News
- PSSR is handed over to Orients Social Research Consultancy (OSRC) from Fatima Gohar Educational and Welfare Society
- Quarterly Published
- Paper submission last date for Volume 4 issue IV (December, 2020) December 31, 2020
- Recognition by Govt of Pakistan (HEC) in Y category.
Contents Volume 3, Issue 2
| Social Media and Political Awareness in Pakistan: A Case Study of Youth | ||
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| Abstract: | This study was designed to investigate the role of social media in promoting political awareness among the youth of Pakistan, recognizing the fact that new interactive technologies have powerful impacts on youth in augmenting their political knowledge. This study is descriptive in nature and quantitative by approach.The target population of this was students of BS and MS Programmes Public Sectors universities in Gujranwala division. The data was collected with a questionnaire and a test and was analyzed by applying descriptive statistics. The results of the study showed that social media plays a vital role in socializing the Pakistani youth but the results of the Test showed the lower level of political awareness among the students. This study recommends that educational institutions and public departments should share their authentic information via social media to create the political awareness among the students. | |
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| Keywords: | Social Media, Pakistani Youth, Political Awareness, Political Knowledge | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)01 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)01 | |
| Page Nos: | 1-13 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 1 | |
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| Impact of Monetary Policy on Stock Exchange in Pakistan: Maturity Wise Data Analysis | ||
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| Abstract: | This study examines the role of discount rate in monetary policy through different deposit rates in Pakistan. The discount rate is the key to monetary policy of a country. The monetary structure of it is not much strong as compared to developed countries. Time series data is used from 1980 to 2016. Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) and Phillips Perron (PP) unit root test are applied for checking the stationary condition of the variables. The results of both tests confirm that all variables are of stationary at first differences. Therefore for the long run relationship among the integrated series is determined by applying the Engle and Granger method. This study finds incomplete and asymmetric adjustment of interest rate pass through and there is ascending rigidity in deposit rates of the country. This study suggests a strong monetary policy in the country to a wide-ranging and effective role of discount rate in Pakistan | |
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| Keywords: | Monetary-Policy, Deposit Rates, Asymmetric Adjustment | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)02 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)02 | |
| Page Nos: | 14-29 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 2 | |
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| Gender Quota in Pakistan: An Analytical Study | ||
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| Abstract: | This study critically evaluates the different gender quota policies adopted by Pakistan and what have been the actors and factors responsible for such strategies. Although the constitution of Pakistan grants equal rights to women, but these constitutional provisions had not improved the status of women accordingly. The descriptive research mythology has been adopted for this paper. Study has found that gender quota has always been introduced in isolation. There looks complete alienation between civil society and political elites. In the absence of a favorable social structure and cultural traditions, only constitutional provisions of equality could not guarantee the provision of any rights to a marginalized segment of the society. | |
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| Keywords: | Patriarchal Structures, Women’s Representation, Political Institutions Gender Quota | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)03 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)03 | |
| Page Nos: | 30-46 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 3 | |
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| Investigating the Impact of Simplified Statutory laws to Expedite Justice in Pakistan | ||
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| Abstract: | This study endeavors to simplify the statutory laws to make the speedy court trials in Pakistan. In this regard, the linguistic adequacy of lawyers and law teachers regarding intelligibility and time spent on reading laws is examined. So the issue of convoluted nature of legal language playing a role of impeding the comprehension and requiring much time can resolve the issue of delayed justice. For this, two questionnaires were formulated comprising of statues with both versions followed by different items were distributed among the law practitioners and law teachers to gather the date. And then, data was quantitatively analyzed. The findings revealed a clear picture of impact of simplified statutory laws on law stakeholders ‘comprehension and time. Through this study, the relative impact of original and simplified statutory laws is systematically measured in Pakistani academic and occupational legal context and subsequently Plain English Language Movement is suggested. | |
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| Keywords: | Legal English, Plain English, Plain English Language Movement, language and law | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)04 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)04 | |
| Page Nos: | 47-61 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 4 | |
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| The Women Harassment Act 2010: Impacts on Pakistani Society | ||
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| Abstract: | This study is designed to explore the pros and cones of Women Harassment act 2010 in Pakistan Women are not secured at public places for this security women Harassment Act 2010 was introduced, It is seemed that implementation of this Act is absent (legal and implementing issues are seen) like the other acts passed by the national assemblies of Pakistan. Explanatory and narrative method is followed to elaborate the topic and findings are that passing the laws and acts is not enough but the implementation is important. The lament is that implementation is not regulated efficiently and properly. Implementation of laws must be ensured, regulated and checked at periodic basis. Women’s quota and seat in assemblies Legislation regarding women and infant health, etc. is not securing the women in our society. | |
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| Keywords: | Women, Harassment, Impact, Society, Law | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)05 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)05 | |
| Page Nos: | 62-73 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 5 | |
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| Success vs Failure Prediction Model for SMEs: A Study of South Punjab and Baluchistan | ||
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| Abstract: | This paper examines the factors that lead to success or failure of Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) operating in South Punjab and Baluchistan. There is lack of studies that have conducted in this setting particularly in Pakistan.. Using quantitative approach the data was collected through questionnaire adapted from Lussier Model to measure the success and failure factors of SME’s. The data was analyzed by using e-views to examine the reasons for the success or failure using logistic regression statistical analysis. The result of this study showed that proper business planning, employee staffing, adequate capital inflow and partnerships are important for the viability, management experience, and planning play important role for the success of SMEs. The findings of this study help the SMEs owner, managers, policy makers, practitioners and other professional advisor to improve the success of SME’s by focusing on proper planning, professional advice, relevant industry experience, education, staffing, age, and to avoid failure by maintaining and improving proper record keeping and financial control | |
