News
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Contents Volume 3, Issue 1
| Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Property Crimes in Pakistan: A Case Study of the Punjab | ||
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| Abstract: | This study is an empirical attempt to explore the effects of various socio-economic, demographic and law enforcement variables on the property crimes of Punjab, Pakistan. In this regard a panel data set from the year 2010 to 2014 of 34 districts of Punjab has been used to investigate the relationship between Dependent and Independent Variables. Haussmann’s test suggested that Fixed Effect Model is more appropriate to be used in empirical procedure .Empirical findings have explored a positive and significant relationship of population growth, economic activity, untraced property crime rate, police strength and proclaimed offenders while the influence of literacy rate indicate a negative and significant association with property crime rate of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Findings of the study are way forward for policy makers and to bring reforms i.e. controlling population, enhancing literacy rate, making reforms in law enforcement institutions and providing more security into the area where there is more economic prosperity. | |
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| Keywords: | Property Crime, Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants, Punjab, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)01 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)01 | |
| Page Nos: | 1-16 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 1 | |
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| Oil Politics in the Middle East: Understanding the Genesis of Petrodollar Strategy | ||
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| Abstract: | WWII evidenced the blockade of oil supply is the synthesis of the defeat and self-sufficiency of energy has the victorious outcome. Oil ensures the life of industrial economy. The developed could never be sustained developed if energy defaults. US and the allies post WWII technically and diplomatically suzerain the M.E oil reservoirs. US/UK/French oil companies maintained the monopoly from exploring/surveying/ drilling/exploiting the regional oil wells up-to fixing the prices. For the sustenance of oil companies contractual assignments the regional authoritarian/dictatorial regimes were fit to the realist interests’ augmentation of imperialist/capitalist actors. The regional politics amalgamated the world’s necessity of oil into oil politics. The exterior profound penetration in regional political cores fueled the regional rivalries and generated the oil anarchy to protect the Jewish state and to rule diplomatically/economically on regional entities. Hegemony on IPE the US dollar leading status was strategized with petrodollar: no oil with no dollar | |
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| Keywords: | Oil Politics, Divide Empra, Petrodollar, Bretton Woods System | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)02 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)02 | |
| Page Nos: | 17-37 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 2 | |
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| Representation of Sanjha (United) Punjab in Abdullah Hussein’s The Weary Generations: A Syncretic Analysis | ||
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| Abstract: | The study aims at providing a representation of ‘Sanjha Punjab’ in The Weary Generations (Udas Naslain) by Abdullah Hussein under the perspective of syncretism. It examines the lives of various groups of people such as Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus in one community at different stages socio-political, cultural, economic and religious perspectives regardless of their religions. However, for the textual analysis, Bhabha’s notion of hybridity/syncretism has been taken as a theoretical framework. Moreover, this study can be helpful to preserve Punjabi culture through the insight of past lives of these groups of people. This study is an invitation of love and peace for the people in the current scenario that they may come and live in multicultural societies. As the multicultural society addresses all issues regarding the animosity and hostility related to the lives of the people whether they belong to Muslim, Sikh, Hindu or other community | |
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| Keywords: | Sanjha , Punjab, Syncretism, Harmony, Culture | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)03 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)03 | |
| Page Nos: | 38-53 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 3 | |
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| Iranian Nuclear Program: Impacts on Saudi-Iran Relations | ||
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| Abstract: | This research aims to analyze the regional and international factors which have affected the policies and stance adopted by two important Iranian regimes towards Iranian nuclear program by using a comparative method discussed under the neo-realist approach. States claiming sovereignty develop offensive military capabilities to defend themselves and extend the power. It is generally assumed as a fact that Iranian nuclear program is a matter of unprecedented threat for Saudi Arabian territory and its allies in the region as well. As it is perceived that existence of nuclear threat is sufficient to embolden Tehran’s belligerence in the proxy wars against Riyadh as both is engaged aggressively, wrestling across the region for hegemony and leverage. The ceaseless quest for regional hegemony fluctuated over the entire Middle East for last many decades. Especially, the post-2003 era is characterized by the Shi’ite–Sunni sectarian tensions, which have greatly shaped the Saudi response to the Iranian nuclear program. | |
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| Keywords: | Nuclear Program, Neo-Realist Approach, Proxy War, Sectarian Violence | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)04 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)04 | |
| Page Nos: | 54-64 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 4 | |
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| Nexus between Political Development and Institutionalization: An Analysis of the Institution Building Approach | ||
