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Volume 6, Issue 2
Articles
Interrelationship between Remittances and Economic Growth: Evidence from SAARC Countries |
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| Abstract: | The basic purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of foreign remittances in the performance of the economy of Pakistan. The selected variables in this study were gross domestic product (GDP), remittances (REM), gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), population (Pop), gross national expenditure (GNE), and imports (Imp). GDP is taken as the dependent variable and we investigate the impact of all remaining independent variables on GDP. This study used the panel data throughout 2002-2019. The data is collected from World Development Indicator (WDI). This study implies a unit root test to observe stationary of data and a model of Panel Auto Regressive Distributive Lag for Specification of data. To analyze short-run and long-run associations among variables, coefficients of variables are measured. Remittances, GFCF, and GNE have a positive impact on gross domestic product whereas Pop and Imp are negatively correlated with the GDP. However, remittances have strongly affected economic growth and play an important role to boost up economic growth of selected developing countries. | |
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| Keywords: | Developing Countries, Economic Growth, Remittances | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)01 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)01 | |
| Page Nos: | 01-14 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 1 | |
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Politics of Ethnic Identities and Conflicts: A Case Study of Hazara and Siraiki Ethno-Nationalist Movements in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | Since its inception, Pakistan has been beset by a multitude of traditional and non-traditional threats to its sovereignty and territorial integrity. More specifically, ethno-nationalist movements of various shades continue to threaten the physical cohesion of the country. Pakistan is one of the most ethnically diverse nations in the world. The persistent and pervasive socio-economic underdevelopment of certain ethnic groups drives identity politics and centrifugal tendencies in the country. The centre-province friction has been a major fault line holding the country back from metamorphosing into a vibrant and strong federation underpinned by distributive justice, ethnic harmony and cultural pluralism. Significantly, the tone and tenor of ethnic politics has been changing over time from the search for socioeconomic, political and cultural security to the vociferous demand for carving out new provinces along ethnic lines. By critically analyzing the cases of the Siraiki and Hazara ethno-nationalist movements, this scholarly endeavour seeks to dissect the dynamics and drivers of sub-nationalism (identity politics); the urgency and importance of new provinces; and the best possible solutions to the ethno-nationalist movements. In sum, this piece of the scholarship will go a long way in providing conflict-resolution-oriented policy input to the policymakers for the amicable resolution of the knotty ethic question. | |
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| Keywords: | Conflict, Ethnic-Identities, Ethno-national movements, Federalism, Hazara Intra-Provincial, Politics, Siraiki | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)02 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)02 | |
| Page Nos: | 15-24 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 2 | |
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Influence of Emotional Intelligence (EI) on Resilience for the Betterment of Work Performance (WP) |
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| Abstract: | The study focuses on work performance in organizations, as it is one of the major issues in modern workplaces. Research not only explored based on empirical evidence through observation and analysis, but also, we collected data as of real time example. Now a day due to COVID-19 pandemic, and omicron variant spread is everywhere. Mostly peoples are hand to mouth and face adverse conditions economically. In any organization, management tries to achieve its objectives within limited its resources. However, to manage workers and their work performance in order to meet the objectives is very difficult task. After establishing the grounds for research within stipulated area, a theoretical framework was drafted to conceptualize the nature of the proposed linkage. A sample of 223 was selected to collect data. After screening the data, and inputting in the software, various tests were employed to carry out analysis and then generate results. Conclusively, results show a significant impact of emotional intelligence on work performance, and the study recommends theoretical and practical implications. | |
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| Keywords: | COVID-19 Perspective, Emotional Intelligence, Managers, Resilience, Work Performance | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)03 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)03 | |
| Page Nos: | 25-39 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 3 | |
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Impact of Social Status of Teachers on Students’ Learning |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of social status of teachers on student’s learning. Population of this study was the secondary schools teachers of District Bagh AJ&K, Pakistan. A sample of 100 teachers and 100 students were selected using a random sampling technique. A questionnaire was developed to collect the data from sample of the study. The validity and reliability were estimated based on opinion of a panel of experts and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, respectively. The data was collected, tabulated, analyzed, interpreted and conclusions were drawn. Finding revealed that unlike other professions teaching profession and teachers are not enjoying the status like other professions. Even than teachers are satisfied with their profession but they are agreed that social status of teachers is declining and political interference to appointing teachers also effects on social status. It is also concluded that poor social image of teachers is a cause of less motivation that’s why value and respect of teacher is declining in our society. The positive and significant correlation is present between social status of teachers and students’ learning. | |
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| Keywords: | Social Status, Students’ Learning, Teachers | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)04 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)04 | |
| Page Nos: | 40-47 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 4 | |
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An Analytical Study of the Religious Thoughts of Allama Muhammad Iqbal in the Renaissance of the Muslims of Subcontinent |
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| Abstract: | The deep-rooted concern of Islam is to develop the mankind to the total submission of his Lord. The purpose was enlightenment of human souls through divine guidance and carry out masses from the gloom and obscurity conditions. Islam flourishes from humble beginning to the civilization. After reaching its apex a continuous decline was observed in the name of modernity through amalgamation of different culture, norms and civilizations. Muslims world confronted lots of problem after the fall of its intellectual center at Baghdad in 1258. Muslims intellectuals, who made progressive work, gave creative ideas, great discoveries, new inventions and innovation which amazed the western world became deprived and experiencing miserable conditions. Same happened in the sub-continent where the Muslims lagged behind other communities. The decline of Muslim rulers increases the state of lethargy to its height. In such circumstances where the tension between the west and Islamization, Sub-continent produced one out standing figure, Sir Muhammad Iqbal, the most serious thinker and philosopher who maintained balance between the conservatives and modernization. Iqbal propagate the real essence of Islam that creates profound effects in the renaissance of Muslims and restoration of Islam. This research intends to recall the Iqbal views and his ideology which provides the remedy in the awful conditions of subcontinent. | |
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| Keywords: | Allama Muhammad Iqbal, Muslims of Subcontinent, Religious Thoughts, Renaissance | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)05 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)05 | |
| Page Nos: | 48-57 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 5 | |
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Macroeconomic Variables the Indicators for the Economic Growth of Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is one of the most important measurements used by experts to assess a country's economic health. Almost all Government and financial decision-makers use GDP as a planning and policy formulation indicator. GDP incorporates the market values of all a country's total products and services over a specified period. This study aims to examine the impact of the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Trade Volume, and the Exchange Rate of Pakistani Currency Rupees concerning the Dollar on the Gross Domestic Products of Pakistan from 1972 to 2021. The nature of this study is quantitative, so used the deductive approach. The Secondary data for the GDP, FDI, Exchange rate, and the balance of trade was taken from the World Bank’s website from 1971 to 2020. The data analysis technique was the regression method which the E-Views did. From the results of this study, it was found that FDI and the exchange rate have a significant impact on the Economic growth GDP of Pakistan. The effect of the foreign direct investment was positive, while the effect of the exchange rate on the GDP was negative. Balance of trade has an insignificant effect on the GDP of Pakistan. From this study, it is concluded that the Government must create a Peaceful environment for a foreigner to invest in Pakistan because it has a significant positive impact on the economic growth of Pakistan. It is also suggested to the Government that the money value fall should be controlled because it negatively impacts the country's economic development | |
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| Keywords: | Balance of Trade, Pakistan, Exchange Rate, Foreign Direct Investment, Gross Domestic Product | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)06 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)06 | |
| Page Nos: | 58-72 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 6 | |
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Education of Generalist Social Work and Fieldwork Practice: Review of Contemporary Structures in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | As a practice-based profession, Social Work emerged in the second half of the 20th century in south Asian countries; Pakistan is one of them. In Pakistan, BS, MA, MPhil and PhD degree programs in Social Work are offered in many universities including University of Punjab, Karachi University, University of Quetta, University of Peshawar, University of Sargodha, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Kohat University of Science and Technology, University of Sindh and BS degree program is also offered in many affiliated colleges and private sector universities. From beginning, generalist Social Work practice is being continued in Pakistan which encompasses micro, macro and mezzo level practice and struggle for the clinical Social Work practice is in process yet. This article aims at explaining introduction to Generalist Social Work in Pakistan by presenting a review of contemporary structures in Pakistan. By using narrative review, this article is a source of enriching indigenous literature of Social Work in Pakistan. It has presented a knowledge-practice model to explain the theoretical grounds of Social Work and Fieldwork institutional practice. | |
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| Keywords: | Fieldwork Practicum, Generalist Social Work Practice, Indigenous Literature, Knowledge-Practice Model,Practice-Based Profession | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)07 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)07 | |
| Page Nos: | 73-82 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 7 | |
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Investigating Metacognitive Reading Strategies to Overcome Barriers in English Reading Comprehension at Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat ,KP, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This study aimed to investigate the role of metacognitive reading strategies used by the students to overcome barriers in English reading comprehension at Kohat University of Science and Technology, KP, Pakistan. The BS English students, a total of 150 samples, were selected through a simple random technique for this study. The Sequential Explanation Mixed Method Study Design was used to collect data from the English Department, to explore students' perceptions of factors that influence reading comprehension , and develop comprehension this is certainly reading metacognitive reading techniques. Analysis of the questionnaire was conducted using SPSS version 22, and interviews were analyzed through content analysis. The results were presented in tables. The findings of this study indicated that use of metacognitive reading strategies like notes taking, highlighting, reading more, re-reading, using strengths, reading goals, and revising background knowledge can develop students' proficiency in reading the text. Finally, Pedagogical implications and recommendations for future research are given. | |
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| Keywords: | Factors, Metacognitive, Reading Comprehension Strategies | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)08 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)08 | |
| Page Nos: | 83-96 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 8 | |
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Item Difficulty in Item Analysis of Intelligence Test Items |
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| Abstract: | Item difficulty is more important technique for item analysis for selecting and rejecting the test items which is utilized by research scholar in present study. This is an effective technique to check the difficulty value of items and on the base of Item difficulty items revised and modified. In current study 1500 participants were recruited voluntarily of required age groups children, adolescence and adulthood. In first try out of test development was prepared 100 items intelligence test. With the help of difficulty valued find out the difficulty value of the intelligence items in Ms excel 2010 and SPSS. There 31 items of intelligence test were rejected on the base of very low and very high difficulty value. Inter correlation within types of intelligence test was high Accepted items item difficulty level was 0.5 and all around above it’s or equal. Through item analysis we rejected 23 items those difficulty value was less than 0.5 and greater than 0.89. item difficulty range was 0.5- 0.88. Eigen values of intelligence types likewise linguistic, observational, mathematical and logical were .88, 776, .80 and .99 respectively. These Eigen values were in acceptable range, thus present intelligence test was reliable. | |
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| Keywords: | Difficulty Value, Intelligence Test, Item Difficulty Value, Linguistic, Logical, Mathematical, Observational | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)09 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)09 | |
| Page Nos: | 97-108 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 9 | |
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Challenges and Problems Faced by University Teachers, while Implementing Autonomous Learning in their University Classrooms |
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| Abstract: | This research study aims to explore the barriers and hurdles may be faced by university teachers while implementing or adopting autonomous learning techniques in their university classrooms. Qualitative research design was used to conduct this research study because the purpose of the study was to explore teachers’ views and perspective about implementing autonomous learning techniques. 10 university teachers who were teaching at university level to different classes were conveniently selected for this purpose. A self-developed interview guide was used to conduct interviews from university teachers. The interview guide was based on open ended probe type questions related to problems university teachers may face if they want to implement autonomous learning in their university classrooms. The average length of these interviews were 23 minutes. The researcher used thematic analysis to analyze qualitative data in this regard different themes and codes were generated to interconnect and simplify the important characteristics of the data. Teachers were opined that this may be a challenging task to implement autonomous learning techniques in their university classrooms and the reasons are: lack of teacher training, disciplinary problems and resistance from students, administrative hurdles, difficulties in developing assessment framework and creating motivational environment for autonomous learning techniques. | |
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| Keywords: | Autonomous Learning, Pre-requisites for implementing AL, Teacher Directed Learning | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)10 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)10 | |
| Page Nos: | 109-121 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 10 | |
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Resurgence of Taliban in August 2021 and Paradigm Shift in their Representation in Newspaper Editorials: Inter-relationship of Genre Analysis and Discourse Analysis |
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| Abstract: | To analyze the representation of Taliban in editorials is important because it reveals the hidden ideological tilt of the editorialists. On conscious level, these ideologies may not be represented in plain language but using discourse analysis and genre analysis, a detailed and perceptive insight is obtained. The editorials have been analyzed which were published in Dawn newspaper in the month of August 2021 dealing with the issue of Afghanistan and Talibanization. Eleven editorials dealt with this theme in August 2021 and all of them are viewed through genre analytical techniques and discourse analysis. It has been found out that the move structure of these editorials comprise five common moves i.e. presenting the case, offering the argument, elucidating the case, reaching the verdict and recommending action. There are no optional moves in the generic move structure of these editorials. Moreover, it has been observed that the representation of Talibans in newspaper editorials after their lightening capture of Kabul in August 2021 has also undergone a paradigm shift. Unlike the negative representation of Talibans in Dawn (Nadeem and Khan, 2017), Talibans are represented in neutral way and the US is chastised. This shows the reciprocal relationship between discourse and society. Unexpected change in the political landscape in Afghanistan brought about this paradigm shift in the representation of Talibans in media discourse. | |
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| Keywords: | Discourse Analysis, Editorials, Genre Analysis, Talibans | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)11 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)11 | |
| Page Nos: | 122-129 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 11 | |
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Loneliness and Social Isolation among Older Women: Coping Interventions a Way Forward |
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| Abstract: | Loneliness and social isolation among older adults is a growing public concerns now a days due to swelling population of older adults and scare financial resources. Older adults are more vulnerable to loneliness and social isolation. It affects their quality of life and a root cause of their bad mental and physical health specifically women in developing countries. This review based paper focused that the quantitative outcome studies to date have been focused only which are failing to account for the other forms of evidence based practices. Therefore, the concerns are growing about the failure of quantitative review regarding the in depth explanations of the diverse perspective on research activity and phenomenology. This paper explored that the reflection of these concerns can be evaluated through the recent research calls for greater qualitative integrated work for better understanding of the intervention designs, implementation process of these interventions and development of results. Thus, this paper discussed that there have been a multiple reviews in this domain which indicated that there is immense need of augment research which may explore coping interventions that really work for tackling the loneliness and social isolation among older women. | |