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| Keywords: | Small and Medium Enterprises (SME). South Punjab, Baluchistan, Lussier Model, Success, Failure | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)06 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)06 | |
| Page Nos: | 74-85 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 6 | |
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| Pakistan Nuclear Doctrine from Minimum Deterrence to Full Spectrum Credible Minimum Deterrence (FSCMD) | ||
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| Abstract: | In this study, attempt is made to briefly highlight theories and correlates them with Pakistan’s nuclear doctrine. Theoretical foundation of this study is based on realist philosophy and the off-shoots of realism. Nuclear doctrines are developed to deter aggression or deal with circumstances involving probable nuclear warfare. Pakistan’s nuclear ability has deterred Indian military from any aggression. Despite having entrenched political differences, the two republics have not aspired for any large-scale military adventure ever since the acquisition of nuclear capability. SverreLodgaard framed the term “political advantage,” for exultant deterrent role of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons. It is asserted hither efficacious practice of nuclear deterrent to preserve strategic objectives embedded sense of “virtual victory” in the psyche of Islamabad stationed bureaucrats. This doctrine stems from Pakistan’s opposition to Indian declaration that South Asia falls in Indian sphere of influence. Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan is though unwritten/customary yet, it is based on various handouts issued by national command authority (NCA) and Inter Services Public Relations (ISPR). Statements and interviews of civilian strategists, senior serving and retired government armed forces officials serve the purpose of providing policy guidelines for customary nuclear doctrine | |
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| Keywords: | Nuclear Doctrine, Realism, South Asia, NCA, Realism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)07 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)07 | |
| Page Nos: | 86-101 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 7 | |
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| Security Dynamics in Saudi-Iran Relations: An Analysis (1997-2013) | ||
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| Abstract: | This qualitative study aimed to discuss and analyze the complex regional security dynamics that have influenced and shaped the foreign policy of two Iranian presidents, President Muhammad Khatami (1997- 2005) and President Mahmud Ahmadinejad (2005-2013) towards Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia and Iran are gripped in a zero-sum game, contesting for land, economic resources, weapons and most specifically regional hegemony. An ancient historical and territorial dispute, age-old cultural, ethnic and linguistic differences have brought the two powers in deep-seated mistrust and acrimony. All these factors further encouraged the two nations to support their proxies through funding, military arms, soldiers, and by promoting sectarianism. In 2011, the Arab Spring escalated the Saudi-Iranian rivalry and further derailed the fragile stability and security conditions of the region. The nature and pattern of relations between the two regional rivals is highly significant as their mutual relations not only affect their domestic politics but also the strategic and political landscape of the entire middle eastern region | |
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| Keywords: | Zero-Sum Game, Territorial Disputes, Sectarianism, Regional Security Dynamics, Hegemony | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)08 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)08 | |
| Page Nos: | 102-115 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 8 | |
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| Critical Analysis of Rohingyan Crisis in Myanmar and its Impact on Neighbouring Countries | ||
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| Abstract: | This article argues that Rohingya as “illegal citizens” in Myanmar and as refugees in other states of South East Asia are a marginalized community of the world and also increase challenges for receiving states. Myanmar has been deliberately declared them illegal citizens and demolished their villages after the latest genocide and build military barracks along the Bangladesh border. So, now almost two million Rohingya are living in refugee camps in different countries. For this article qualitative method and secondary data such as newspapers and articles are used. For ethnic cleansing of Rohingya from Myanmar, government and Buddist monks used the religion and ethnic cards; they introduced many policies such as citizenship bill of 1982, the Rohingya exodus and 969 movement. As a result, many people fled to neighboring states and become a challenge for the economy and society of receiving states such as Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. | |
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| Keywords: | Rohingyan Crisis, Myanmar, Genocide, Bangladesh | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)09 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)09 | |
| Page Nos: | 116-127 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 9 | |
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| Enigma of Political Parties in Political Socialization of Pakistan: A Case Study of Muslim League | ||
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| Abstract: | Political Parties play a vital role in shaping the future political attitude of an individual. This study was designed to determine the role of political parties generally and Muslim League particularly in socializing the people of Pakistan politically. Mix Method was used generalize the results of this study. A total number of 385 voters were randomly selected form Gujranwala Division, a questionnaire comprising of 37 statements on five-point Likert scale with one open ended statement was developed and the collected data were analyzed by applying the descriptive and inferential statistics. The results of the study showed that the political parties especially Muslim League could not perform continuously and the level of political socialization among the masses of Pakistan remained low. Pakistan Muslim League should present a clear ideology and party manifesto to retain their representation at the National and Local level to socialize politically the general masses of Pakistan. | |
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| Keywords: | Political Parties, Political Socialization, Pakistan Muslim League, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)10 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)10 | |
| Page Nos: | 128-141 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 10 | |
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| Comparison of English Language Learning Strategies Used by Punjabi and Pashto Undergraduates | ||
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| Abstract: | For the last three decades, there has been an emphasis on autonomy in language learning. An important feature of this phenomenon is research into language learning strategies (LLS). Several studies have been conducted to find out relationship between LLS and several other variables including gender, class and academic achievement. However, there has been no study till date about the relationship between second/foreign LLS and different L1s. The present study tries to fill the same gap. Using data from 200 students, half whom had Pashto as their first language and the other half Punjabi, the study tried to understand whether L1 plays any role in choice and employment of LLS. Results revealed that both the students belonging to both the speech communities reported lower frequency of LLS use. There was no significant difference in the reported frequency of LLS use in five out of the six subscales of LLS. The study makes certain recommendations for future research. | |