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| Abstract: | This study finds out the views of Samuel Huntington about political stability and instability, and explains that how the institution building approach is all connected with the several variables like social mobilization, political participation, political stability, economic development and rapid modernization. Political development is the hallmark of modernizing politics and refers to the significance of institutionalization. The concepts of political development, institutionalization and modernization were never free from ambiguity when they were first advanced. This study descriptively and analytically focuses on the institution building approach of Samuel Huntington which has been particularly important to understanding the nexus between political development and institutionalization. This study recommends that political institutionalization of a state will lead to stable political development | |
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| Keywords: | Political development, Institutionalization Political stability, Modernization, Political Participation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)05 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)05 | |
| Page Nos: | 65-79 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 5 | |
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| The Application and Impact of PEEDA Act on Teachers’ Morale and Performance | ||
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| Abstract: | This study was designed to find out “The impact of PEEDA Act on teachers’ morale and performance”. The study was qualitative as well as quantitative in nature. The target population was all the PEEDA Victims primary school teachers and their Head Teachers of district Dera Ghazi Khan. There were 503 PEEDA Victims out of which 285 were selected as the sample by using simple random sampling technique. To find out the morale and performance of PEEDA Victims, Two questionnaires were developed one for PEEDA Victims and other for their Head Teachers. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics like percentage, mean and standard deviation were applied to data to generalize the result. Z-test was applied to test the null hypotheses. The results of the study showed that PEEDA Act has slightly positive impact on teachers’ performance but it is negatively affecting teachers’ morale | |
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| Keywords: | Punjab Employees Efficiency, Discipline and accountability Act (PEEDA) Victims, Morale, Performance | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)06 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)06 | |
| Page Nos: | 80-92 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 6 | |
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| Business Ethics and Employees’ Outcomes: An Empirical Study of Cellular Operators of Pakistan | ||
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| Abstract: | Abstract This study examines the impact of ethical leadership and organizational fairness on employees’ affective commitment and employees’ job performance. Data were collected from the cellular operators working in Pakistan namely Mobilink, Ufone, Telenor, Zong and Warid through questionnaire from 518 employees working in regional and head offices of cellular operators at Islamabad, Lahore, Faisalabad and Multan. The study reported the results of preliminary, correlation and regression analysis by using SPSS. These results indicated that the ethical leadership and organizational fairness has direct and indirect impact through trust in organization on employees’ affective commitment and employees’ job performance. This showed a partial mediation of trust between business ethics and employees’ out comes. Therefore, this study recommended to the stakeholders of companies in Pakistan to adopt this model for their improvement and progress | |
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| Keywords: | Ethical Leadership, Organizational Fairness, Trust in Organization, Employees’ Affective Commitment and Employees’ Job Performance | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)07 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)07 | |
| Page Nos: | 93-111 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 7 | |
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| The Productivity of Urdu Affixes in Newspapers: A Corpus Driven Research | ||
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| Abstract: | Affixation is one of the ways to form new words in Urdu through the use of prefixes, interfixes, infixes and suffixes. The current study introduces a new way to identify the potential affixes or morphological productivity of affixes in Urdu corpus which are used to form new words. The focus of the research is to find the productivity of affixes in Urdu. A huge corpus is compiled by the researcher to find the productivity of the affixes i.e. prefixes and suffixes. The Corpus driven approach is used by the researcher to analyze the affixes present in the corpus. Along with corpus driven approach, qualitative descriptive method is also employed by the researcher to examine the function of the quantified affixes from the corpus for the analysis of the data. The quantified results of the corpus show that بے is the most productive prefix whileی is the most productive suffix in Urdu. The results also reveal that suffixes are more productive than prefixes. The descriptive qualitative analysis shows that ی plays various functions in the process of affixation that is why it is the most productive affix in Urdu. | |
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| Keywords: | Affixation, Morphological Productivity, Urdu Productivity, Corpus Research | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)08 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)08 | |
| Page Nos: | 112-129 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 8 | |
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| Revisiting the Controversy over Status of Tibet | ||
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| Abstract: | This paper attempts to explore historical contextual to understand the controversy over the status of Tibet region. Over decades, the status of Tibet region sharing borders with India and China is the subject of discussion. In 1950, Chinese Liberation Army entered Tibet and took control of it and Chinese government’s official statement declared Tibet as an integral part of China. Chinese action was condemned on regional as well as international level. Chinese government refuted this condemnation as it claimed that Tibet region was part of China for last centuries and Chinese army entered the region only for consolidation of China‘s security on its western border. Eventually the Chinese arguments are not accepted. On the other side, India because of cultural and religious harmony claims that Tibet once was part of India. Thus the status of Tibet region is disputed. | |
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| Keywords: | Tibet issue, China, India, Chinese Liberation Army | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)09 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)09 | |