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| Keywords: | Elderly Women, Evidence Based Practices, Interventions, Isolation, Loneliness, Pakistan Strategies | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)12 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)12 | |
| Page Nos: | 130-137 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 12 | |
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Exploring Students’ Readiness in context of Transformation from Traditional to Online Teaching Practices at Higher Education Institutions |
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| Abstract: | This study analyzed students ‘perceived readiness at Higher Education Institutions in Pakistan. A quantitative approach was used to collect data through survey method from 368 students (151 males and 217 females) from five public sector Higher education institutions of South Punjab, Pakistan. The scale adopted in this study Online Learning Readiness (OLRS) was designed by Hung et al. (2010).The gathered data was analyzed by using SPSS. The collected data revealed that students were highly prepared for online learning and were successful and confident in their online educational endeavors. However, a significant difference was observed in opinion of male and female respondents on five dimensions of scale. In present study, male students exhibited more readiness than female students. These findings will help institutions and teachers with providing further training to improve students' digital skills, ensuring the improvement of learning practices in new online environments, and implementing guidelines and policies. | |
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| Keywords: | Online Teaching Practices, Students’ Readiness, Traditional, Transformation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)13 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)13 | |
| Page Nos: | 138-145 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 13 | |
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Electoral Trends and Political Dynamics of Punjab Province |
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| Abstract: | The electoral process is an integral part of a democratic system. It is the legitimate and constitutional way of coming into power and governing the state. Consistency in the process of elections and a transparent electoral process strengthens the overall political development in the state. The electoral system of Pakistan encompasses multiple factors including identity, party affiliation, local grouping, and provincial-based issues. Punjab has a vital role in the overall political dynamics of Pakistan. In this context, this paper entails a quantitative and qualitative study of the main electoral trends of Punjab. It is being observed that political party-based association, local groupings, factors of caste, biradari, ideology, and religious identities are the main contributing factors in defining the voting behavior and constituency trend in Punjab. | |
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| Keywords: | Biradari, Electoral Trends, Local Politics, Punjab, Voting Behavior | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)14 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)14 | |
| Page Nos: | 146-156 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 14 | |
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Analysis of Occupational Stress of Primary School Teachers |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of the study was to examine the Occupational stress of primary school teachers. The sample of 315 primary school teachers included 104 male and 211 female, was selected conveniently from the primary schools of tehsil Sargodha. Occupation stress scale for primary teachers was used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed through percentages, frequency and t-test. Generally all the primary school teachers have found to be highly stressed. Male primary school teachers expressed more feeling of stress than female teachers. It is recommended that School Education Department may improve the pay packages and provide adequate teaching aids and facilities for better teaching learning process. | |
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| Keywords: | Gender Differences, Occupational Stress, Organizational Culture, Teachers’ Wellbeing | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)15 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)15 | |
| Page Nos: | 157-169 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 15 | |
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Post-Truth Infodemic of COVID-19: Discursive Practice of Trust and Distrust in Mediapolitics |
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| Abstract: | The emerging phenomenon of post-truth has us focus on the conditions of truth instead of objective truth. The world political leaders with the help of their sensationalist media partners use language as a great tool of power to control the behaviors of others by manipulating their thinking with discourse. This study analyses, in the specific context of COVID-19, how the world of post-truth through digitalization of information in media is expanding every hour and becoming a serious threat to humanity trust in media and political institutions. The study is focused on the theoretical framework propounded by Fairclough who believes that discourse refers not only to the linguistic text, but it is, in fact, a social practice and it must be viewed in its whole. The present situation is as lamenting as the distrust of the public in the institutions has been increasing. The post-truth about COVID-19 has shaped the world politics in conflicts and contradiction, which has created so many conspiracy theories. However, the only remedy to these reemerging dark ages is once again the knowledge of truth. | |
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| Keywords: | COVID-19, Digitalization, Discourse Practice, Infodemic, Mediapolitics, Post-Truth | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)16 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)16 | |
| Page Nos: | 170-182 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 16 | |
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Women’s Financial Status, Autonomy and Household Bargaining in the Punjab: A Feminist Analysis |
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| Abstract: | Household is a fundamental unit where family members collaborate and compete for resources. Pakistan is a patriarchal society where women participate and facilitate labor force participation. This research analyzed the relationship between women’s financial status, autonomy and bargaining power within the Punjabi household. The study was conducted in five districts of the Punjab (Multan, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Gujranwala, and Sargodha). The research respondents were having different socio-economic background, culture, religion, urban rural locations, conservative, liberal, educated and uneducated setup and families. To explore women’s bargaining experiences, qualitative research methodology was used and in-depth interviews were conducted by designing an interview guide. In-depth interviews were very helpful for the researchers to understand the dynamics and perspectives of household bargaining prevailing in urban and rural Punjab. The sample consisted of 39 women respondents and their age was between 21 to 70 years. Research findings concluded that women were having limited access to family resources but their active participation in income generating and saving activities ensured better fallback position. Due to cultural notion, rural women were having restricted access to inheritance rights but dowry was a source of up gradation in their financial status, autonomy and better participation in household bargaining. Moreover, working and elderly women were having better bargaining and fallback position in household as compared to widows and divorcees. | |
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| Keywords: | Bargaining Power, Fallback Position, Inheritance, Patriarchal Culture | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)17 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)17 | |
| Page Nos: | 183-196 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 17 | |
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Child Labor in Pakistan: Causes, Consequences and Prevention |
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| Abstract: | This article addresses the underexplored but persistent problem of child labour in Pakistan. Child labour is a constitutionally declared crime in Pakistan yet one can see a little progress in eliminating the scourge of child labour from Pakistan. In fact, it is on the rise. What causes child labour? This article posits that child labour can be reduced in Pakistan if the nexus between extractive state institutions and the exploitative private sector is ruptured. This could be done by strengthening democracy and empowering the parliament, so that it is able to make and implement robust anti-child labour laws in the country. The various laws and the constitution of the country provide in clear terms that child labor is a heinous and prohibited crime which comes at the cost of child and in turn impacting the social, intellectual, psychological and moral development of the child. | |
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| Keywords: | Child Abuse, Child Labor as a Crime, Child labor Laws in Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)18 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)18 | |
| Page Nos: | 197-208 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 18 | |
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The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy Between Emotional Intelligence and Employees' Creativity |
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| Abstract: | Employees' creativity has been an area of concern in the public healthcare sector of Balochsitan, Pakistan. This study aims to examine the direct and indirect effect of emotional intelligence on employees' creativity through self-efficacy. The data for the study was collected from 94 employees working in People’s Primary HealthCare Initiatives (PPHI) through a self-administered survey and was analysed using PLS-SEM through Smart PLS software. The findings of the study revealed that EI is positively related to employees' creativity and self-efficacy. The study also showed that self-efficacy has a positive relationship with employees' creativity. Moreover, the results revealed that self-efficacy mediated the impact of EI on employees' creativity. The findings of this study are crucial for the management of the PPHI in designing policies and practices that enhance employees' self-efficacy and help improve their creativity. Results and discussion of the study are presented at the end. | |
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| Keywords: | Emotional Intelligence, Employees' Creativity, Self-Efficacy | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)19 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)19 | |
| Page Nos: | 209-220 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 19 | |
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Gender Inequality in Pakistan: An Assessment |
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| Abstract: | The gender analysis reveals the widening discrepancy between men and women in a number of sectors, as well as the difficulties Pakistan confronts in addressing these issues. There are only a few data points available on gender gaps in specific areas like educational success, health, and political engagement that could be used to help us reach this goal. A lack of resources and opportunities, as well as a scarcity of knowledge and information, exacerbate the gender gap. In terms of political engagement, educational attainment, and economic production, the study looks at Pakistan's gender disparities. We gathered data from a range of government, foreign development, and local non-governmental organizations for this study. Based on the findings of a gender assessment, a variety of techniques and policies can be implemented to address gender issues. Government education spending should prioritize gender equality while identifying places where there is a greater gender divide. Increased government spending on education and political engagement will have a huge positive impact on rural women. | |
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| Keywords: | Economic Growth Education, Gender Assessment, Political Participation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)20 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)20 | |
| Page Nos: | 221-231 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 20 | |
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Implications of Urbanization on Agricultural Land: A Case Study of Khairpur District, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | Sindh is the 2nd most populated province in the country, half of the population is settled in urban centers; this ratio is increasing day by day owing to privation of facilities and rural poverty. Khairpur district is the 5th largest urban area in Sindh, and growing rapidly, it has eight talukas 76 Union councils, 11 towns, and 6800 villages with 2.4 million population in 2017, a low percentage of the population is settled in urban areas which is 32.3%. But a rapid increase in urbanization has been observed in the last 10 years. A huge number of flood effectiveness shifted from villages to cities during the super flood 2010. Agriculture is the primary economic activity of this region, Date palm, cotton, sugarcane, banana and strawberry are the main crops. Due to unexpected population growth, the housing societies are developed around the main cities of District Khairpur. All those housing societies are developed over the agricultural land, which causes socio-economic deprivation in the research area. The study shows, the rapid urbanization and its impacts on agriculture land in the district. | |
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| Keywords: | Agricultural Land, Implications, Khairpur District, Urbanization | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)21 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)21 | |
| Page Nos: | 232-240 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 21 | |
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Sidney’s Eurocentric Polemic: A Postcolonial Exegesis of “An Apology for Poetry“ |
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| Abstract: | In this paper, we have examined Sidney’s “An Apology for Poetry” from the perspective of contemporary Postcolonial Critical Theory. The treatise under discussion exposes the conceptual underpinnings of European modes of thought, unwittingly projecting a colonial discourse. We have identified such elements from the selected treatise that support such a perspective. This has been carried out through textual analysis of the text that underscores the ‘us/them’ dichotomy rooted in Sidney’s ideological formations. The objective of the research is not only to revisit the selected treatise from the said perspective but also to point out the problematics of race, identity, and the dehumanizing impulse of the colonists by employing the discourse on self/other as projected and theorized by Frantz Fanon (1967) in The Wretched of the Earth and Edward W. Said (1978) in Orientalism. | |
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| Keywords: | Barbarity, Colonial Discourse, Ethnicity, Eurocentrism, Othering, Sidney | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)22 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)22 | |
| Page Nos: | 241-250 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 22 | |
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Exploring the Intervening Role of Top Management Support in the Successful Implementation of ERP: An Empirical Evidence from the Manufacturing Industry of Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The successful implementation of the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP from now) system is a matter of key concern for professionals in Pakistan. The study investigates the impact of three critical factors on the successful implementation of ERP in organizations. A theoretical framework is established with some hypotheses following Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to analyze the gathered data utilizing Smart-PLS (SEM) software. Data collection was done through a survey applying 5 points Likert scale structured questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed to a group of 142 managerial level employees in 18 public & private limited companies in Pakistan. The findings exhibit that both communication and team composition significantly influence the successful implementation of ERP systems. Likewise, the moderating role of top management support is also found inevitable as it has a strong positive impact on the relationship of both indicators. The outcomes may support ERP professionals and decision-makers in Pakistan for successful ERP execution in the future. | |
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| Keywords: | Communication, ERP Implementation, Team Composition, Top Management Support | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)23 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)23 | |
| Page Nos: | 251-261 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 23 | |
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Exploring the Relationship between High-Performance Work Systems, Employee Commitment, and Firm Performance (A Multi Mediation Model) |
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| Abstract: | The study explored the effects of High-Performance Work System practices (HPWS - AMO model) on the employee and organizational performance and mediating role of employee commitments between these two. Hypotheses were tested with a sample of 205 employee-supervisor dyads working in public sector banks and insurance companies of Sargodha and Lahore. The proposed direct and indirect relationships among study variables were tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results showed that ability and opportunity enhancing HPWS practices had a positive effect on the employee and organizational performance. Affective, continuance and occupational commitment are partially mediated between ability and opportunity enhancing HPWS practices and performance. In contrast, normative commitment did not show meditation on the relationship between HPWS practices and employee performance; however, it partially mediated the link between ability and motivation, enhancing HPWS practices and subjective organizational performance. This study suggests that developing a system of HPWS practices in the organizations will not only help the organizations to flourish and stay competitive but will also help in eliciting the right employee attitudes by enhancing employee commitment. | |
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| Keywords: | Commitment, Employee Performance, High-Performance Work Systems, Organization Subjective Performance | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)24 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)24 | |
| Page Nos: | 262-282 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 24 | |
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Exploring the Dark Horses of Power within Family Settings: Patriarchy at The Hands of Woman Shaping Domestic Violence Against Woman |
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| Abstract: | Patriarchy is a social structure that favours male domination in the family. A set of social relations based on the hierarchical structure creates a sense of dependency and subjugation among women. The current research aimed to explore the characters within the family settings that are not only the facilitators but also works as a support to Domestic Violence that facilitates the patriarchal form to sustain that keeps the power nexus in the hands of male intact. The universe was confined to district Rawalpindi with a population comprised of married men and women and their mothers. Twenty women for interviews and 13 respondents (male and mothers-in-law) for 2 FGDs were identified through purposive sampling. The present research employed an inductive approach of thematic analysis. The researchers identified that domestic Violence was prevailing in its different forms through data analysis, where physical and psychological Violence were the most prevalent forms. It was also analysed that the mother-in-law of a female was the basis to help sustain Patriarchy. It was also seen that the women's socialization and resocialization at her family level through the mother of woman also helps to sustain Patriarchy and the power in the hand of male of society. The current research concluded that women play an important role in the inculcation of Patriarchy in the family to preserve their authority and control over other women. | |
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| Keywords: | Dark Horses, Domestic Violence, In-Laws, Patriarchy, Power, Women | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)25 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)25 | |
| Page Nos: | 283-295 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 25 | |
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Relationship between Self-Esteem and Occupational Stress among Professional Rescuers of Rescue 1122 District Kohat |