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| Keywords: | language Learning Strategies, academic achievement, second/foreign Language | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)11 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)11 | |
| Page Nos: | 142-152 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 11 | |
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| A Sociological Study of Contributing Factors of Educational Exclusion of Children in Southern Punjab, Pakistan | ||
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| Abstract: | There are many factors such as (low economic status of the parents, children involvement in domestic and earning activities, language (English) barrier, long distance from home to school, attachment with traditions/ patriarchal thinking, disability of the children, retention of the children from the school etc.) of the educational inclusion of the school age children. South Punjab is the socially excluded region where school age children faced more educational exclusion than Upper Punjab. The researcher selected 600 households in which 5-9 years old child/children was/were available and was/were excluded from primary education. Interview schedule was used for data collection and data was analyzed by using SPSS. It was found that the most prominent factor was the economic factor that compelled the parents to exclude their children from schools because they did not afford the educational costs. It is recommended that at micro level the community development programs should be started and at macro level the government of Pakistan should have to increase the educational budget | |
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| Keywords: | Capability, Educational Exclusion, Educational Inclusion, Disability, Southern Punjab | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)12 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)12 | |
| Page Nos: | 153-163 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 12 | |
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| Modal Auxiliaries in Pakistani English Newspapers: Social and Pedagogical Perspectives | ||
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| Abstract: | This study aims at analyzing the nativisation of certain modal verbs in Pakistani English newspapers. The modal verbs convey social meanings apart from their grammatical functions. In many cases the choice between will/would and can/could is not in accordance with the norms of Standard British English. Modal auxiliaries are considered very problematic for non-native learners and speakers. This study examines the use of modal-auxiliaries-verbs in Pakistani written English with special focus on their social and pedagogical perspectives. The data for the study have been taken from English newspapers. The frequency list has been generated by using the software AntConc 3.5.7. The findings of the study can be used to teach the auxiliaries to the students of English particularly in the appropriate social contexts. | |
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| Keywords: | Modal Auxiliaries, Pakistan English, Pedagogical Perspective | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)13 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)13 | |
| Page Nos: | 164-177 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 13 | |
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| The Dilemma of Democracy and Democratization: A Case Study of Pakistan’s Political System | ||
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| Abstract: | In the recent decade, it is judgment by many spectator and member that the most momentous trend in world politics is the appearance of democratization. So far, Pakistan has not much acquaintance about democratization. Pakistan contains the reappearance of several multi-parties systems, along with civilian administration and brought to power through elections Therefore, in widely and competitive political culture has reemerged. Current study showed that there is significant relation between democracy by the ways democratization and political system. A historical process was involved in democratic transition to democratization. However, if democratization is certainly known as a question can be raised here that how do we evaluate when democratization has been merged or stabilized in political system of Pakistan? The study argued that democratization achieved if democratic period of government increased decade after decade. In Pakistani politics, serious issues are raised when the democratization returned as the major structure as a political system of Pakistan. There are sure possibilities of democratization in political system of Pakistan. | |
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| Keywords: | Democratization, Democracy, Political Parties, Political System and Political Leadership | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)14 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)14 | |
| Page Nos: | 178-188 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 14 | |
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| Physical Activity and Sports to Prevent Suicidality among School-going Adolescents | ||
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| Abstract: | The qualitative systematic review aims to present critical analysis regarding association of involvement in sports and physical activities with suicidal behaviors among school-going adolescents. Twelve major research databases were considered for search and following systematically identification, screening, and assessing eligibility, a total of thirty studies (29 cross-sectional and one longitudinal) were finally included in this review. This qualitative synthesis found weak support in favor of beneficial effects of involvement in sports and physical activities on reduction in suicidal behaviors for male school-going adolescents. However, these findings are less consistent for developing countries and minority groups in advanced countries. Findings regarding relationship of these variables for female school-going adolescents are inconclusive. Future studies with strong study designs and utilization of gold standard validated measuring instruments are essential for strong evidence particularly resolving controversial findings emerged for females | |
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| Keywords: | Suicidality, Sports, Physical Activity, Schools, Adolescents, Social Worker | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)15 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)15 | |
| Page Nos: | 189-203 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 15 | |
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| Peace Building through Religious Tourism in Pakistan: A Case Study of Kartarpur Corridor | ||
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| Abstract: | This qualitative study examines the process of Peace Building through Religious Tourism in Pakistan. Pakistan has many religious sites of shrines and temples. Gurnanak Sahib stayed his last eighteen years of his life at Kartarpur, Narowal, Punjab, Pakistan. The Government of Pakistan addresses the problems of the Sikh community, and the Kartalpur corridor in the Sikh community is innovative for the entire Sikh community. These Sikh communities can visit the holy saints of Kartapur without a visa. Today, world started to acknowledge Pakistan’s efforts towards achieving peace in the country. The findings of the study expose that Kartarpur; a religious place of Sikhism in Pakistan may play a vital role in the peace building image and economic sector through increased international tourist arrivals. Therefore, the Federal Government should consider taking advantage of the country's religious tourism potential, developing strategies to protect religious archeological sites, and providing facilities to tourists to visit sacred sites is needed. Enough hospitality for believers, in addition to generating income, helps to improve the soft image of the country | |
