for 12 weeks of training for 40 subjects. Criterion variable and psychological variable were selected measured using stress. It was used for pre-test and post-test. The result shows that the 12 weeks of aerobic training develop stress performance. Aerobic training develops stress performance.
Author/s:	Mehwish Manzoor Visiting Lecturer, Department of Physical Education, University of Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan Sairh Jabeen Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan Shazia Nosheen Game Supervisor, The Islamia University Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Aerobic Training
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)63	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)63
Page Nos:	819-833
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	62
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Reflections of the Parents of Dropout Children: A Qualitative Study
Abstract:	Basic Education is compulsory in Pakistan by law and all the education policies from the birth of Pakistan endorse free basic education. Now the question is that, can they attain their objectives in time? Instead of taking many effective initiatives by the government, Pakistan is unable to cop this situation due to many reasons. This study explores the reflections of seventy five dropout children parents by documenting their voices. Cultural, demographic, psychological, socioeconomic factors and policy barriers emerged from the thematic analysis of semi structured interviews by NVivo 11 plus. Illiteracy, poverty, distance, teachers’ behaviour, subject and language problem, and policy structure and organization become the major causes to leave school. The description of parents towards dropout children problems helped the researchers to design new interventions in the form of policy implications, which would keep up the literacy rate, retention of children in schools and quality of education.
Author/s:	Farzana Yousaf Lecturer, University of Education, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Dropout, Parents, Qualitative Research, Reflection
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)64	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)64
Page Nos:	825-847
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	63
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A Comparative Study of Personality Dynamics between Boarders and Day Scholars at Higher Level
Abstract:	Personality is a vibrant organization, inside the individual, of psychophysical structures that produce a person’s distinguishing patterns of behavior, judgments, and feelings. The major objective of the present study was to determine the personality dynamics of boarder students and day scholars. The sample of the study is comprised of 150 male and 150 female students taken from public sector universities of Lahore district. NEO personality inventory developed by McCrae and Costa, (1995) was used to collect the data. Inferential statistics were applied to compare the personality dynamics of hosteller and day scholars based on their gender and discipline of study. Results indicated that hostellers are less sociable, talkative, gregarious, assertive, active, ambitious and expressive as compared to day scholars. Male students showed significant personality dynamics than female students. By comparing disciplines, students enrolled in humanities group revealed more personality development traits than science students. This study recommends suggestions to the higher education institutes to provide mentoring programs for the boarders to strengthen their personality development traits.
Author/s:	Kiran Shehzadi Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Umm e Farwa Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Farzana Yousaf Lecturer, Department of Education, University of Education Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Day Scholars, Higher Level, Hosteller, Personality Development Traits, Students
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)65	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)65
Page Nos:	848-858
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	64
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Cyberbullying the Meek: Conceptualization of University Undergraduate Students
Abstract:	Cyberbullying happens through the data information technology through cell phones, instant messages, email, social networks, pictures, web journals, chat room, videos are a few cases of Cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is one of the darker and all the more upsetting perspectives to the developing openness of new media most researches directly indicate that meek students easily become the victim of Cyberbullying. This dissertation examined the conceptualization of university undergraduate students about Cyberbullying the meek. The study was qualitative in nature and mix method research design was used to conduct this study. The data collection instruments were semi-structured interview and questionnaires. The responses of 20 students collected through focus group interview and responses of 100 students collected with questionnaire. The present study revealed that meek students commonly became the victim of Cyberbullying. Majority of students said that Cyberbullying is affecting their academic performance. In present study students recommend that institutions should make policy to prevent Cyberbullying.
Author/s:	Bismillah Sahar Ph D Scholar, IER, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan Dr. Ejaz Ahmad Mirza Ph D Scholar, Education Officer, QAED Punjab, Pakistan Shakeela Parveen Ph D Scholar, IER, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
Keywords:	Conceptualization, Cyberbullying, Meek
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)66	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)66
Page Nos:	859-867
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	65
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Changing Characteristics of Legal Education in Pakistan: Prospects and Challenges
Abstract:	This paper focuses on changing characteristics of legal education in Pakistan. After independence, several institutions were established in Pakistan for imparting legal education. is well established that the supremacy of rule of law and justice is pre-requisite for development in any state and it can be strengthened and ensured by the concerned belonging to legal arena, such as, Bar and Bench and academicians. The regulatory authorities for imparting legal education are Higher Education Commission (HEC) and Pakistan Bar Council (PBC). In Pakistan, the recent Judgment of Supreme Court is significant for legal reforms as it proclaims serious measures for improvement in legal education. It concludes that still there is room for further improvement even after implementation of the Judgment in its true sense. It recommends that further legal reforms are needed for improvement in legal education. Finally, conclusions and Recommendations will be given.
Author/s:	Dr. Sardar M.A. Waqar Khan Arif Head of Department, Department of Law, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan Professor Dr. Muhammad Mahroof Khan Dean, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan Bushra Bannian Lecturer, Department of Law, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Kotli, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan
Keywords:	Bar and Bench, Legal Education, Pakistan Bar Council, Pakistan's Legal System
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)67	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-2)67
Page Nos:	868-880
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	66
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Challenges and Solutions in Wash: A Study of Tharparkar Desert in Pakistan
Abstract:	This paper assesses the existing water, sanitation and hygiene issues faced by people in Tharparkar. This desert district faces an acute water shortage problem followed by poor sanitation and inadequate hygiene conditions. Two stage sampling methods are adopted to select villages and households for this study purpose. Physical visits, FGDs and personal interviews were conducted to examine WASH status in targeted areas. The study found that 95% of villages have groundwater as the only major water source which is saline to brackish with high TDS ranging from 3500-7000 ppm. 93% of people practice open defection and 60% don’t wash their hands properly after defecation. 65% of schools don’t have latrine facilities. Available latrines don’t have water facilities. Handwashing facilities in toilets are almost unavailable. Water storage is not practiced adequately. Overall hygiene conditions are not satisfactory. The study recommends consolidated efforts by all stakeholders to improve WASH conditions in Tharparkar.
Author/s:	Jhaman Das Hirani Technical M&E Expert, Independent Researcher, Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
Keywords:	Hygiene, Tharparkar, WASH Challenges, Water and Sanitation
DOI Number:	10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)68	Details Download
DOI Link:	http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)68
Page Nos:	881-892
Volume & Issue:	v3-2
Article #:	67
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