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| Abstract: | Aim of this research was to investigate the association between self-esteem and occupational stress among professional rescuers in Kohat District, Pakistan. All the professional rescuers of operational backgrounds serving in four rescue stations of Kohat District i.e., Kohat city, Lachi, Shakar Dara, and Gumbat constituted the population of this study. Sample include overall 156 operational rescuers selected through a simple random sampling procedure. To collect data from the professional rescuers, two valid and reliable instruments i.e., the Self-esteem scale was developed by Rifai and Tariq (1999), and Occupational Stress Index was developed by Shrivatsava and Singh (1981) were used. The data was collected by visiting four established rescue stations of Kohat District. After completion of data collection, it was properly organized, tabulated before analyses through SPSS. Different descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were applied. Findings of the current study reported strong negative correlation between self-esteem and occupational stress. Furthermore, it was revealed that self-esteem predicts occupational stress negatively. Outcomes of this research recommend that the self-esteem of the professional rescuers may be improved through different trainings. | |
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| Keywords: | Occupational Stress, Professional Rescuers, Self Esteem | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)26 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)26 | |
| Page Nos: | 296-305 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 26 | |
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Assessing Climate Change Induced Migration: A Communities’ Perspective of District Chaghi and Kila Abdullah, Balochistan |
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| Abstract: | The study was purposed assess the prevalence of climate change induced migration in Distrct Kila Abdullah and Chaghi. Total 160 of the sample respondents were interviewed during field survey. Sample size was chosen based on their respective population using proportionate allocation from each union council. Results revealed that, study area is experiencing migration among populations due to climate induced droughts and extreme weather events. People have migrated due to dry weather, no or limited precipitation leaving their lands dry and no agriculture activity. Most of the small land holders migrated to cope with the situation and manage their earning. The paper recommends the necessary mitigation measures such as, low delta crops, water reservoirs, rainwater harvesting, off season farming, effective irrigation mechanisms, trainings, and awareness to mitigate the impacts of climate induced migration and to respond to migration in the area. | |
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| Keywords: | Balochistan, Chaghi, Climate Change, Kila Abdullah, Migration, Socio-economic | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)27 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)27 | |
| Page Nos: | 306-314 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 27 | |
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Multiplatform News Consumption and Political Participation: Testing O-S-R-O-R Model |
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| Abstract: | This study tests the O-S-R-O-R model of communication effects in the political context of Pakistan. The objective of the study is to investigate the mediating role of political discussion, internal political efficacy, interpersonal trust, and political trust between the relationship of multiplatform news consumption and political participation. A cross-sectional web-based survey design vis-à-vis quantitative methodology was employed to collect data from 444 university students. Findings through structural equation modeling reveal that political discussion mediates the effects of multiplatform news consumption on offline/online political participation. Furthermore, the relationship between news consumption and political participation is mediated by internal political efficacy. However, interpersonal and political trust don’t mediate and all paths involving these two constructs are statistically nonsignificant. In addition, the findings of this study suggest that news consumption via conventional and new media enhances political efficacy and political participation. | |
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| Keywords: | News Consumption, Political Participation, O-S-R-O-R Model, Political Discussion, Internal Political Efficacy, Interpersonal Trust, Political Trust | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)28 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)28 | |
| Page Nos: | 315-336 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 28 | |
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Effect of Activity-Based Teaching on Student Achievement at Elementary Level |
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| Abstract: | In this research, the researcher explored the effects of activity-based teaching on students’ achievement at the elementary level. The researcher further presented significant importance for teachers by knowing the effects activity-based teaching on students’ achievement and highlighted the way forward in order to develop good interaction between the teacher and students on account of activity-based teaching. All elementary school students in public and private sectors of Tehsil Model Town at district Lahore were population of this study. The results of this research encourage teachers to adopt activity-based teaching in their classrooms to produce good result as well as to enhance creative aspect of experience. It also provides the solutions for eliminating the facility gap between public and private sector education system. The study concludes that students at elementary level in public and private sector education can easily achieve higher grades as well as higher order thinking through learning by activity teaching method. | |
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| Keywords: | Activity Based Teaching, Elementary Level, Students’ Achievement | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)29 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)29 | |
| Page Nos: | 337-347 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 29 | |
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Domestic Debt and Economic Growth Sustainability Nexus: An Empirical Analysis of Pakistan Economy |
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| Abstract: | This study is an attempt to make an assessment for the domestic debt and sustainable economic growth nexus for the Pakistan economy. In the absence of the forthcoming sustenance of the domestic debt, internal financial mobilization may prove to be a profligate strategy. This research investigates that either domestic debt has been a catalyst to foster the economic growth sustainability or otherwise. The time series data is considered spanning from 1990 to 2021. To obtain the empirical evidence of the research, Johansen Conintegration, Auto Regressive Lag Model (ARDL) and Granger Causality techniques are applied. The findings of model 1, imply the long run association among the variables. Finding shows that historical pattern of the fiscal deficit and exchange rate positively influence the current level of domestic debt whereas interest rate leaves positive footprints on the domestic debt as well. Findings of the Model 2, explain that domestic debt is not contributing to achieve the sustainable economic growth and necessitate adequate handling while keeping in view the future generations. | |
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| Keywords: | Domestic Debt, Sustainable Economic Growth, Fiscal Deficit, Exchange Rate, Interest Rate | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)30 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)30 | |
| Page Nos: | 348-355 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 30 | |
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An Orientalist Reading of The Travailes of The Three English Brothers by John Day, George Wilkins, and William Rowley |
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| Abstract: | This article investigates the representation of the Oriental characters, particularly the Persians in John Day, George Wilkins, and William Rowley’s joint play The Travailes of the Three English Brothers (1607). The study explores how the writers have attempted to establish and assert the western cultural superiority and soundness of Christianity in the play in contrast to the Oriental culture and Muslims. While employing Edward Said's views in Orientalism, the researchers attempt to deconstruct the three playwrights' Eurocentric perspectives under which influence they have misrepresented the Orient and Oriental characters. It unveils textual contradictions and inconsistencies cloaked under the verbal rhetoric and which usually go unnoticed by a naïve reader. Due to their Eurocentric perspectives, the playwrights have depicted the positive and noble images of the English characters while demonized the Persian Muslim characters which explicitly indicates their biased and prejudiced attitudes towards the Orient in general and the Persian Muslims in particular. These opposite poles of values form what Said terms as binaries in his Orientalism. | |
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| Keywords: | Binaries, Cultural Superiority, Eurocentric perspectives, Orientalism, Representation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)31 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)31 | |
| Page Nos: | 356-367 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 31 | |
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A Corpus-assisted Study of Linguistic Features of Pakistani English Newspaper Headlines |
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| Abstract: | This study attempts to uncover the ideology of journalists and the image of Pakistani Media by examining the linguistic features of headlines related to keywords of Covid, Afghanistan, Facebook, harassment, and the Sialkot tragedy. Headlines on different topics are selected like sports, political, national, and international topics from The Dawn and The Express Tribune from August to December 2021 to create the corpus. To derive frequencies, AntConc 3.5.8 corpus analysis software was used, followed by Fairclough's (1995) three-dimensional model based on three stages of description, interpretation, and explanation. The findings revealed that adjectives, modal verbs, grammatical features, and positive and negative lexical items are employed by journalists in headlines to draw readers' attention and encourage them to read the complete story. | |
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| Keywords: | Afghanistan, CDA, Covid, Facebook, Harassment, Headlines, Tragedy | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)32 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)32 | |
| Page Nos: | 368-379 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 32 | |
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The Gendering of Women in the Discourse of Politics: A Case of Political Talk Shows in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The study explores the position of Pakistani women through an analysis of political media discourse in the backdrop of an emerging discourse on feminism and women empowerment in Pakistan. The undertaken study focused on the frequency and quality of women’s participation in the discourse of politics to unveil sociocultural realities concerning women, their place in Pakistani society, and the treatment meted out to them by their male counterparts when they engage in political debates by employing Fairclough’s method of critical discourse analysis. Findings indicate a slow yet visible change emerging on the political landscape of Pakistan as more women voice their opinion especially on issues concerning prevailing conditions for women in today’s Pakistan. It is also revealed that women continue to be marginalized as indicated by their thin representation in political talk shows and their trivialization by means of cultural frames used to undermine their political standing. Conclusions emphasize the importance of women’s political empowerment inevitable for the progress and prosperity of Pakistan. The study is significant as it adds to the developing literature on feminism and women’s representation in media. | |
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| Keywords: | Critical Discourse Analysis, Gendered Language, Media Discourse, Patriarchy, Political Talk Shows, Women Empowerment | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)33 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)33 | |
| Page Nos: | 380-391 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 33 | |
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Measurement of Creativity Index at Tween Level |
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| Abstract: | The understanding of measuring the creativity of the students has always been neglected and the educated personals are not well aware how to measure the creativity. Educated personals failed to estimate creativity and also mythological understanding of creativity measurement. This study is an attempt to measure the creativity index of individuals at tween level. The objectives of the study were as; i) to accomplish an analytical mode of research in the area of fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration and ii) to estimate the extent of novelty between boys and girls. Research questions were frame keeping in view the objectives using exploratory research approach in quantitative context. In order to achieve the objectives of the study, research instrument (test) was constructed to measure the creativity of tweens. The response value of answers was established after the Wallach and Kogan’s creativity assessment model. The Wah Cantt consisted on 46 schools, was selected as the population of the study. Total sample size was 900 students including 464 boys and 436 girls. The data were interpreted by using Percentage and Principal Component Analysis. The Principal component analysis differentiated the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) significance. KMO test is to measure the how much data appropriate for the factor analysis. it is recommended that the promotional activities should be applied rather than formal and classical approach to further minimize the subject oriented discriminations, the creativity testing, intelligence testing and aptitude testing mode should be included in the entire evaluation system at tween level | |
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| Keywords: | Creativity, Global Creativity Index, Tweens, Wallach and Kogan Creativity Test | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)34 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)34 | |
| Page Nos: | 392-400 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 34 | |
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Revisiting the Link between Foreign Direct Investment and Industrialization on Environmental Quality in Pakistan: Empirical Investigation by Using NARDL |
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| Abstract: | The main objective is to investigate the short-term and lasting non-linear effects of foreign direct investment and industrialization in Pakistan on environmental degradation. The nonlinear autoregressive lag method has been used to analyze the short and long run relationship. Overseas direct funding and Industrialization are split into superb and poor options to find out non-linear dating with CO2. In long run, an increase in foreign direct investment will have a significant impact on CO2 emissions, but a decrease in foreign direct investment will have a negative and small impact. The development of industrialization had a significant impact on CO2 emissions, although the decline of industrialization had a negative and small effect. The government should issue environmental regulations for industrial zones. Innovative administrative and business premises in the workplace are essential to control the pollution caused by imaginative innovation. Foreign financial investors must adopt guidelines and restrictions to search for harmless ecosystems. | |
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| Keywords: | CO2 Emissions, Environmental Degradation, Foreign Direct Investment, Industrialization | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)35 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)35 | |
| Page Nos: | 401-409 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 35 | |
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Cash Holding as a Risk Management Approach through the Lense of Institutional Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Financial Sector of Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The research is investigates the effect of hedging on cash holding of firm by using appropriate econometric technique. The examination is expected to see in the case of cash holding as well as hedging can be viewed as alternate tool for management of risk with choice of investment opportunities. A deductive approach is embraced to look at whether holding of cash as well as hedging supporting are seen as substitutive hazard management devices. In addition to execute quantitative approach and study used secondary data of public & private sector banks of Pakistan. The data was analyzed by used of specialty of STAT-12. Results revealed that cash holding reduced the risk of financial sector of Pakistan and worked as a risk management tool in lieu of hedging with considerable investment opportunities with removing underinvestment problems through the Lense of entrepreneurs. This study is provide the preference to financial sector of Pakistan to maintain level of cash holding of firms as well as used hedging in presence of cash holding. The model will also provide the opportunity of new investment that reduces under-investment problem issues then result is shape of risk management. | |
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| Keywords: | Cash Holding, Generalized Method of Moments, Hedging, Investment Opportunities, Performance Kit, Underinvestment Problems | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)36 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)36 | |
| Page Nos: | 410-427 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 36 | |
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Comparing Women’s Political Participation, Representation, Image and Prominence in the Dictatorial and Democratic Regimes in the Elite English Press of Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This study explores the representation, participation, image and prominence in the elite English press of Pakistan i.e. The Nation and DAWN in two different regimes i.e. dictatorship and democracy in the time period of Gen. Pervez Musharf from Jan. to Mar.2005 and President Asif Zardari during Jan. to Mar. 2010 about Women politicians. The triangulation research technique is carried out in this regard by formulating the categories of representation given to women politicians, image depiction, prominence i.e. placement and space given to issues, coverage of participation i.e. statements, suggestions and other categories in coding format and also covered all types of news bout women politician. The agenda setting and framing are grounded theories in order to determine the direction of the content. The findinds revealed that The Nation gave significant coverage to the issue of women politicians as compare to DAWN. However, in the dictatorship regime, women politicians reported significantly in news items as compare to the democratic regime. The placement remain moderate in both dailies which indicates that the representation of women politicians and issues related to their politics is not on the priority of media agenda. | |
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| Keywords: | Democracy, Dictatorship, English Press, Image, Pakistan, Participation, Prominence, Representation, Women Politicians | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)37 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)37 | |
| Page Nos: | 428-443 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 37 | |
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Impact of Knowledge Management on Organizational Effectiveness: A Case Study of Health Department AJ&K |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of Knowledge Management on Organizational Effectiveness in the government sector AJ&K. A quantitative casual hypothetical study was conducted. Sample was drawn from Government Health Sector AJ&K and targeted the employees of Government health sector AJ&K, using non probability random sampling techniques. Questionnaires were distributed among the sample of 110. Results indicated that there is a significant impact of knowledge management of organizational effectiveness and it is an important organizational and social concern. This study examines knowledge management and its impact on organizational effectiveness. Dimensions of knowledge management like knowledge conversion and knowledge sharing has statistical impact on organizational effectiveness. The research’s findings show that knowledge management strengthens the organization effectiveness through bringing innovations. This ultimately increases the productivity of the organization. This research helps policy makers and decision makers to focus on knowledge management strategies that help to increase the organizational effectiveness through increasing productivity and enhancing innovation and creativity within an organization. | |