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| Keywords: | Religious, Peace Building, Tourism, Kartarpur, Sikhism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)16 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)16 | |
| Page Nos: | 204-212 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 16 | |
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| Application of Agenda-setting, Framing and Propaganda during News Production Process | ||
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| Abstract: | The present research is a meta-analysis of agenda-setting, framing and propaganda literature to highlight the application of these three approaches of media effects during news production process. An extensive literature review of these three theories was conducted. It is proposed through this article that the news content that is received by the consumers goes through a complicated process application of different theoretical approaches which help to shape up the final product of a news item and the final news product somehow becomes different then the first hand information. A process model of agenda-setting, framing and propaganda is proposed during news production process. That helps to understand the links present in the above mentioned theoretical approaches | |
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| Keywords: | Agenda-Setting, Framing, Propaganda, News Production Process, Meta-Analysis | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)17 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)17 | |
| Page Nos: | 213-228 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 17 | |
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| Mediating Intimacy through Phatic Tokens in Social Media Communication: A Pragmatic Inquiry | ||
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| Abstract: | People nowadays have most of their conversations on social media apps. They use many phatic tokens while having online conversations. The present study aims to analyze the types of phatic tokens youngsters use in their conversations on social networking sites. Laver’s theory of phatic tokens and Scheff ’s Bond Theory have been used as theoretical framework for better understanding of this discursive mechanism of phatic communication. Following mixed method approach, a small scale corpus of watsapp real interactions have been collected from 10 participants and analyzed using mixed method approach. Data reveal that phatic tokens perform the function of conflict avoidance hence very helpful in keeping harmony and balance in the community or a society. It is suggested that knowledge and awareness about the phatic communication should be made compulsory at all levels in different social institutions to create social bonds and minimizes the damages caused by conflicts and tensions, through applications of phatic communications | |
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| Keywords: | Social Networking Sites, Social Media, Phatic Communication, Phatic Tokens, Social Interactions | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)18 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)18 | |
| Page Nos: | 229-240 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 18 | |
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| USA’s Pivot to Asia and China’s Global Rebalancing through BRI | ||
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| Abstract: | The aim of present study is to bring the understanding of the complexity of networked relationships between the two major powers the US and China. In this study there are two main themes 1) US pivot to Asia and 2) Belt and Road Initiative of China. This study is based on Qualitative research where researchers had done content analysis. Key findings of current research are that Indo Pacific region plays a vital role in global power politics due to its geo-strategic and geo-economic importance that’s why US and China two major powers are trying to dominate this region through economic projects in this region. US President Obama proclaimed his policy “Pivot to Asia” to influence region and China announced “BRI” to maintain balance. The study recommends that in present era regions cannot be governed through military presence only. So, economic and financial ties are also important to influence certain regions. | |
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| Keywords: | USA, China, Pivot to Asia, Indo-Pacific, Geopolitical, Security, Quad, Multilateralism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)19 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)19 | |
| Page Nos: | 241-253 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 19 | |
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| Democratic Political Development: A Case Study of Pakistan 2008-2013 | ||
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| Abstract: | Political development modernizes the country by improving institutional functions, national integrity, democratization and political participation. But, this concept could not be sustained in Pakistan due to the domineering behavior of the executive, poor performance of the parliament, lack of judicial independence and military coups. The period 2008-13 saw various events contradicted previous political upheavals. Conduct of continuous elections, the establishment of the coalition government, political cooperation between the opposition and the government on the issues of national importance, increased political participation, vibrant media, restoration of a democratic constitution and abundant law-making, judicial activism to restore constitutional independence of judiciary helped to develop a democratic political system of the country. These political events are explored in this paper which occurred for the first time in the political history of the country and caused political development. This research paper highlights the specific condition of political development in this era and identifies the issues which affect democratic development in the country. It also describes that either democratic political development in Pakistan during 2008-2013 was improved or not? | |
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| Keywords: | Democracy, Political Development, Third World, Judiciary, Separation of Powers, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)20 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)20 | |
| Page Nos: | 254-266 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 20 | |
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| Contextualizing Self (Re)Invention in Modern World: An Urban Sociological Perspective of Exit West | ||
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| Abstract: | The current study questions the impacts of differentiating characteristics of incongruous social locales of modern urban cities and traditional chaotic city in transforming the lives and characters of two individuals in the selected novel. It chooses Exit West by Mohsin Hamid as the text under discussion. It also underscores how salient features of the dichotomous social locales help them to (re)invent themselves in the phenomenon of self-exploration in the differently located geographical terrains. The paper seeks guidance from the critical insights of (Bhaba, 1994; Ashcroft, 2000; Berman, 1988) to analyze and highlight the challenges that modernity and tradition pose to them to intervene in their journey of self-realization. It goes on to underline the causal adumbration that engages them to oscillate between the two opposite poles by bringing them in a fix of ambivalently divided affinities. Subsequently, it aims to highlight how the gravitational pull of the ephemeral modernity and the solidified tradition intrigue to be the determinants of their destiny under different circumstances, clandestinely | |