| Page Nos: | 130-140 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 9 | |
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| The Flipped Classroom: A Teaching Model for Teacher Education | ||
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| Abstract: | The Purpose of this study is to introducing flipped learning strategy to novice Pakistani teachers and exploring their perception and views about its effectiveness. The investigators used case study as a qualitative approach to get deep knowledge about the phenomenon under investigation. Design Base Research (DBR) was employed for the intervention of flipped classroom learning model for a teaching course offered at post graduate level in a public university. Multiple tools like structured observation, field notes, questionnaire and face to face interviews were employed for data collection. The analysis consists of three parts: first part deals the analysis of observed classroom practices, second part discusses about the change of attitude due to intervention and third part talks about the analysis of students’ interviews conducted at the end of the study to further explore the effectiveness of flipped model. The qualitative and quantitative analysis shows that flipped pedagogy is a productive teaching approach in Pakistani context by considering of some factors like relevant content and size of videos, layout of classroom and role of teacher | |
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| Keywords: | Flipped Classroom, Collaborative Learning, Case Study, Designed Based Research | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)10 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)10 | |
| Page Nos: | 141-156 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 10 | |
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| A Sociological Analysis of Women Protection Rights against Violence in Punjab, Pakistan | ||
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| Abstract: | The present research explored the level of knowledge of women about the types of violence and the level of knowledge of women protection laws. The common woman of Pakistani society is incapable to avail the protection laws against violence. The women of Faisalabad were selected for the present study. Multistage sampling technique was adapted and a sample of 384 women was drawn. Interview schedule was used to collect data. Chi square test was applied. After analysis, results showed that there is no association between giving harsh gestures to a woman with their knowledge about protection rights. Results also showed that women agreed that women protection rights can protect women from violence when the daily usage items are destructed, and/or they are slapped. It is recommended that women should be triggered by educating the women at various levels by effective role of media | |
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| Keywords: | Violence, Human Rights, Women Protection, Harsh Gesture | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)11 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)11 | |
| Page Nos: | 157-166 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 11 | |
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| Ethics of Disagreement in Sharīʻah and its Value for Contemporary Pakistani Society | ||
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| Abstract: | The division of Muslim Ummah and presence of hatred between different schools of thought caused severe damage to the Ummah. This paper aims at exploring the importance of Islamic ethics of disagreement and its relevance to bring harmony between various schools of thought, with special reference to Pakistani society. The Holy Prophet declared the jurisprudential disagreements to be a blessing for Muslims. Indeed it was an art of agreeing to disagree. However, this knowledge of disagreement took the shape of discord and division in the world today. Ikhtilāf is a product of ijtihād and therefore, should not be abandoned. It follows discussion on the need of promoting the concept of disagreeing among the scholars in such a rational way that it elaborates different facets of Sharīʻah. This article finds that responsibility, of creating harmony among various schools of thought and promotion of ethics of disagreement rests with the Muslim jurists and the international institutions via employing the tool of Collective Ijtihād. Furthermore, this article recommends looking at the disagreements as a scholarly discussion for a peaceful society. | |
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| Keywords: | Ethics, Disagreement, Ijtihād, Sharīʻah, Muslim Jurists | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)12 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)12 | |
| Page Nos: | 167-179 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 12 | |
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| Academic English Language for Social Sciences Learners: A Case Study of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan | ||
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| Abstract: | This study is twofold in nature. The intent of undertaken research is to probe out the academic English language needs and to suggest a course to cater the academic needs of the social sciences learners of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan and to. Taking insights from the theory of ESP and EAP, needs analysis is carried out. In this regard, the data was collected through interviews from fifteen instructors of three disciplines: Economics, Education and Mass Communication; to judge the existing level of students’ competence and their requirements. Key points of the data were evaluated qualitatively by conferring the themes. Findings about the present situation analysis revealed the low proficiency of the learners to cope up the target situations. So, in light of the existing situations of learners regarding Academic English Language needs, a course is suggested to revamp the learning of social sciences learners. | |
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| Keywords: | English for Academic Purposes(EAP), Present Situation Analysis (PSA), Target Situation Analysis(TSA) | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)13 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)13 | |
| Page Nos: | 180-193 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 13 | |
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| Indo-Israel Relations: Implications for Pakistan | ||