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| Keywords: | Human Resources, Knowledge Management, Organizational Effectiveness | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)38 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)38 | |
| Page Nos: | 444-457 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 38 | |
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Accessibility Hurdles in Inclusive Education of the Visually Challenged Students at University Level in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this research study was to explore the accessibility hurdles in inclusive education of visually challenged students at university level in Pakistan. After reviewing the relevant literature, a data collection tool in the form of interview guide was designed to collect qualitative data whereas, For quantitative data, the quantitative items holding internal consistency (a=.729)on Cronbach Alpha were constructed. Data was collected from visually challenged students belonging to ten purposively selected HEC recognized institutions of higher education functioning in the city of Lahore. Data was gathered and analyzed. Results revealed the availability of different facilities i.e., audio books 14%,Braille books22%,screen reading software37%,Braille embosser30%,large print5%,electronic books33%. Availability of Braille screen displays was only4%, Screen magnification software, training of screen reader and audio books were 18%, 20% and 14% respectively. On the basis of research findings measures were recommended to improve the situation In acquisition of inclusive education for visually challenged students. | |
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| Keywords: | Accessibility, Inclusive Education, University Level, Visually Challenged | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)39 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)39 | |
| Page Nos: | 458-467 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 39 | |
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Desecration of Mother Nature: An Ecocritical Reading of Graeme King’s Tears of Nature |
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| Abstract: | Nature for its nourishing roles has assumed the role of ‘mother’ for each and every living organism. However, humans have tarnished it and marred its beauties to an irrecoverable extent. This havoc has been played with the Earth in the name of material growth and industrial progress without implementing any compensatory alternatives.The present paper aims at interpreting the poem “Tears of Nature” so as to describe how the poet is emphasizing the gravity of the ecological situation. Drawing on the ecological strands of Ecocritical theory and employing the basic assumptions of Ecocriticism as theoretical framework, this study attempts to bring to the limelight the ecological concerns and how they are covertly and overtly voiced by the poet through this literary piece. The finding of the study suggests that environmental problem particularly global warming is one of the gravest concerns for whole humanity which is too alarming to be ignored. | |
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| Keywords: | Ecocriticism, Ecological Awareness, Global warming, Nature, Pollution | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)40 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)40 | |
| Page Nos: | 468-475 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 40 | |
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Impact of Economic Factors on Major Subject Choice |
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| Abstract: | Objective of the study is to investigate the main determining factors of educational choicess of youth selected from Post Graduate Colleges of KPK. Career choice and major selection is a process rather than a particular event in an adolescent’s life. Each individual going through this process gets stimulated by many factors. A structured questionnaire was used to collect cross-sectional data from 1978 respondents enrolled in BS degree. Logit model is used because dependent variable is dichotomous which indicates that utility derived from one option of four-year BS Degree is greater than the utility associated with other choices. The Results of Economic Factor model shows that more jobs availability, Market trends, Expected Monetary Returns, Attractive Salaries, Motivation, Quality of Life, Expectations, Unemployment and Inflation rate have significantly impact. It was recommended that students should have opportunities to assess, explore and analyze alternatives choice and provided with more support, professional training, career counselling and guidance so they can become vital asset and skilled human capital. | |
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| Keywords: | Dichotomous, Economic, Expectations, Human Capital, Logit, Unemployment | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)41 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)41 | |
| Page Nos: | 476-491 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 41 | |
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Civil Society, Gender and De-Radicalization Programs: A Case of PAIMAN Alumni Trust |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to comprehend the approaches and manifestations of de-radicalization programs of the Islamabad-based civil society PAIMAN Alumni Trust, also, to evaluate the role of gender in this process. Radicalization that ultimately leads to extremism and terrorism has become the potent threat to harmony of Pakistani society. Pakistan responded to this menace with de-radicalization programs, one of the significant strategies of countering radicalization. The failure of the male-dominated security strategies of the state created room for the gender and civil societies. This study is methodologically qualitative, while descriptive and interpretive approaches have also been utilized to deal with the research queries. The interviews, personal observation and archival data are utilized for data collection. It is argued that PAIMAN has made the women and de-radicalization process visible, but it did not make the resilient changes in the social structure because of the challenges of deficiency of funds, traditionalism, harassment and restrictive regimes for civil societies. It is suggested that it should develop the better relations with media, make the alliance of local civil societies and effectively utilize the international donor agencies and advocacy groups for overcoming the challenges. | |
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| Keywords: | Civil Society, De-Radicalization, Disengagement, Gender, Radicalization, Transformation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)42 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)42 | |
| Page Nos: | 492-502 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 42 | |
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Induction Training for Developing Teachers’ Responsibility Acceptance |
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| Abstract: | Teacher induction training is a vital aspect of formal education system to equip newly inducted teachers with necessary conceptual and pedagogical capacities to improve academic and professional proficiency of novice teachers as indicator of success of the activity. In professional journey, besides conceptual understating of the content, there are several emotions attached with the people and environment that transform a new graduate into a professional teacher. This study aims to explore the impact of induction training on Teachers Responsibility Acceptance regarding students’ motivation, achievement, using suitable instructional tools and building relationship with students in academic setting. A sample of 200 newly inducted Public Elementary School Educators comprising of 143 female and 57 male educators was selected through multi stage sampling technique. Teacher Responsibilities Scale (TRS) was used to collect data on responsibility acceptance of teachers. The data were analysed by using paired samples t-test, and One-way ANOVA. The result indicated that induction training caused significant improvement in responsibility acceptance in newly inducted teachers and was beneficial of both male and female teachers with varied academic and professional qualification. | |
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| Keywords: | Elementary School Educators, Induction Training, Quality of Education, Responsibility Acceptance, Teachers Training | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)43 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)43 | |
| Page Nos: | 503-510 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 43 | |
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Effects of Strength Training on the Physical Fitness and Obesity of College Girls |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of strength training on physical fitness and body composition of college girl’s students of District Peshawar. The selected participants were (N=70) girls’ students of Govt Frontier College for Women, Peshawar. Eight weeks training schedule was adopted, (five days in a week) which comprises of different physical activities such as 30m race, 400m race, sit ups, skipping, matches of badminton and volley ball. A paired t-test was applied to examine the effect of training on body composition and physical fitness of college girls. Result showed that strength training significantly effects on bicep skin fold (P>0.01), hip girth (P>0.05), chest girth (P>0.04), 30m race (P>0.08), and flexibility (P>0.04). It is concluded that strength training increases the physical fitness and reduces body fats of college girls and enhances the general strength of participated college girls. | |
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| Keywords: | Girls, Obesity, Physical Fitness, Strength Training | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)44 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)44 | |
| Page Nos: | 511-524 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 44 | |
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Interplay among Abusive Supervision, Employee Engagement and Turnover Intentions: Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction |
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| Abstract: | Turnover intentions are referred to as a proximal antecedent, which shows the perceptions and understanding of employees in relation to alternatives for the possibility of jobs. Previous studies have focused on the determinants of turnover intentions. However, less is known about the mechanisms of turnover intentions in the higher education institutions (HEIs), especially in a developing state like Pakistan. Using data from a sample of 656 Ph.D. faculty members from private HEIs of Pakistan derived through multistage cluster sampling, this paper examines the empirical relationship between employee engagement, abusive supervision and turnover intentions of faculty members. This study advances the knowledge by revealing partial mediation between job satisfaction and the said study variables. Along with the addition to the literature on behavioural and social sciences, this study also has substantial implications for managers and leaders by suggesting improvements in the existing retention strategies to promote a viable culture within HEIs. | |
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| Keywords: | Abusive Supervision, Higher Education, Job Satisfaction, Pakistan, Turnover Intentions | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)45 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)45 | |
| Page Nos: | 525-537 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 45 | |
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The Moderating Role of Covid-19 on Determinants of Bank Spread |
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| Abstract: | This study investigates the moderating role of Covid-19 on the bank spreads in developing and developed economies. Based on the largest gross domestic product, the study employs unbalanced quarterly bank data of the largest five economies of Europe and South Asia using the Thomson Reuters DataStream database from 2016 to 2021. Generalized least squared dummy variable estimation is carried out. We find that typical determinants of bank spreads hold for both the developed and developing countries. Covid-19 is found to significantly impact bank spreads. However, we find that the impact in the case of Asia was a decrease in bank spreads while bank spreads were higher in the EU during covid-19. During the covid-19 crisis, the magnitudes of typical determinants increased for the case of South Asian banks. In the case, of EU banks the magnitude of bank spread determinants decreased. Evidence suggests an opportunity of arbitrage available to international banks to enter emerging markets and earn higher spreads. This would improve these countries' financial sectors, shrinking net interest margins and converging with those of developed countries. | |
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| Keywords: | Bank Spread, Covid-19, Net Interest Margins | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)46 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)46 | |
| Page Nos: | 538-553 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 46 | |
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Decline of Hockey in Pakistan: A Survey Research |
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| Abstract: | Purpose of this study is to know why the importance of hockey has declined in Pakistan. Pakistani team won gold medal in 1960, silver in 1964 again won Gold medal in 1968. In this way Pakistan had won many other medals and prizes in this game but suddenly the game has declined in its popularity in Pakistan. The research methodology is based on quantitative research approach. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Then researcher has analyzed the data collected by questionnaire from the viewers. The population of the study was students of the different Universities of Punjab. The data was collected from male and female students studying in the different Universities of Bahawalpur. Descriptive statistics (percentage, frequency, and standard deviation) were utilized to analyze the collected survey data. Researcher fined the few results after the analysis, that 63% including males and female are in view there is need of built new astro trough grounds in Pakistan and channels should introduced. Results show 54% population asked media in not taking in test in hockey. To build new astro trough, and appoint trained staff, facilitate the player with good reward, funds should be provide at due time 78% population agree with that statement.so managements of hockey should do these changes for improvement of hockey. | |
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| Keywords: | Cause, Decline, Hockey Survey, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)47 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)47 | |
| Page Nos: | 554-561 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 47 | |
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Effect of Collaborative Managerial Practices on School Performance at Elementary Level in the Punjab |
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| Abstract: | This article explores the level and the effect of collaborative managerial practices on school performance. Nature of the current study required the collection of quantitative data first and then for the explanation and confirmation of quantitative findings, it required the collection of qualitative data. Hence, confirmatory mixed method design was regarded appropriate for the current study. The teachers and head teachers of all public sector primary and elementary schools in the Punjab province were the population of the study. Respondents were selected through multistage sampling technique. The results indicated that existing level of the effect of collaborative managerial practices for the enhancement of school performance was at moderate level according to perceptions of teachers and head teachers. As a result, it is recommended that Assistant Education Officers, head teachers and teachers should exert more sincere efforts in order to increase school performance at elementary level in the Punjab. | |
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| Keywords: | Collaborative Managerial Practices, Elementary Level, School Performance | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)48 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)48 | |
| Page Nos: | 562-575 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 48 | |
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Challenges and Benefits of E-Governance in the Education Sector of Pakistan during COVID-19 |
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| Abstract: | The second decade of the 21st century confronts new kinds of social, political, and economic challenges due to the pandemic Covid-19. At this time physical activities were shut down completely in all institutions, the education sector is not an exception as on-campus education was geared to shift to online teaching in case the uncertainty of the situation was prolonged. This paper attempts to highlight the challenges and benefits of E-governance in the education sector of Pakistan during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, the framework of e-governance is significant which means the delivery of government services and information to the public using electronic means. Quantitative methodology along with descriptive and analytical style is employed to justify the topic. E-education in Pakistan faced policy-based, infrastructural, and socio-economic challenges which came into the limelight during COVID19. The government of Pakistan needs to shape all public sector policies with the consent and suggestions of major stakeholders in the relevant field. | |
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| Keywords: | Accountability, Covid-19, E-Education, E-Governance, Infrastructure Participation, Transparency | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)49 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)49 | |
| Page Nos: | 576-591 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 49 | |
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Evaluation of Pending Cases in the Judiciary of Pakistan: Figures and Statistics |
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| Abstract: | Justice is the spirit and soul of any judiciary in civilized society. However courts in Pakistan are overburdened. About two million cases are pending in almost all the courts of Pakistan. This logjam is increasing with the passage of time and does not coming to an end. List of the huge pending cases not only affects the spirit of the speedy justice but also generates problems for new cases to be filed. This paper is an overview to the pending cases which has been increased from 2014 to 2020. The researcher has highlighted all data provided by the law and justice commission of Pakistan’ reports from 2014 to 2020, and analyzed the true nature of pending cases. The main objective of this study is to analyze the pending cases in the judiciary of Pakistan and to provide the best suggestions to cope with the pendency. This research is based just on the data provided by the law and justice commission of Pakistan and provided the best solution from international jurisdictions to curb such devastating and frustrating problem. | |
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| Keywords: | Judiciary, Justice System, Law And Justice Commission, Pending Cases | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)50 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)50 | |
| Page Nos: | 592-602 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 50 | |
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Judicial Empowerment and the Support of the Legal Community in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The objective of this paper is to examine the nature and scope of the relationship between the support of the legal community for the judiciary and judicial empowerment in Pakistan. It also evaluates the nature and scope of judicial empowerment which increased due to the support of the legal community for the judiciary in Pakistan during the mid-2000s. Before 2005, the higher judiciary in Pakistan was not powerful in terms of making bold decisions against the interests of other branches of the state. However, the legal community supported the judiciary from 2007 onwards which resulted in judicial empowerment visible in landmark decisions by the Supreme Court of Pakistan against the government from 2009 onwards. The paper found that the support of the legal community for the judiciary leads to judicial empowerment. The judiciary has neither guns nor purse on the basis of which it can make bold decisions and implement those decisions. Therefore, the support of the legal community is essential for judial empowerment. This paper recommends strong engagement between the judiciary and the legal community in Pakistan as the two are interconnected. A strong, vibrant, active, and supportive legal community can further empower the judiciary in Pakistan. | |
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| Keywords: | Judiciary, Higher Judiciary, Legal Community, Judicial, Empowerment | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)51 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)51 | |
| Page Nos: | 603-614 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 51 | |