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| Keywords: | Tradition, Social Locales, Urban Sociology, Self (re)invention, Modernity | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)21 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)21 | |
| Page Nos: | 267-278 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 21 | |
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| Pakistan-China Military and Security Ties: A Qualitative Analysis | ||
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| Abstract: | After China’s emergence as a global power, military modernization, strengthening military ties with other states in different regions of the world, and enhancement in arms exports are some of China’s objectives to achieve.This research paper focuses on analyzing China and Pakistan’s cooperation in defense sector as it is one of the leading elements of Pakistan-China strategic relations. This paper analyzes the Pakistan-China defense cooperation in all three branches (Army, Air Force, and Navy).This research study has employed the qualitative method in which secondary sources of data have taken from existing literature, published and unpublished research works and primary data was collected by conducting interviews of International Relations experts’ to analyze Chin’s defence and security cooperation with Pakistan. The outcome of discussion reflects that in the post 9/11 period, Pakistan and China have strengthen their military and security ties | |
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| Keywords: | China-Pakistan Strategic Partnership, China, Defence, Pakistan, Security | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)22 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)22 | |
| Page Nos: | 279-296 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 22 | |
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| Legislative Measures on Violence Against Women: A Critical Study of The Editorial Caricatures of Mainstream Pakistani English Dailies | ||
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| Abstract: | The study intends to examine, how opinion page illustrations of main stream English dailies depict females’ issues as well as women and men, who characterize in the cartoons are incarnated both individualistically and in association to each other as well as how present the “Women Protection Bill”. Legislative measures on violence against women are directly related to sustainable harmony and peace in society. The study is based on framing theory and researchers’ employed content analysis and semiotic analysis; research methods. The findings show that only 13% editorial caricatures of Dawn and The Nation sketched the women as victim, because of dominating patriarchal society structure. Whereas, the illustrations in The Nation, are being frequently framed gender stereotype roles of women. Though, women protection bill supported by print media but interestingly, editorial illustrations showed “zero tolerance” at religious parties’ suggestions to dilute/revise some of the clauses of legislation for women, as these are, according to Council of Islamic Ideology, contrary to Quran and Sunnah. This paper proposals an imperative insight into how legislation on violence against women delicately portrayed in leading media caricatures. It’s evocative to study the Editorial cartoons; reflect the policy of any news organization and also delicately twist public opinion | |
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| Keywords: | Editorial Illustrations, Punjab Women Protection Bill, Semiotic Analysis, Women Issues, Gendered Stereotypes | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)23 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)23 | |
| Page Nos: | 297-310 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 23 | |
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| Nationalism and Muslim Women During Pakistan Freedom Movement in From Purdah to Parliament | ||
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| Abstract: | Colonial discourse generally depicts domination of colonizers as a threatening force to culture, ideology and civilization of colonized land and it highlights their struggle to liberate them from external tyranny. Building upon this notion, this essay uses Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah’ s novel Purdah to Parliament, to analyze nationalistic tendency, which refer to provide the nationalistic Strule of Muslim women in the pre-independence era. The ascent of Muslim nationalism mingled with idea of separate homeland demanded the enrollment of Muslim women to support the cause. This paper provides indispensable insight into issues related to nationalism and nativism, fabrication of their women’s national identity, their past and their transformation with regard to the idea of nationalism. Along with Fanonian nationalism This notion of colonial power, however, takes into account various mechanisms through which power has been employed by colonizers and resisted at different levels by colonized in order to liberate themselves. This nationalistic struggle depicts that alongside men; creation of Pakistan was also the result of Muslim women struggle | |
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| Keywords: | Nationalism, Pakistan Movement, Muslim Women, Postcolonialism, Hybridity | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)24 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)24 | |
| Page Nos: | 311-321 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 24 | |
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| Consilience: An Integrative Approach for Holistic, Overarching and Deterministic Knowledge | ||
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| Abstract: | This research seeks for a major change of direction in the management research field. As proposed by Kuhn in 1970, the academia and research needs unification of knowledge. The article opens up a critical debate by challenging and questioning the status quo (normal science) (Kuhn, 1970). Employing interpretive and critical discourse analysis it presents three of the integrated praxis in academia i-e multidisciplinarity, interdiciplinarity and transdisciplinarity, highlighting the differences among the stated integrated approaches in academia it presents an overarching approach to integration that encases all the three integrated approaches of the academia – consilience, thus responding to Kuhn’s call and further suggesting how it will be aiding the field of management. | |
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| Keywords: | Consilience | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)25 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)25 | |
| Page Nos: | 322-335 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 25 | |
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| The Effect of Gender, Professional Qualification, and Experience on Teachers’ Perceptions Regarding their Role as a Curriculum Leader | ||
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| Abstract: | This study aimed to explore the role of teachers as Curriculum leaders in educational settings at secondary level. Through this study, researcher tried to evaluate the leadership responsibilities of teachers. After the pilot study, a final questionnaire was developed and administered to one hundred and twenty teachers of different universities of Lahore. The data in general, revealed that the teachers were doing their leadership responsibilities on their own but administration was not properly arranging activities for their leadership development. They were in fact concerned only with the completion of the job. Teachers were therefore just a tool for the implementation of the orders and policies. On the other hand teachers were given freedom in arranging different classroom activities according to the requirement of the lesson. In general, the administrative environment was not collaborative, interactive and knowledge sharing but teachers was personally trying to maintain collaboration. The research noted an interesting phenomenon that majority of staff believed that most of teachers did not concentrate on their role as a curricular activities leader due to the provision of tailor made curriculum | |
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| Keywords: | Teacher, Role, Leader, Curriculum, Effect, Gender, Qualification, Experience | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)26 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)26 | |
| Page Nos: | 336-345 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 26 | |
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| School Crisis Preparedness/ Prevention and Management: A Survey of School Stakeholders | ||
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| Abstract: | The main purpose of this study to explore the perception of school stakeholder responsible for the school crisis management in the primary schools of the Punjab, Pakistan and to address the answer of the question “what are the most crucial factors responsible for the management of the school crisis. In this regard survey study conducted to explore the perceptions of stakeholders through five-point Likert scale. This scale based on school crisis prevention/preparedness and management which self-developed questionnaire. All Primary schools’ stakeholders of the Punjab were targeted for this survey study. Eight districts were selected as sample from three regions of the Punjab through stratified sampling which based on their literacy rate. Three hundred teachers were sampled from sampled schools of sampled districts. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the data. Effective School Crisis management and preparedness is required for the security and wellbeing of Educational Institutions | |
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| Keywords: | School Crisis Preparedness School Crisis Management | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)27 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)27 | |
| Page Nos: | 346-363 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 27 | |
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| The Urban Informal Economy and Earning Facilitations: Evidence from District Multan | ||
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| Abstract: | Urban informal sector is a vital source of employment to wide array of labor in urban territories. This study surveys urban informal sector with specific objective to assess the monthly earning dynamics of the individuals. For this purpose, primary data was collected by field survey of District Multan with sample size of 200 individuals engaged in informal sector. The ordinary least square method is in corporate for estimation of results. The findings show significant and positive contribution of education, age, duration of working hours, and experience toward monthly income. Work shift and annual pay rise are traced for no effect whereas, family size showed mixed results. Marital status, nature of work, and road conditions to work, where significant, are found to positively affect monthly income. The need of time is to investment in urban informal sector to amplify the horizon of job opportunities and income of labor in urban informal sector | |
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| Keywords: | Urban Informal Sector, Low Paid Jobs, Ordinary Least Square | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)28 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)28 | |
| Page Nos: | 364-379 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 28 | |
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| Orientalism and its Relevance to Colonial Sources of South Asia: An Analysis | ||
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| Abstract: | This paper focuses on the discourse of Orientalism that was started with the book of Edward Said Orientalism. According to Orientalism the Europeans had no right to write a history of East because they observe East as others and they do not understand the true nature of Eastern culture. Therefore, according to Said, they distorted the history of Orient. Here this article specifically throws light on Orientalist discourse presented in British colonial sources on South Asia. For facilitating the understanding, discussion on indo-Orientalist sources are dichotomized; one group comprising sympathetic writers and the other consisting of writers who observed India with antipathy. This article will explore how Eurocentric colonial sources on India established stereotypes while at the same time brought overlooked past of this country to the pages of history. Because in the case of India these outsiders actually preserved of its history and brought ancient past into broad daylight. Although these writings of Europeans are not free from the Euro-centric approach still they had credit to preserve the past of India | |
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| Keywords: | Orientalism, Colonial Sources, Indo-Orientalist Sources, Eurocentric Sources. Stereotypization | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)29 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)29 | |
| Page Nos: | 380-391 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 29 | |
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| TQM and EMO Relation and Effects on Export Performance of Furniture Firms in Pakistan | ||
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| Abstract: | The export of furniture industry is observed low in last few years. However, the manager / owner of furniture firms is looking for suitable strategies to increase the exports of the industry. However, the main objective of the study is to investigate the mediating role of export market orientation (EMO) between total quality management (TQM) and export performance (EP) of the small and medium furniture firms in Pakistan. The survey technique has used to collect the responses; the total one hundred nineteen (119) usable responses were received. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to analyze the data. The results of the study revealed that TQM and EMO influenced the SME export performance. Moreover, EMO plays a mediating role between TQM and SME export performance in furniture industry of Pakistan. The present study’s results motivate owner/managers of SMEs for more effort and investment in TQM implementation. Future research is encouraged to validate current work in service industry. | |
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| Keywords: | Total Quality Management, Export Market Orientation, Export Performance, PLS-SEM Analysis, Furniture Industry | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)30 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)30 | |
| Page Nos: | 391-406 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 30 | |
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| Effect of Collaborative Learning Strategies on Student’s Science Achievement at the Elementary Level | ||
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| Abstract: | The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of collaborative learning strategies on student science achievement. The study was experimental in nature. The Nonequivalent Control Group Design was applied to conduct the study. All the students of grade eight of district Sheikhupura were the population of the study. The sample consisted of eighty students enrolled in grade eight, selected through simple random sampling technique by belting from two public secondary schools of district Sheikhupura. Eight grade science test developed by the Punjab Examination Commission (PEC) 2018was used by the researcher to collect the data from the sample. Collaborative learning strategy (Jigsaw) was used during Intervention. The duration of the intervention was twenty-six weeks and the full book of General Science was taught to the students. The data were analyzed by using statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) version 22. Mean score, Standard Deviation, independent sample t-test and ANOVA were applied. Results indicated that collaborative learning strategies have a significant effect on student science achievement. The results of the study were likely to help teachers, administrators and policy makers in improving the quality of teaching and learning of Science at the elementary level | |