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Implementation of HRM Practices in Higher Education Institutions of Pakistan: Investigating Rhetoric and Authenticity through a Case Study |
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| Abstract: | The objective of this study is to evaluate rhetoric and reality regarding implementation of the HRM practices in a public sector university of Pakistan. Academics and practitioners have long stressed that public sector institutions encounter inherent challenges in the adoption of HRM practices, especially the higher education institutions. In this context, the present study use purposive sampling to collect data from highly informed respondents by conducting in-depth interviews and by using an interpretive perspective to discover the implementation of HRM practices through a case study methodology. Contrary to the dominant notion of the traditional procedure, the results of the current study reveal that the university has adopted a standardized procedure for recruitment and training, and the development of its human resources. However, the issue of compensation is still ambiguous as it involves multiple procedures. An important implications of this study is that policy-making institutions, such as the HEC Pakistan can play a crucial role in adoption and promotion of all HRM practicies by devoting equal support towards the deficient areas in particular. Finally, this study identifies various directions for future research. | |
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| Keywords: | HEC Pakistan, HRM Practices, Public Sector Institutions | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)52 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)52 | |
| Page Nos: | 615-629 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 52 | |
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The Interplay between Corporate Social Responsibility on the Firm Value and the Risk-Taking through Government Support |
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| Abstract: | This study aims to investigate the impact of corporate social responsibility on the value of firm and risk-taking. It also takes into account the moderating role of government support. The stakeholder perspective theory and the resource-based theory were applied to explain the relation of the variables. All the non-financial companies listed on Pakistan stock exchange are the population of study and data were collected from the annual report of companies through a convenience sampling technique. The study used the panel data based on the results of Haussmann test’s result. The study used Stata software for data analysis. Corporate social responsibility has an impact on firm value and risk taking through the moderating effect of government support. The study finally renders theoretical and practical implications. Current research work adds the exiting literature highlighted they importance of corporate social responsibility in the value of firm and risk-taking in the Pakistani context. | |
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| Keywords: | Corporate Social Responsibility, Resource-Based Theory, Perspective Theory, STATA Software | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)53 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)53 | |
| Page Nos: | 630-643 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 53 | |
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Bilateral Trade Elasticities: Evidence from Pakistan and her Major Trade Partners |
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| Abstract: | This paper estimates bilateral trade Elasticity between Pakistan and her major trade partners for the period 1981-2021. Johnson’s co-integration technique is used to estimate the long-run relationship between the real GDP, Export, Imports and exchange rate of Pakistan and her trading partners. The study finds no long-run relationship between real exchange rate, bilateral Export and imports, which mean that the domestic currency's depreciation is not helpful in improving our trade balance. In this study, we also find that trade is beneficial for both Pakistan and India but India is comparatively in a more advantageous position. The study finds that Pakistan’s income elasticity is high for USA and China which means that Pakistan’s economic growth boosts both USA and China’s economy as Pakistan mostly imports from these two economies. The study also concludes that the income elasticity of USA and UK imports is very small which is due to the fact that we are mainly exporting agricultural goods. Policies of diversification of export should be pursued to increase export earnings. | |
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| Keywords: | Bilateral Trade, Depreciation of Exchange Rate, Diversification of Export, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)54 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)54 | |
| Page Nos: | 644-651 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 54 | |
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Factors Affecting the Quality Education in Rural Areas of District Kech, Balochistan |
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| Abstract: | This research aims to study the determinants of quality education in rural areas of Kech, District. As primary level education is the basic pillar of overall education system in the state, it should be the best so as to make the overall education system better but it is the most neglected one in the Balochistan that’s why our education system is suffering particularly in rural areas where basic facilities are not available for both teachers and students. Nature of this study is quantitative. Universe and units of study were the primary school teachers of rural areas of Kech, District. Data were collected from 290 teachers and analyzed by employing the SPSS application. Findings depicts that a number of internal factors like environment of class, facilities and resources of school, teachers skill and competence, students aptitude, technological facilities as audio, video visuals, textbooks and course contents and other related materials; and external factors like extracurricular activities, family and home problems, economic issues, political interferences, socio-cultural norms affected largely the quality education in rural areas of Kech, District. | |
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| Keywords: | External Factors, Internal Factors, Kech, Quality Education | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)55 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)55 | |
| Page Nos: | 652-662 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 55 | |
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Relationship between Human Capital and Labour Productivity |
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| Abstract: | This study aims to examine the role of human capital in labor productivity with special reference to Pakistan. The dependent variable of our study is labor productivity and independent variables are human capital which is measured by employee age, employee education, employee training, employee wage, financial participation and working hour. This study uses the Generalized Method Moments (GMM) technique to examine the effect of human capital on labor productivity. The coefficient of employee education indicates that there is positive correlation between employee education and labour productivity. Hence, in Pakistan education is more powerful element to increase labor productivity. The coefficient of employee training tells us that one percent increase in investment on training will result in 0.10 percent increase in labor productivity. The variable employee age has negative correlation with labor productivity. However, this relationship is not statistically significant. The variable Financial Participation and labour productivity has insignificant relationship. The finding further indicates that variable working hour and labour productivity has positive association. The coefficient of Employee Wage is 0.007454, which tells us that wages has positive and significant effect on labor productivity. Key words: Labor Productivity, Human Capital, Human Resources. | |
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| Keywords: | Employee Education, Human Capital, Labour Productivity | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)56 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)56 | |
| Page Nos: | 663-677 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 56 | |
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Social Media Usage among University Students and its Impact on Academic Performance, Learning Attitudes and Subjective Wellbeing |
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| Abstract: | Today, the world celebrates developments in communication technology that have broadened communication's reach through Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). Modern communication technology has unquestionably changed the entire globe into a "Global village," with the number of Social Media users growing by the day, and active use of these social networking sites contributing to improved knowledge and communication among social groupings. This study looked into the link between social media usage among university students and academic achievement, as well as the subjective well-being. The study's core data was acquired from University students using a self-administered survey of 254 students, who were regular users of social media networks throughout their studies. Findings show that Social media weariness has a statistically significant impact on students' grades, attitudes toward studying, and overall well-being. Study also found that those students who use excessive social media sites have lower academic performance and subjective well-being. This study advised social media practitioners to create such applications that do not cause fatigue or exhaustion. | |
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| Keywords: | Academic Performance, Learning Attitudes, Social Media, Subjective Well-Being | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)57 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)57 | |
| Page Nos: | 678-688 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 57 | |
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Role of SAARC for People to People Contacts between India-Pakistan: Achievements and Potential for Friendly Relations |
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| Abstract: | Pakistan India has harvested poor contacts between the people. Kashmir issue is observed as the bone of contention as it has fetched up the three full scale conventional wars in the past in 1948, 1965, 1971and Kargil war in 1999. Cross-border terrorism has also derailed the peace process and developed uncertainty between both sides. Unfriendly relations have generated the emotions of hate and distrust between the people of both sides. Gap of contracts have created fear of loss and doubts in the minds of both sides citizens. The power masses can force policy makers to sit on the table for peace and mutual benefits of the region. The people of India Pakistan has weak linkages due to traditional rivalry. The study has examined the role of SAARC for mutual integration between the people of Pakistan India. The study has suggested benefits of connections between the people of Indo-Pak for regional prosperity in South Asia. | |
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| Keywords: | Hate and Distrust, Human Worth, Pak-India Confrontation, Poor People Contacts, Regional Prosperity | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)58 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)58 | |
| Page Nos: | 689-704 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 58 | |
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Accomplishments and Challenges of Pakistan’s Fight against Violent Religious Extremism: A Critical Analysis |
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| Abstract: | The aim of this paper is to critically analyze challenges faced by Pakistan in preventing and countering violent religious extremism (CVRE) and its accomplishments. The religious notions of identity formation are embedded in Pakistan’s foundation since its birth. In the post-partition domestic politics, the apex political leadership, religious factions and right-wing political parties spread their own brand of religion that instigated radicalization, extremism and violence, causing threat to its homeland security. In Pakistan violent religious extremism is a phenomenon i.e. multi-faceted and multi-layered, in which not only internal but external actors are also involved making the situation even more complicated. The fight against religious extremism has been an uphill task for the state authorities. The paper analyzes the various measures taken to curb the on slot of violent extremism which includes the review of National Action Plan and the military operations at various times. The paper concludes by suggesting recommendations to curtail the ongoing menace of violent religious extremism. | |
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| Keywords: | FATA, NAP, Security, Terrorism, Violent Religious Extremism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)59 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)59 | |
| Page Nos: | 705-720 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 59 | |
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The Role of Knowledge-Oriented Leadership and Team Creativity in ERP Project Success |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of knowledge-oriented leadership on the enterprise resource planning project success (PS) through mediating the role of team creativity in the software industry. Through quantitative research methodology and AMOS software, this research work collected a survey questionnaire from 374 participants from the software industry of Pakistan. Findings show that knowledge-oriented leadership is significant and positively related to enterprise resource planning PS. Results also verified that knowledge-oriented leadership has a significant effect on team creativity. Finally, the current study also confirms that team creativity significantly mediates the linkage between project manager knowledge-oriented leadership style and enterprise resource planning PS. This research work extent the knowledge on leadership and enterprise resource planning by investigating how knowledge oriented leadership effects enterprise resource planning PS through team creativity. This research work finds that knowledge oriented leadership enhance team creativity and ultimately effects enterprise resource planning PS. | |
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| Keywords: | Enterprise Resource Planning, Knowledge-Oriented Leadership, Project Success, Team Creativity | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)60 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)60 | |
| Page Nos: | 721-732 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 60 | |
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The Portrayal of Cross-Cultural Aspects in Digital Toothpaste Advertisements: A Semiotic Study |
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| Abstract: | Contemporary life has been governed by advertisements that have cultural depictions to attract region bound target customers. Multinational companies design different advertisements for different cultural settings, and although it increases the advertising cost, yet the survival of multinational companies depends on fascinating indigenous cultural elements in advertisements. This study aims to unravel those hidden cultural signs in advertisements of two toothpaste brands Oral-b and Sensodyne across six continents. It explores the cross-cultural aspects through the lens of Roland Barthes’ semiotic theory. This qualitative study reveals that advertisements are designed keeping in mind the socio-cultural aspects of the target audience. These ads become appealing to the target customers of that culture, but the same advertisement may not influence the audience of another culture. The study contributes to a better understanding of cross-cultural advertisements; hence, it motivates to avoid cultural shock elements which can ruin any industry. | |
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| Keywords: | Advertisement, Connotative Meaning, Cross-Culture, Denotative Meaning, Semiotic | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)61 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)61 | |
| Page Nos: | 733-749 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 61 | |
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Impact of Fear of Covid-19 and Familial Infection on the Mental Health of Medical Professionals |
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| Abstract: | The present study examined the impact of fear of COVID-19 and familial infection on the mental health of medical professionals. The study was based on cross-sectional survey design. Participants comprised of medical professionals (N = 300) working in different hospitals. Both males (n = 217, 72.3%) and females (n = 83, 27.7%) participated in the study. Data were collected using a convenient sampling technique. Fear of COVID- 19 Scale (Ahorsu et al., 2020), Fear of COVID-19 Familial Infection Scale (Mayer et al., 2020), and Positive Mental Health Scale (Lukat et al., 2016) were used for data collection. Results revealed that familial infection is the moderator between fear of covid-19 and mental health. The study is an important addition to the existing body of knowledge that fear of familial infection also plays a moderating role between fear of covid-19 and mental health and also affects the mental health of medical professionals. | |
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| Keywords: | Familial Infection, Fear of COVID-19, Medical Professionals, Mental Health | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)62 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)62 | |
| Page Nos: | 750-762 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 62 | |
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Effect of Pain-Coping Strategies on Post-Operative Pain Perception and Recovery in Surgical Patients |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to see how pain coping tactics affect surgery patients' post-operative pain perception and recovery. Moreover, the study investigated the relationship pain coping strategies with surgical recovery and past operative pain. Participants comprised of surgical patients (N = 300) enrolled in government and private hospitals in Panjab Pakistan. The genders further divided into men (n = 218, 72.7%) and women (n = 82, 27.3). Data were collected using purposive sampling technique. Three self-report measures including Pain-Coping Strategies Scale (PCI), Postoperative Pain Scale (SPS) and Surgical Recovery Scale (SRS) were used for data collection. | |
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| Keywords: | Pain Coping Strategies, Post-Operative Pain, Surgical Patients. Surgical Recovery | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)63 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)63 | |
| Page Nos: | 763-780 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 63 | |
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Prevalence of Distributed Leadership in Secondary Schools of Punjab: Perspectives of Teachers |
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| Abstract: | The model of distributed leadership corresponds to a system where responsibilities are shared by the people with relevant skills instead of burdening one person on administrative post. Major purpose of this research was to explore the prevalence of distributed Leadership as practiced in the context of secondary schools of Punjab. Four hundred secondary school teachers were randomly selected from secondary schools of Lahore city. A self- developed questionnaire was used to explore perception of the teachers about prevalence of distributed leadership in their schools. The instrument consisted on thirty-five statements and seven factors of distributed leadership. Findings revealed that distributed leadership was more prevalent in terms of responsibility and accountability, initiative, and decision making, while, factors of school culture and structure, collaboration and vision, and values and beliefs were less perceived by the teachers. Further, female secondary school teachers perceive factors of collaboration and cooperation, values and beliefs and initiates as more prevalent in their schools. | |
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| Keywords: | Accountability, Decision Making, Distributed Leadership, Secondary Level, Values and Beliefs | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)64 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)64 | |
| Page Nos: | 781-792 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 64 | |
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Assessing the Impacts of Motivational Techniques used by Primary Level Teachers on the Performance of Students in District Quetta |
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| Abstract: | Current study intends to discover the impact teacher’s motivational techniques on students’ academic performance. Here motivational techniques used by the primary school teachers were measured in relation with the academic performance of primary level students in district Quetta. In this research work various research questions, objectives and hypotheses were formulated. Data was collected from respondent teachers with the use of probability sampling techniques. Sampling size was based on 58 schools at primary level including both genders from which 101 teachers and 237 students were taken. The author used interview and questionnaire for collection of the data. The data were analyzed using SPSS. The findings of the study revealed that teachers’ appreciation via incentives and rewards can enhances the motivation and commitment towards job. The author of the study took total 58 schools from which data is collected in the shape of teacher’s questionnaire, student’s questionnaire for the quantitative method and teacher’s interviews for qualitative method, data is collected over all with mixed method. | |