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| Keywords: | Collaborative Learning, Strategies, Science achievement, Social Skills, Jigsaw | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)31 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)31 | |
| Page Nos: | 407-423 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 31 | |
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| Sanctity of Property Rights and Title Enforcement: Philosophy versus Realty perspective on Pakistan | ||
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| Abstract: | This paper intends to analyze De Soto's idea of the mystery of capital in the context of Pakistan. History witnesses the fact that nations that respect property rights, “fought for property rights” thrived with economic growth, inclusive institutions and democratic regimes, juxtaposed to the nations where property rights were dealt prodigally. But the question arises why developing countries could not catch up developed nations even they are getting so much influential advice from DCs and fore founders of developed nations were very much clear about the importance of property system in the development process. Pakistan has a quite intricate structure of laws and regulations; however, the implementation of title enforcement and property rights is very poor. We recommend that the ambiguity in the property laws should be clarified as the first step towards secure property rights. We also recommend that loopholes in the enforcement and implementation of existing laws should be addressed with a strong political will | |
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| Keywords: | Property Rights, Title Enforcement, Dead Capital, LRIMS | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)32 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)32 | |
| Page Nos: | 424-434 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 32 | |
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| Corporate Governance, Firm Attributes and Financial Performance: Evidence from Pakistan | ||
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| Abstract: | This study aims to investigate the well-established governance-performance relationship for a sample of 201Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) listed firms over the period of 2010-2018 in the context of an important firm characteristics i.e. firm size. Sample firms categorized into small and large size based on total assets. Firm performance measures through ROA, ROE, and Tobin’s Q. Panel econometrics techniques namely fixed effect model and random effect model applied to bridge the relationship between CG and firm performance after confounding effects of firm size, leverage, and firm age. Large firms have higher profit which endorses the size effects benefits enjoying by big firms than smaller firms. Furthermore, large firms better implemented the governance code than small firms. Overall CG remains significant towards accounting return (ROA) and market measures (Tobin’s Q) but remains valueless in terms of return on equity (ROE). In the perspective of firm size, larger firms got enriched with higher profit through better implementation of governance mechanism than smaller firms which remains deprived from this values enhancing effect of corporate governance. Results suggest to strengthen the governance mechanism in smaller firms too, to reap the benefits of CG in terms of higher profitability | |
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| Keywords: | Corporate Governance, Firm Performance, Firm Size | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)33 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)33 | |
| Page Nos: | 435-447 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 33 | |
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| Safety, Health and Wellness Practices in the Public Universities of Punjab, Pakistan | ||
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| Abstract: | The management of employees' safety, health and wellness is a major factor that contributes in the smooth functioning of any organizations. A safe, secure and healthy workforce is an important asset of any organization. Mixed method research was conducted by collecting both qualitative and quantitative data through questionnaire and interviews. The major objective was to analyze the system of safety, health and wellness of university teaching facultyin old and new universities. The study revealed that teachers and administration of universities were generally satisfied with the health facilities i.e. at campus medical facilities, referral facilities, and reimbursement of medical bills. However, CMOs of both types of universities further demanded extension of indoor lab facilities at campus, more doctors and medical staff, and increase in budget. The most common health problem was hypertension followed by diabetes. Other health problems of teachers include ischemic heart disease, seasonal ailments, psychological disorder and musculoskeletal problems | |
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| Keywords: | Safety, Health, Wellness, Universities | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)34 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)34 | |
| Page Nos: | 448-461 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 34 | |
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| Relationship between Physical Activity and Learning Ability: Perception of Physically diminished Adolescents | ||
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| Abstract: | Physical activity is integral part of a healthy way of life and specially in the process of learning activities, the degree to which youth participate in physical activity is therefore of great interest to students and public health. The present study aimed to underline the relationship between effect of doing physical activity and perceptions of physical handicap impaired adolescents, to find the relationship between physical activity and physically handicap adolescents and their perception about learning. A sample of size 684 (male=526, female=158) collected from public sector special/disable institutes in Punjab using simple random sampling. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used Scale for Individual with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD) and found significant under Pearson Chi square. In order to assess the respondent perception by using UCLA scale, the higher proportion (44.6%) of respondents sometimes feel that they are isolated from others, whereas 42.8% of respondents never feel that there are people I can turn to them. Further the analysis of the data yielded that 5 out of 10 respondents seldom feel lack of companionship, no longer close to have anyone, their social relationships arc superficial and no one really known them well | |
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| Keywords: | Learning Ability, Physically Handicap, Learning Perception | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)35 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)35 | |
| Page Nos: | 462-471 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 35 | |
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| Motivation: A Reason of School Efficiency and Effectiveness | ||
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| Abstract: | This research aimed to identify the impact of students’ and teachers’ motivation on school efficiency and effectiveness and measured the difference among male and female teachers view regarding impact of motivation on efficiency and effectiveness in selected public sector schools in Punjab, Pakistan. Concerned variables were examined through quantitative research methods. Research Tool (Questionnaire) was administered on sample of (810) which was chosen through Multistage Sampling Technique. To get results, t-test and regression were used. It was noted that students- teachers’ motivation is associated with school efficiency and effectiveness. Both students and teachers are equally responsible for making the school efficient and effective. This study recommended that emergency facilities provision campaign may be started immediately, Govt. should review its educational and evaluation policies, students’ & teachers’ involvement in decision making may be considered, teachers’ annual increments should be performance based. | |