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| Keywords: | Extrinsic Motivation, Intrinsic Motivation, Motivational Interviewing (MI), Self-Determination Theory | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)65 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)65 | |
| Page Nos: | 793-801 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 65 | |
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An Empirical Investigation of the Relationships between Person-Organisation Fit, Person-Job Fit, and Intention To Stay in the Context of Pakistan and HEIs |
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| Abstract: | Academic members’ turnover is a pressing problem for the management of higher educational institutions in Baluchistan, Pakistan. This study investigates the influence of person-organisation fit (PO fit) and person-job fit (PJ fit) on academics’ intention to stay with the job. Data collected from 97 full-time academics of higher education institutions was analysed using partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). The results obtained revealed that PO fit and PJ fit are significantly and positively associated to academics' intention to stay. This study adds to the knowledge of fit by empirically showing that when academics feel compatible with the organisation and job, they intend to stay with the organisation for a longer time. This study results can be used by management to adopt certain organisational practices (e.g., training and development, orientation, and compensation) that may enhance the fit of a person with the organisation and job, which, in return, strengthens academics’ desire to stay with the organisation. The study’s results and discussions, and directions for future research are discussed at the end. | |
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| Keywords: | Intention to Leave, Intention to Stay, Person-Job Fit, Person-Organization Fit | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)66 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)66 | |
| Page Nos: | 802-814 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 66 | |
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Urdu Translation of Stirling Children Emotional and Psychological Well-Being Scale in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The present study was conducted on translation and standardization of the Stirling children emotional and Psychological Well-being Scale in the Urdu language. It was earlier established by the Liddle and Carter (2015). Translation process acquired with back translation and qualitative item analysis were completed by the linguistic experts. Subsequently, it was applied on the 500 samples of the school children. A total of (n=250) boys and (n=250) girls were recruited in the study. The sample was collected through convenience sampling from the school in Hyderabad city of Pakistan in December 2018.The respondents' ages ranged from 10-18 years. (Mean =13.68, SD =1.29). Cronbach’s alpha reliability of (SCWBS) was measured. The reliability coefficients of the (r=0.77) indicate its reliable status. This scale provides a useful tool for education professionals to assess well-being from a positive psychological perspective. | |
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| Keywords: | Children, Psychological Well Being, Standrization, Translation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)67 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)67 | |
| Page Nos: | 815-822 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 67 | |
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The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital in the Relationship between Transformational Leadership and Job Performance |
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| Abstract: | In leadership research, Psychological Capital is considered an important construct and gained prominence. For both leadership development and job performance of employees’ psychological capital is considered as a vital factor. The present study investigated the impact of transformational leadership on job performance with the mediating role of psychological capital in the context of Quetta, Pakistan. The survey was conducted in public and private higher educational institutes of Quetta city. Respondents of the study comprised of teaching faculty and their heads of departments (HOD’s). 261 responses were collected, out of which 200 were teachers and 61 were HOD’s. Data were analyzed using the SPSS and AMOS. Results of the study showed that transformational leadership has a positive influence on job performance, in addition, psychological capital fully mediates the relationship between transformational leadership and job performance. Thus, this was revealed that transformational leaders with positive attitudes enhance the psychological capacities of their subordinates and employees with higher psychological capital can do more through their positive work behavior to achieve organizational objectives. | |
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| Keywords: | Job Performance, Psychological Capital, Transformational Leadership | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)68 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)68 | |
| Page Nos: | 823-839 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 68 | |
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The Impact of Child Labour Laws in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend school regularly, and is dangerous mentally, physically, socially or morally is harmful. This process is considered exploitative by many international organizations. Legislation around the world prohibits child labour. These laws do not consider all child labour to be child labour. The research in hand deals with the new amendment in child labour Act and its impact on the minors in Pakistan. How the international organizations work for the betterment of children all over the world, including the work of UNICEF, ILO. UNICEF and ILO have differentiated between child work and child labour. According to them if a child helps in the house chores or family business but it doesn’t affect his health or schooling it doesn’t fall in the category of child labour but if it does affect a child’s physical health, psychological health and schooling, it falls in the category of child labour. | |
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| Keywords: | Child Labour, Employment, Legislation, International Organizations, Labour Laws | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)69 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)69 | |
| Page Nos: | 840-848 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 69 | |
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A Unity of Obucheniye and Vospitaniye: An Unexplored Unity in Vygotskian Zone of Proximal Development |
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| Abstract: | The most acknowledged throughout practical and theoretical educational settings across the globe, the concept of Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) suggested by the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky, is not typically recognized for its individual integral components. As Russian educational practices suggest, for an educator to prompt their students’ comprehensive and pragmatical mastery of the studied content, an educational process has to include obucheniye and vospitaniye . Obucheniye and vospitaniye are interpermeating processes, quintessential to any guided teaching-learning. As a result, it is through their joint impact that a student is able to comprehensively develop, master the studied content, and develop situationally adequate proficiency of a skill or discipline. The goal of this paper is to introduce international academic community to both concepts integral to any Vygotskian teaching on education and development. These concepts can be traced in the original (Russian) used in alternation and consequently, are often mistranslated or overgeneralized in English impacting the overall understanding of Vygotskian theories. Additionally, this article advocates for the beneficial joint effect of obucheniye and vospitaniye synthesis in the process of mentor’s guided interference into the student’s Zone of Proximal Development. | |
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| Keywords: | Education, Obucheniye, Vospitaniye, Vygotsky Zone Of Proximal Development | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)70 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)70 | |
| Page Nos: | 849-857 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 70 | |
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Financial Markets Interdependence: Evidence from South and East Asian Countries |
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| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to provide a clear picture of relationship between south and East Asian stock markets. Financial and economic literature discussed the financial market integration. The information easily transferred from one market to another due to financial market integration. The data is collected from respective financial market websites. GARCH 1, 1 model is used to develop the volatility series and Quantile regression is used to check the financial markets interdependence. The results show significance dependence between financial markets which means there is volatility transmission in these markets. The geographical proximity also associated with the volatility transmission. This study is helpful for the investors of South and Asian countries to check the stock market stability for making investment decision. The investors from the developing countries took help from this study if they are going to invest big. | |
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| Keywords: | Financial Markets, Integration, Markets Interdependence, Quantile Regression | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)71 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)71 | |
| Page Nos: | 858-865 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 71 | |
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An Experimental Study to Identify the Effect of Assistive Technology on Academic Achievement of Visually Impaired Students |
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| Abstract: | Assistive technology includes the devices which are designed specifically for persons with disabilities. Present study experimental research, conducted for visually impaired students who are enrolled in Department of Education of University of Karachi. The purpose of the study was to compare the results of two semesters of visually impaired students with and without using assistive technology. In first semester, visually impaired students studied with traditional teaching method while in second semester researcher provided them the course content in audio files, while the whole process was supervised by researchers. Data was analyzed by Paired sample t-test in pre and post Performa of visually impaired students with and without using Assistive technology. The results showed significant difference in the achievement of both semester with and without using assistive technology. It is recommended to facilitate visually impaired students in classrooms by using Assistive technology in order to improve their learning skills and academic performance. | |
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| Keywords: | Academic Achievement, Assistive Technology, Visual Impairment | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)72 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)72 | |
| Page Nos: | 866-879 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 72 | |
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A Discipline wise Comparison of Challenges and Problems of Tenure Track Teachers |
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| Abstract: | The objectives of the study are to explore the problems and challenges encountered by the Tenure Track (TT) teachers in four academic disciplines (Natural Science, Computer science, Social science, and Arts and Humanities) and to identify the strategies employed by the TT teachers in order to address the challenges and problems. Four TT teachers were interviewed for data collection. Through the thematic analysis of the semi structured interviews, several challenges and problems were identified such as, divergent responsibilities, lack of collegial and administrative support, unbalanced family life and less time and resources available for research. TT teachers mentioned that evaluation criteria should be discipline wise specific because the opportunities for publications are different for everyone. Along with the challenges and problems, the participants also shared the ways they address them. Firstly, they try to address the challenge or problem by themselves and then seek their colleagues’ help. In few cases, the TT teachers used to consult the higher authorities of the institute, if needed. It is concluded that reasonable workload, sufficient support from institute, amendment in the evaluation criteria with respect to discipline and professional development opportunities can reduce the challenges and problems faced by TT teachers. These amendments would lead towards the efficient working of TT teachers. | |
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| Keywords: | Challenges, Higher Education Institutes (HEIs), Problems, Tenure Track (TT) Tenure Track Teachers | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)73 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)73 | |
| Page Nos: | 880-890 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 73 | |
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Effectiveness of Motivational Techniques as Perceived by Secondary School Teachers and Students |
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| Abstract: | The aim of this study is to assess the perceptions of teachers and students regarding the effectiveness of motivational techniques used at the secondary school level. The nature of this study is descriptive. The researchers employ a simple random sampling technique to choose the sample for this study. Researchers utilized two questionnaires (one for teachers and one for students) to collect data from the respondents, which were developed on a five-point Likert-type scale. 663 respondents were selected, out of which 359 were female teachers and students and 304 were male teachers and students. The study's essential findings expose that teachers' positive feedback, rewards, and friendly behavior play a pivotal role in motivational techniques. The study's major recommendations were that teachers motivate students so that they accept the honor for their efforts and use the most recent and advanced teaching techniques to make lessons more engaging. | |
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| Keywords: | Motivation, Motivational Techniques, Secondary School Teachers | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)74 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)74 | |
| Page Nos: | 891-903 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 74 | |
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Exploring the Nexus between Resource-Scarcity and Violent Conflict in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The quintessential consideration of the resource-scarcity and violent conflict relationship is crucial as the increasing scarcity of the natural resources globally is expected to result into a fierce competition among the states and may escalate into violent conflicts. This paper underscores the significant factors contributing to the intra-stare violent conflicts in Pakistan based on the global environmental flashpoints and uses the qualitative methodology to explore the issues of structural scarcity and ecological marginalization in Pakistan. Furthermore, the document analysis technique has been used to review the literature on environmentally-induced conflicts and to evaluate the tendency of escalation of inter-state conflicts between Pakistan and India. The paper also explores the ‘water wars rationale’ by evaluating the water discourse in Pakistan and India and maintains that the issue of water scarcity in both states has the tendency to escalate into a “water war” that would be first of its kind and will have serious consequences for the regional and international peace. | |
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| Keywords: | Environmental Degradation, Resource Scarcity, Violent Conflict, Ecological Marginalization, Water Wars | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)75 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)75 | |
| Page Nos: | 904-917 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 75 | |
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Unfolding Graphic Representation in Science Textbooks at Intermediate Level: A Narratological Appraisal |
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| Abstract: | This study aims to critically analyze science textbooks to refine and improve the content and images of science textbooks. The goal of this research is to use document analysis to assess the reliability produced approximately in textbooks. Selected science textbooks are major instructional resources from which students receive information. The study follows a mixed method approach with a more qualitative part. The systematic comprehension and categorizations of images, illustrations, drawings, pictures and texts are required for a comprehensive study of graphic interpretations. In contemporary science textbooks, graphic illustrations play a significant role in grasping key concepts. This research finds that these resources and strategies of visual image text interpretation of these perspectives, photographs, fine-art drawings, illustrations, and posters have become fundamental teaching tools in science books. Further studies should be conducted on different books and different narratological aspects. | |
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| Keywords: | Graphs, Images, Narratology, Science Textbooks | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)76 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)76 | |
| Page Nos: | 918-928 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 76 | |
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Multiple Frames of Reference: Causes of Delay in Civil Suits in Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa |
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| Abstract: | Delay in civil and criminal suits hold a key role in social and legal research. This study presents a comprehensive explanation of the delay in civil suits’ in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. A total of 361 respondents were selected through stratified random sampling whose cases were pending before various courts in Swat. For data collection, interview schedule was utilized as a tool owing to illiterate or less educated respondents. The data was analyzed through SPSS by presenting descriptive and inferential statistics. The results reveal that delay has significant associations with various causes including lawyers managing their caseload (P=.004), stronger party compeling weaker through delay (P=.000), frequent transfers of judges (P=0.009), non-appearance of one party (P=.000), more witnesses (P=.001), summons delivery (P=.000) and lesser number of judges (P=.000). It can be argued that delay can be effectively dealt with by implementing procedural reforms that make the process more transparent and less time-consuming. | |
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| Keywords: | Civil Suits, Delay, Justice System, Litigants | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)77 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)77 | |
| Page Nos: | 929-941 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 77 | |
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A New Hadrian’s Wall: Managing Pak Afghan Border Security, Diplomatic and Economic Dimensions |
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| Abstract: | The interactions between Pakistan and Afghanistan are driven by mutual socio-cultural and economic benefits. Nevertheless, Durand line has remained the bone of contention between two countries since the established of Pakistan. However consistent rise in cross border militancy, smuggling and terrorist attacks has forced Pakistan to take measures to avoid such a scenario. The main objective of this study is to find a well-orchestrated system to stabilize, manage, and control Pak-Afghan border. The qualitative research method is applied to conduct a critical and comparative analysis based on secondary data. Study findings suggest that to ensure economic interdependence and security on both sides of border, two neighbors should extend hand of cooperation to bring peace and stability in the region. There is need for further research to understand the benefits of cooperation between two countries and opportunities for mutual economic progress | |