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| Keywords: | Effectiveness, Efficiency, Motivation, Pakistan, Public Schools | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)36 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)36 | |
| Page Nos: | 472-483 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 36 | |
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| Gendered-based Analysis of Politeness Strategies employed in Henrik Ibsen’s “A Doll’s House | ||
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| Abstract: | Gender differences in using language have been examined for hundreds of years. The study of politeness strategies has much significance in this regard since it clearly reveals the interdependence of gender and language. This paper attempts to examine discrepancies between men and women in a male dominated society by employing Brown and Levinson’s strategies of politeness. The methodology adopted in this study is discourse investigation of Ibsen’s “A Doll’s House”. Brown & Levinson’s model of politeness has been implemented as a tool for the analysis of the utterances of the characters, determining variations between males and females in the use of politeness strategies. The results expose that women are socially restricted to use positive politeness strategies to pay regards towards man’s public face and to show their subordination while men freely apply bald on record, a dominating politeness strategy to impose their superiority over women. Moreover, it shows that there are changes in use of women language with the advancement of their social status in which they become more and more self-assertive and independent. Findings will contribute in better understanding of the phenomenon of politeness and its implication on men and women conversational styles. | |
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| Keywords: | Brown and Levinson, Culture, Gender, Language, Politeness Strategies | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)37 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)37 | |
| Page Nos: | 484-495 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 37 | |
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| Consumer Protection and Role of Consumer Courts in Punjab | ||
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| Abstract: | Currently, only seventeen out of thirty six districts of Punjab have consumer courts. The main role of these consumer courts is to protect the interests and rights of customer. The purpose of this research is to find out whether these courts are performing this role well and for this purpose; this study carefully examines the decisions of these courts and their number and concludes that these courts have been able to perform this role effectively. But the establishment of consumer courts in all districts of Punjab is an urgent need of time to provide justice to the customer at his doorstep. | |
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| Keywords: | Consumer, Courts, Protection, Punjab | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)38 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)38 | |
| Page Nos: | 496-505 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 38 | |
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| Assessing the Moral Development Level of Juvenile Delinquents Imprisoned in District Jail Okara: A Case Study | ||
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| Abstract: | The main purpose of the current study was to assess the moral development level of the juvenile delinquents. An adopted tool “Moral Development Interview Inventory (MDII)” was used for the assessment of moral development level. The study was conducted at District Jail Okara, situated in Punjab province of Pakistan. Five juvenile delinquents were selected as research subjects. Purposive sampling technique was used to carry out the study. Using Quasi-experimental, A-B-A format was adopted to finalize the study. Microsoft Excel version 2016 software was used to analyze the data. The treatment was given for 75 days and one hour daily. The results were drawn after the findings on the basis of discussion. Keeping in view the comparison, it was concluded that treatment has significant effect to promote the moral development of juvenile. It was recommended that treatment program would be prepared to train the juvenile for restoration in the society. | |
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| Keywords: | Delinquents, Juvenile, Moral Development, Treatment | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)39 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)39 | |
| Page Nos: | 506-516 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 39 | |
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| Sale of Goods and Freighting by Sea: An Analytical | ||
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| Abstract: | Carriage of Goods by Sea is generally coupled with sale agreements. For just and peaceful commercial environments, importance of governing law and its apt interpretation cannot be denied. In situations resulting from non-performance, frustration of contracts or similar causes, the relevant laws require interpretation. Commerce and trade necessarily require trust and confidence as well as unification and simplicity. International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) have made certain rules and introduced INCOTERMS which greatly help in this regard. In this paper an endeavor has been made to study the significance of contacts of sale coupled with delivery of goods and their consequences. An attempt has been made to differentiate between the old fashioned simple sale/purchase transactions under the provisions of Caveat Emptor and modern sale by description, sample and or trademarks standards. | |
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| Keywords: | Affreightment, Bill of Lading, Caveat Emptor, Caveat Venditor, Freight on Board | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)40 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)40 | |
| Page Nos: | 517-526 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 40 | |
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| Exploring the Underpinnings of Ethnicity, Gender and Body Image as Determinants of the Eating Habits of Malaysian Youth | ||
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| Abstract: | This study investigated relationship between gender, ethnicity, and body image with eating habits of Malaysian youth aged 17-35 years (Malays 148, Chinese 103, Indians 53, Others 5). Of 309 respondents, 195 were female and 114 were male. Questionnaire was adapted from the Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26), the Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ), the Body Image-Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (BI-AAQ) and the Figure Rating Scale (FRS) to explore the differences in perceptions among ethnicity and gender regarding body image as well as eating habits. The association between body image and eating habits was also explored. Findings showed that females preferred slimmer bodies and youth of Indian descent had a higher body satisfaction. Respondents’ fear of gaining weight do not determine their practice of unhealthy eating habits such as skipping meals or eating less as other studies have suggested. For future research, Body Mass Index (BMI) of the respondents to be taken into consideration. | |
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| Keywords: | Body Image, Eating Habits, Ethnicity, Gender, Malaysian Youth | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)41 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-II)41 | |
| Page Nos: | 527-542 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-2 | |
| Article #: | 41 | |
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