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| Keywords: | Afghanistan, Af-Pak, South Asian security, Border management, Durand line, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)78 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)78 | |
| Page Nos: | 942-955 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 78 | |
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Public Private Partnership-Challenges of New School Program (NSP) to Enroll Out of School Children: Head Teachers Perception |
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| Abstract: | Education is as necessary as breath. It is directly connected with the progress of every significant institution may that social, economic and political sector. This research was aimed to explore the challenges of New School Programs (NSP) to address out of school children in Punjab. Simple random sampling technique was used to select heads of NSP partner schools. 05 heads teachers of district Lahore were interviewed. Thematic analysis technique was used to get insight about the phenomena. Study revealed that NSP made efforts to enroll out of school children in Punjab. However, poverty, uneducated parents, lack of interest of parents, lack of interest of students, child labor, death and illness of parents and social restrictions and responsibilities of parents and children, poor performance of students and English as medium of instruction are rock of the way to enroll out of New School Program. Further, non-selection of potential sites, stoppage of payment, unrealistic monitoring, strict admission policy, B-Form restriction for admission and shortage of budget also create hindrance to flourish the program. | |
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| Keywords: | Education, New School, Out of School Children, Partner, Program | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)79 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)79 | |
| Page Nos: | 956-969 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 79 | |
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Militarization and Violence against Women in Indian held Kashmir: An Analysis of International Human Rights Discourse |
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| Abstract: | This research paper aims to explore the militarization led victimization of female freedom fighters in Indian held Kashmir. Women are the worst sufferers of the conflict. The current study aims to particularly unveil the experiences of women, they have undergone as a direct hit of violence, molestation and physical and sexual abuse by Indian Armed Forces and rival militant factions with impunity. They are the target of indirect victimization due to the absence of the male members of households (fathers, husbands and sons) in genocide, enforced disappearances, fatalities and mass and unidentified graves that have made the women sole bread earners of households. This study has used the theoretical lens of Feminist Security Studies. For textual interpretation and contextualization of reports published by International Non-Governmental Organizations and other gendered discourse on Kashmir, qualitative content analysis has been employed. This study measures the UN landmark Resolution 1325 in 2000 that acknowledges the impact of conflict on women disproportionately. The study concludes by proposing recommendations that Indian state must prohibit and protect all forms of gender based violence during prolonged conflict of Kashmir and let the Kashmiris exercise their free will. | |
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| Keywords: | Gender, India, INGOs, Kashmir, Militarization, Victimization | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)80 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)80 | |
| Page Nos: | 970-985 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 80 | |
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Effects of Socioeconomic Status and Food Insecurity on Stunting among Children aged 06-59 Months |
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| Abstract: | Thousands of individuals from countries of low economy are suffering from different forms of malnutrition. Asian’ countries have one of the world's highest percentages of malnutrition. Food insecurity is one of the variables that contribute to malnutrition in developing nations, but its results in wasting and developmental delay in children. Present study was aimed to acess family food insecurity and its relationship with nutritional status of children aged 6 to 59 months in Nankana Sahab, Punjab, Pakistan. A community-based cross sectional study of 450 mothers with 6–59-month-old children was conducted from different urban and rural areas of Nankana Sahib using systematic random sampling technique involving families with eligible children. Data were collected using structural questionnaires having questions on food insecurities, stunting and socioeconomic status. Univariate analysis was done. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was used to see the association between food insecurity and nutritional status of children. Results of Pearson product moment correlation analysis showed statistically relevant value of p less than 0.05 was considered positive association between variables. Multiple regression analysis found socioeconomic status and food insecurity as significant positive predictors for stunting among children. | |
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| Keywords: | Food Insecurity, Interventions, Nutritional Values, Socioeconomic Status, Stunting | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)81 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)81 | |
| Page Nos: | 986-995 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 81 | |
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Neoliberal Prison Regime and Resistance in Naqvi’s Home Boy |
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| Abstract: | This study aims to analyze the novel Home Boy’s critique of the neoliberal prison regime by drawing upon the concept of neoliberal prison regime and its policies of erasure theorized by Naomi Klein. According to Klein, the US neoliberal prison regime uses Cameron’s shock therapy and brutal methods of interrogation to de-pattern and disorient the prisoners and to regress them into infantile state and then re-make them. However, these coercive mechanisms of erasure fail to reconstruct the prisoners; rather, these measures generate resistance among them. The research uses descriptive analytical and textual analysis method to interpret and analyze Home Boy and explores its critique of the various psychological methods of neoliberal prison regime. The findings show that the novel highlights that the post 9/11 violent policies of the US neoliberal prison regime regress the prisoners (i.e., Pakistani Muslim immigrants) into infantile state and shatter them physically and psychologically, but fail to remake them. Instead, these measures generate resistance among them. The study is helpful in investigating the depiction of neoliberal prison regime in art works, particularly, in contemporary Anglophone Pakistani novels. | |
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| Keywords: | Disorienting Regression and Remaking, Erasure, De-patterning, Neoliberal Prison Regime, Neoliberalism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)82 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)82 | |
| Page Nos: | 996-1013 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 82 | |
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Impact of Multiple Intelligences on Acculturative Stress among Academic Sojourners in UK |
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| Abstract: | The study examined the impact of multiple intelligences on acculturative stress in academic sojourners enrolled in universities situated in UK. Moreover, demographic differences on multiple intelligences and acculturative stress were inquired. Pakistani university students in UK (N = 300) were research participants contacted through key informants using purposive sampling to complete the survey on Cultural Intelligence Scale Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale) and Acculturative Stress Scale. Linear Regression Analysis showed negative effect of cultural and emotional intelligences on acculturative stress in academic sojourners of UK. Hierarchical Regression Analysis identified that cultural intelligence was the most prominent negative predictor of acculturative stress. Sojourners in M.Phil. / MS exhibited greater multiple intelligences in comparison of sojourners enrolled in other degree programs. Remaining democratic differences were non-significant. The findings are compatible with the existing body of scientific knowledge. | |
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| Keywords: | Academic Sojourners, Acculturative Stress, Cultural Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)83 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)83 | |
| Page Nos: | 1014-1027 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 83 | |
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Impact of Domestic Migration Stress on Mental, Social and Emotional Well-Being of the Adults Residing in the Families of the Military Personnel |
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| Abstract: | The study investigated the impact of domestic migration stress on mental, social and emotional well-being of the adults residing in the families of the military personnel. Moderating role of mental wellbeing between migration stress and its two outcomes including social and emotional wellbeing was investigated also. Research participants were adults residing in the families of the military personnel (N = 300), approached through purposive sampling to administer Domestic Migration Stress Questionnaire, Warwick Edinburg Mental Well-being Scale-Short Form, Social Well-being Scale and Emotional Well-being Scale. Moderation analysis indicates that for negative effect of domestic migration stress on social and emotional wellbeing, the moderator variable mental wellbeing played the role of antagonistic as the domestic migration stress enhanced both social and emotional wellbeing instead of reducing them. Thus, the negative effect of domestic migration stress on social and emotional wellbeing turned into positive due to the inclusion of mental wellbeing in adults. | |
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| Keywords: | Adults, Domestic Migration Stress, Emotional Wellbeing, Mental Wellbeing, Social Wellbeing | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)84 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)84 | |
| Page Nos: | 1028-1040 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 84 | |
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Determining the Extent of Gender Discrimination in Educational Attainment: A Case of Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | Gender bias in developing countries may restrict educational opportunities for girls in comparison to boys. This paper attempts to measure the gender disparity in education amongst children from 5 years to 18 years of age across Pakistan. Using the Cross-sectional data from PSLM and applying Oaxaca decomposition with probit estimation we measure the gender gap through explained and unexplained variation on three aspects of education; first, the overall school enrollments across Pakistan, second the differences in the school enrollments based upon the type of school i.e. public vs. private schools for the three levels of education: primary, middle/secondary and higher secondary. Third, we determine whether gender discrimination exists in the accumulated schooling decision for the age group of 18 to 30 years. The results interestingly show that although a strong bias exists against females in overall enrollment rates, but as we explore further we see that males drop out of private schools more as compared to females and the accumulated level of schooling of the male adults is also lower than that of females. We find that much of these differences are not due to the endowment effects. Large negative deviation for males may be attributed to the unobservable pressure and society’s norms regarding the role of males that affect them in an adverse manner. | |
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| Keywords: | Education, Gender Discrimination, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)85 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)85 | |
| Page Nos: | 1041-1056 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 85 | |
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The Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences of Employee Silence |
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| Abstract: | Employee Silence (ES) is a pervasive phenomenon. It has serious effects on an individual, team, and organizational level. However, given its pervasiveness little, there is still a lot to be known about its antecedents and consequences. The objectives of the study were to explore the antecedents, correlates and consequences of ES at individual level. It is imperative to find these factors since the researchers argue that ES has far more negative effects than positive. Using the survey method, the data was collected by administering the adapted questionnaire (n=229) from the banking sector. The analyses confirmed the hypotheses in line with the extant employee silence literature. The instrumental climate had been found to significantly affect ES. Similarly, the ES was found to be negatively related with job satisfaction and have significant positive effect employee wellbeing. The theoretical framework of the research has extended the current themes of research in the employee silence literature which has opened up avenues for the practitioners. It is recommended that the organizational climate should be fostered as conducive, so ES is reduced leading to better employee wellbeing. Further, as part of future research, it has been recommended that the dispositional factors and laboratory settings may be utilized to better understand the underlying phenomena driving employee silence. | |
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| Keywords: | Employee Silence, Employee Wellbeing, Job Satisfaction, Organizational Instrumental Climate | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)86 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)86 | |
| Page Nos: | 1057-1065 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 86 | |
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Stress, Anxiety and Depression Risk Factors for Preterm Birth among Women |
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| Abstract: | Indent of this study was to investigate the psychological risk factor of preterm birth among pregnant women. There were applied three self-rated scales Zung Depression Self-Assessment Scale (ZDS), Zung Self-Rated Anxiety Scale (ZAS) and Perceived Stress. For current research clinical sample was (n=100) and (n=100) normal women accessed for collecting required data from preterm birth and non-preterm birth women. Present study research design was cross sectional was adopted for measuring required subject matter. For statistical analysis internal applied descriptive statistics t-test, one way anova and regression. There was assumed stress, depression and anxiety are the predicators of preterm birth among women with demographic characteristics differences. Regression analysis indicating P<.0001 thus depression, anxiety, and stress are significant risk factors for preterm birth among women. There is significant difference in level of depression, anxiety and stress among preterm birth women family system wise. Current study findings are indicating depression, anxiety and stress prevalence was higher among preterm birth women rather than normal women. | |
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| Keywords: | Anxiety and Preterm Birth, Depression, Perceived Stress | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)87 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)87 | |
| Page Nos: | 1066-1076 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 87 | |
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Enigmas of Deterritoriazation: Interplay between Home and Exile in Tarar's Lenin For Sale |
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| Abstract: | The objective of this study is to show that by deterritorializing this national subsistence, the exiles encounter inescapable enigmas of deterritorialization which are difficult to comprehend. Fixed origins come into question, homes become provisional and identities fluid. The deterritorialized flux which they encounter in the resettlement phase leaves the people in limbo. The spatial dislocation alters the platitudinous concept of home into a mere imaginary construct. Tarar's Lenin for Sale probes deep into the lives of Pakistani characters whose confrontation with the consumerist dystopia goads them to reconfigure their lives by submitting to the capital. After the dismantling of their ideological leanings, they feel increasingly nostalgic for their native land. They return for the love of their land but it refuses to recognize them due to their exposure to the foreign land. The present study is supported by theoretical confluence of Edward Said and Avtar Brah who critique the fixed origins and study home and exile both materially and metaphorically. The findings of this study show that the exiles suffer from the baffling aftermaths of deterritorialization when various notions of home are questioned. | |
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| Keywords: | Contrapuntal Vision, Deterritorialized Flux, Enigmas of Deterritoriazation, Exilic Cosmopolitanism, Home, Multi-Loctionality | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)88 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)88 | |
| Page Nos: | 1077-1088 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 88 | |
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Association between Disease-Related Stigma and Depression among Advanced Stage Cancer Patients: The Moderating Role of Positive Religious Coping |
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| Abstract: | This study examines the impact of disease-related stigma (DRS) on depression (DP) among advanced stage /symptomatic Cancer patients in the local context. Mitigating role of positive religious coping (PRC) in the said relationship was also investigated. Considering the adverse impact of disease-related stigma on depression among advanced stage Cancer patients. This study was conducted to find out whether positive religious coping moderates DRS-DP link. Data for this study were collected through cross-sectional surveys from 300 Advanced stage Cancer patients in the inpatient and outpatient settings. Using purposive convenient sampling technique information on socio-demographic questionnaires and study variables (disease-related disctrimination, depression and positive religious coping) was obtained. Psychometric properties of the questionnaires were ascertained. Evidence for Convergent, discriminant and criterion validity was also obtained. Andrew Hayes’ Process Macro with SPSS was used for hypothesis testing. Results indicated that disease-related discrimination (DRS) was positively related to depression (DP), whereas positive religious coping (PRC) weakens the DRS-DP link. In the light of current findings doctors and Psychologists are required to assess disease-related stigma and depression level among cancer patients undergoing medical treatment. Psychologist need to educate/counsel Cancer patients for using positive religious coping strategy to reduce level of depression. | |
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| Keywords: | Bio-Psychosocial Model, Depression (DP), Disease-Related Stigmatization (DRS), Positive Religious Coping (PRC), Transactional Model of Stress and Coping | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)89 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)89 | |
| Page Nos: | 1089-1011 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 89 | |
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The Relationship between Fundamental Variables and Stock Returns in the Oil and Gas Companies of Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This paper investigates the relationship between annual stock returns, book to market ratio, dividend yield ratio and price to earnings ratio. A sample of twelve oil and gas sector companies listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) were selected. The annual average values for the suggested variables from 2008 to 2017 were obtained and calculated. The panel data regression method using random effect model was applied. The result of the paper show that only book to market ratio has positive correlation and has a significant impact on the stock returns and has the ability to predict future returns for investors. While, the other ratios, like, dividend yields, price to earnings ratio have a positive correlation but insignificant impact on the stock returns. Findings of this study suggest that investors can use and apply the investment criteria that utilizes book to market ratio to earn returns on their investment and minimize the risk on the investments. | |
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| Keywords: | Book to Market, Dividend Yield, Panal Data, Regression, Price to Earnings Ratio, Random Effect Model, Stock Returns, Corresponding | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)90 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)90 | |
| Page Nos: | 1012-1025 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 90 | |
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Influence of Teachers' Formative Assessment Feedback and Students' Learning Activities on English Subject at Secondary School Level |
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| Abstract: | The goal of this study was to determine the influence of teachers’ feedback in formative assessment on students' learning outcomes in English subject at secondary school level. Assessment is a continuous procedure that occurs throughout the educational process with the goal of boosting students’ learning. This quantitative study adopted an experimental research design to measure the effect of teachers’ feedback in formative assessment on student learning outcome on English subject through random sampling method. Fifty students were chosen from two schools in the taluka of Kotri Jamshoro. A validated English subject test from the text book of ixth class was used as a research instrument. The research found that teachers’ formative assessment feedback improved students' English learning results. Teachers' formative assessment feedback boosted students' motivation and learning engagement. Thus, successful formative assessment approaches led to improved student learning activities. Administrators should create programmes to help teachers execute formative assessment appropriately in the classroom. | |
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| Keywords: | Formative Assessment, Secondary School Teachers, Students Learning, English subject | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)91 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)91 | |
| Page Nos: | 1026-1035 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 91 | |
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Khyber Pakhtunkhuwa Government Health Communication Campaigns and its Impact on Social Media Users |
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| Abstract: | The research aimed to evaluate the impact of social media health communication campaigns of Khyber Pakhtunkhuwa Government on the social media users. The research was both quantitative and qualitative in nature, for which a survey and interview method was used. A questionnaire was designed to acquire responses from the respondents. The reliability and validity of the tool was measured and its alpha value was recorded above 60 percent for all the variables. Moreover, the factor analysis yielded valid results for the variables considered in this study. The respondents were approached through a multi stage sampling in twelve different districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhuwa. Using the Yamane, (1967) formula an adequate sample size (400) was extracted. The findings revealed that social media health campaigns have enhanced the health information of the respondents. Moreover, these campaigns have sensitized them that they are vulnerable to diseases and the health issues are severe in not addressed. Furthermore, they responded that, these health campaigns benefits them in their lives and they know about the various barriers that hinder their attitude towards the campaign messages. The demographic variable age was found negative and significant with vulnerability. Also, it is positively correlated with indirect channels of communication. Similarly, educational level has a negative and significant correlation with vulnerability. However, income has no correlation with any constructs. However, exposure to social media had no correlation with the variables considered in this study. | |
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| Keywords: | Evaluation, Health Campaigns, Impact, Khyber Pakhtunkhuwa, Social Media | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)92 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)92 | |
| Page Nos: | 1036-1047 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 92 | |
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Exploring the Symbolic Representation of the Social, Religious and Ritualistic Aspects of South Asia through Glass Bangles |
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| Abstract: | South Asian cultures are conspicuous for their preference for the use of ornaments, especially for the representation of feminine beauty. Glass bangles have been one very common ornament used by women in South Asia. This study attempts to analyse the symbolic significance associated with bangles across different regions of South Asia. Qualitative approach with a focus on content analysis was used to explore the social, religious and ritualistic interpretation of the use of bangles in these regions. The study concluded that bangles are not only a tool of embelishment but also carry symbolic meaning which encompass the social, religious and ritualistic aspects of their life in regard to their marital status, matrimonial bliss, as well as good and bad luck. The study may provide useful insights as far understanding of the nature and use of ornaments with their symbolic connotations is concerned. It may also be useful for other researchers in so far that they can further explore the topic empirically. The researcher proposes a comparative study of other ornamental objects to see the similarities and differences between them in regard to their symbolic significance | |
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| Keywords: | Bangles, Culture, Ornaments, Rituals, South Asia | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)93 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)93 | |
| Page Nos: | 1048-1058 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 93 | |
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Measuring the Impact of Green Human Resources Practice on Organizational Performance |
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| Abstract: | Human resources are the most valuable resource, and directing their efforts toward the green movement would have a significant influence, as it would affect not just the working environment but also future employees and policy planning. The negative externalities and societal challenges can be lessened, When the power structure of the community is highly respected and the approach of the organization becomes more stakeholder-centered, which requires assessing the Green responsibility of organizations. This empirical study was designed to measure the effect of green human resources management practices on organizational performance. Quantitative data were collected from 213 employees of NADRA Regional office Sukkur by using adopted structured questionnaire based on 5-point Likert scale. Hypotheses were tested and validated through statistical analysis by using SPSS. The results indicated that green HRM components such as green recruitment and selection, Green Reward and compensation, and Green Employees involvement have positive and significant influences on the organizational performance. The green human resource management practices enhance a firm's environmental performance that is major societal challenge. NADRA can acquire an edge when adopting high green responsible human resources management and green organizational culture. | |
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| Keywords: | Green Human Resources Management, Green Organizational Culture, Organizational Performance | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)94 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)94 | |
| Page Nos: | 1059-1069 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 94 | |
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Spiritual Intelligence and Psychological Distress during Covid-19 Pandemic in Adults of Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | Amid COVID 19 it was planned to examine the presence of psychological distress including anxiety, depression, and stress, and its relationship with Spiritual Intelligence in Adults of Pakistan. A novel and an uncertain situation like COVID-19 that carries a burden on health, finance, industry, education, and nearly all spheres of life could rise psychological distress. Measuring its intensity and valence could be helpful in its intervention. It was a correlational study with a cross-sectional research design. A non-probability convenient sample of two hundred participants with the age range of 18 to 55 years (M=25.5 SD= 5.56) completed the online google survey. Depression, Anxiety, Stress -21 scale (DASS), and Spiritual Intelligence Self-Inventory was used to collect data. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship (.851**, .802** p< 0.001) between depression, anxiety, and stress. Moreover, no significant relationship could be found between spiritual intelligence and psychological distress. Significant gender differences were found for depression and anxiety as men reported more depression and anxiety. General population is experiencing depression, anxiety, and stress due to the COVID- 19 though no relationship exists between psychological distress and spiritual intelligence within the present sample. Psychological intervention should be the part of usual regime to cater to COVID-19 and related diseases. | |
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| Keywords: | Anxiety, Depression, Spiritual Intelligence Stress | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)95 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)95 | |
| Page Nos: | 1070-1077 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 95 | |
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Personality Type’s Relationship with Psychological Characteristics of Psychotic Patients |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between personality type and psychological traits in both psychotic and non-psychotic individuals. For the purpose of gathering the necessary data from patients, both psychotic and non-psychotic, intentionally (N=50) volunteers were contacted. Ten distinct TAT cards were chosen to serve as a measuring scale. The same participant's personality inventory was used in conjunction with TAT to objectively assess the participant's personality traits. To measure the needed subject matter objectively, the cross-sectional research design of the current study was used. Internal consistency, intercorrelation, t-test, and ANOVA were employed for the statistical analysis. Results indicated that there is no statistically significant difference between male and female personality types on the personality inventory (p > 0.05). Only two of the personality scale's domains—conscientiousness and emotional stability—showed a gender difference. The results showed that there was no significant difference between personality types and educational status. Additionally, there was no significant difference between psychotic and non-psychotic personality types and psychological traits in terms of residential status and socioeconomic status. According to TAT findings, schizophrenic individuals were less emotionally stable, open-minded, and conscientious and more neurotic, introverted, and neurotic. The association between personality types and psychotic condition has been found to be robust, even though there was a strong correlation between personality types, psychotics, and non-psychotics. | |
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| Keywords: | Extrovert, Introverted, Neurotic and Conscientious, Non Psychotics, Personality, Psychological Characteristics, Psychotics | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)96 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)96 | |
| Page Nos: | 1078-1089 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 96 | |
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Food Insecurity in the Western Himalaya: the Changing Pattern of Agro-Pastoral Activities and its Impact on Saif-Ul-Malook National Park, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This study explores the impact of poverty, and the changing pattern of agro-pastoral activities on Saif-ul-Malook National Park. For this purpose, data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. However, this study is mainly based on primary data. Primary data were collected from field survery through questionnaire survery, foucs group discussion and interview in August/September, 2018. A total number of 150 households were interviewed as a representative sample through random sampling technique. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive, inferential statistical techniques and cartographic methods. In order to check the econometric problems (i.e. heteroscedasticity and multicollinerity) in the assumption of ordinary least square (OLS) model, different diagnostics tests were employed and result of all the tests show the absence of any econometric problems in the model. The result of multi-regression shows that female-headed households of the study area are the ‘poorest of the poor’ and are more vulnerable and prone to poverty than men and face more barriers to lifting themselves out of poverty. This study indicates that agricultural transformation and cash crop cultivation have negative impact on poverty and improved food and livelihood security, ultimately improving the living standard of mountain people. Furthermore, it is inferred that the bio-physical environment of the Saif-ul-Malook national park is deteriorating and its sustainability calls for an immediate action to reduce the ever increasing human and livestock pressure on park resources. | |
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| Keywords: | Food Insecurity, Livelihood Strategy, National Park, Saif-Ul-Malook, Poverty | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)97 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)97 | |
| Page Nos: | 1090-1115 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 97 | |
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A Study of Social Skills Development among the Students of Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | The substantial purpose of this study was to identify the level of social skills development in prospective teachers of the Institute of Education and Research (IER), University of the Punjab. As it is stressed that the development of social skills in necessary in teachers as if teachers possess these characteristics, it will affect their students and will also improve the quality of teaching process. Descriptive survey research method was adopted to conduct this research. Five departments were randomly selected. 162 subjects were requested to participate in the study. T-test and ANOVA were run for the purpose of data analysis. The results of the study showed that there is no significant difference in the development of social skills in the students of various departments of IER. It was also evident from the results that there is no significant difference in the development of social skills on the basis of students’ background studies. | |
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| Keywords: | Communication Skills, Prospective Teachers, Social Skills Development | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)98 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)98 | |
| Page Nos: | 1116-1124 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 98 | |
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Hemingway’s The Killers: a Counter Narrative of the Title and Code Hero |
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| Abstract: | This research aims at exploring and analyzing the human values of courage, bravery and optimism that Hemingway admired the most. “Hemingway’s "code hero" is someone who is honorable, courageous, and adventurous and who exhibits grace under pressure. This research paper explores the counter narrative of the title and its first impression on the readers. It also explores the counter narrative of the protagonist, Ole Anderson, of the story, and an analysis how he does not represent the code hero of Hemingway. Detailed textual study of the short story “The Killers” has been done as a primary source for this research. The research finds that human values and priorities undergo a drastic change under certain conditions. The study recommends that positive human values must be kept in hand no matter how feeble is man’s power and intellect before the hostile forces of nature and all other internal or external conflicts. | |
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| Keywords: | Autobiographical, Code Hero, Disillusionment, Effaced Narrator, Optimism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)99 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)99 | |
| Page Nos: | 1125-1132 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 99 | |
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Comparing Head Teachers’ Effectiveness and School Performance through Teachers’ Ratings |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of the study was to compare head teachers’ effectiveness by using teachers’ rating on quality indicators and their school performance through their gender and school location. Head teacher effectiveness is a process to measure that how quality indicators recommended by the state are implemented by head teacher in institution. School performance is defined as the extent to which long or short educational targets are achieved by the teachers, students and schools. In district Sahiwal, 1026 Secondary School Teachers evaluated their head teachers’ effectiveness on HTEQ developed by the researchers by employing multistage sampling technique. For school performance, MEAs monthly visit reports were used to collect the data on the factors: teacher presence, school cleanliness, functioning of facilities and student presence, while data on student achievement score were obtained from their schools. To analyze the data, both of variables were compared by using T-test for independent sample. The study revealed that female teachers’ rated their head teachers significantly more effective than male teachers’ rated, while urban teachers’ rated their head teachers significantly more effective than rural teachers’ rated. The study recommended that reasons might be explored for lower effectiveness and school performance of male head teachers through further studies. | |
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| Keywords: | Communication and Community Relations, Head Teachers’ Effectiveness, Instructional Leadership, Organizational Management, School Climate, School Performance, Teacher Evaluation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)100 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)100 | |
| Page Nos: | 1133-1146 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 100 | |
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Determinants of Financial Inclusion in South Asia: An Empirical Evidence |
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| Abstract: | Currently, financial inclusion is considered a key mediator in achieving economic output. The primary aim of the current research is to construct a financial inclusion index and examine the different factors that affect financial inclusion in the context of South Asian countries. The time period of the study is 1980 to 2017. The financial inclusion index is used as a dependent variable that is computed based on access and usage of financial services. Independent variables include GDP per capita (GDPP), age dependency ratio (AGE), urbanization (URBAN), information and communication technology (ICT), and rule of law. A fixed effect model is used for regression analysis. Regression results indicate that, in South Asian countries except for urbanization, all the other variables play a significant role in the process of financial inclusion. Thus, governments of these countries should chalk out such policies which can provide the modern technology related to information and communication, improve the rule of law conditions, and increase the GDP per capita. | |
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| Keywords: | Financial Inclusion, Fixed Effect Model, Random Effect Model, South Asian Countries | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)101 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)101 | |
| Page Nos: | 1147-1160 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 101 | |
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A Critique of Diaspora Identity in Sorayya Khan’s City of Spies |
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| Abstract: | Sorayya’s City of Spies (2015) reflects the transnational migration of diaspora people; who come across socio-political, religious, economic, and cultural uncertainties in the host space. Diaspora can be utilized as a suitable device to break down the novel for new interpretations and it also stresses the multiple effects of globalization. The study while putting Aliya’s struggle for identity (Bhabha’s concept of identity puts that it is always in the process and never a finished product) in context, argues that migrants experience nostalgia, and post-memory for their homeland which Brah terms as ‘desire for home’ while trying to create a home where they live, which she terms as ‘homing desire’. The present research uses the theoretical markers of Homi K Bhabha and Avtar Brah to delineate the subject of diaspora identity. This study concludes that migrants oscillate between two worlds and that they are still in a restless state while struggling to find out their identity. | |
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| Keywords: | Bicultural Identity Diaspora Literature, Migration | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)102 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2022(6-II)102 | |
| Page Nos: | 1161-1173 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v6-2 | |
| Article #: | 102 | |
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