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this research is to elucidate Indo-Israel relations through an eye of its implementation for Pakistan. In the account of Indo-Israel relations, the hypothesis asserts that both states intensely needed to increase underpins to each other, after the end up of the cold war between the United States of America and the USSR. Both states bilateral relations in trade, cultural, water management, city development and agricultural development are general and defence cooperation in particular. With the passage of time, the growing ties between India and Israel are increasing a great pose of implications for Pakistan. This increasing relation is creating implications for Pakistan in sense of defense, national security, economic constraints, territorial integrity, isolation of Pakistan from the international forum and nascent unrest etc. In this descriptive research, the analysis shows this growing relation is posing a threat of balance of power in south Asia in general and Pakistan in Particular | |
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| Keywords: | Indo-Israel Relations, Implications For Pakistan, MOSSAD, RAW | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)14 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)14 | |
| Page Nos: | 194-206 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 14 | |
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| Influence of Social Background on English Language Proficiency at Secondary Level | ||
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| Abstract: | The present study aimed to investigate the influence of social background on the students’ performance of English at the secondary school level. 150students and9 teachers of the English languagefrom six public secondary schools of D. G. Khan were selected as data using stratified sampling and systematic random sampling techniquesrespectively. The study used cross-sectional survey design. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data from students and teachers. Quantitative data were summarized using descriptive statistics and presented and tabulated, while qualitative data were put under themes and presented in the narratives. The study found that the use of mother tongue and cultural knowledge had a negative influence on the performance of English. The use of mother tongue impinges on their proficiency. The study recommended that teachers should come up with interactive teaching methods regarding the English curriculum | |
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| Keywords: | Social Background, 1stlanguage, Negative Influence | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)15 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)15 | |
| Page Nos: | 207-222 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 15 | |
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| Investigating the Metropolitan Hegemon: A Postcolonial Sociological Reading of The Reluctant Fundamentalist | ||
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| Abstract: | The current study explores the intricate and interdependent relationship between the modern metropolitan centers and the non-metropolitan peripheries by questioning the discursive modes of hegemony prevalent in the wake of the postcolonial era. With a postcolonial sociological stance, the study employs a framework based on the concepts of Metropolis and Hegemony proposed by Farias & Stemmler (2006), Ashcroft (1998), Gramsci (1971) etc. The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid is chosen as a text for the study. Contrary to the traditional critiques of postcolonial studies, this study suggests a paradigm shift in the favor of postcolonial sociological perspective to have a comprehensive understanding of the sociological dimensions of postcoloniality of the modern world. The study shows how The Reluctant Fundamentalist is suggestive of an interdependent relationship between the metropolitan hegemon and the non-metropolis. Changez’s effort to identify with himself with metropolitan hegemon is not successful and ultimately he realizes the dynamic relation between the metrolpolitan and non-metropolitan identities striving for stability in chaos. | |
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| Keywords: | Postcolonialism, Metropolis, Urban Sociology, Hegemony | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)16 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)16 | |
| Page Nos: | 223-233 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 16 | |
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| Formulaic Language in Social Sciences: A Functional Analysis of Lexical Bundles in Native and Non-Native Academic Discourse | ||
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| Abstract: | The current study explicates how differentially the native and non-native writers functionally use the lexical bundles in the academic discourse of PhD theses. The corpus data comprised 200 PhD theses produced by non-native Pakistani scholars and the native scholars in the five different disciplines of the social sciences. To conduct the analysis, the study employs a combination of functional taxonomies of the lexical bundles previously proposed and used by Biber and his associates (see, Biber, et al., 2004 & 2003); Biber & Barbieri, 2007). For data analysis, a corpus tool, AntConc 3.3.5, was used to generate and enlist the 4-word units of lexical bundles found in the collected corpus. These identified lexical bundles were, later, categorized into three functional categories as referential, discourse organizing, and stance. The findings of the study reveal that the native and non-native writers make significantly more use of referential lexical bundles and a minimum use of discourse organizing and stance bundles with certain qualitative differences. It is expected that the findings of the study can help EAP scholars in developing teaching materials to assist non-native writers in improving their academic skills | |
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| Keywords: | Formulaic Language, Lexical Bundles, Academic Discourse, Ph. D Thesis | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)17 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)17 | |
| Page Nos: | 234-249 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 17 | |
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| Sino-Pak Geo- Strategic Interdependence: Post 9/11 | ||
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| Abstract: | Chinese President Xi Jinping referred to China’s partnership with Pakistan as “higher than the mountains, deeper than the oceans, sweeter than honey.” Pakistan-China relations are usually described by ‘Two Alls’ and ‘Four Goods.’ The ‘Two Alls’ are ‘all-weather friendship’ and ‘all-round cooperation’ and ‘Four Goods’ includes good neighbours, good friends, good partners, and good brothers. To understand Sino-Pak-China relations, it is essential to confer the determinants and the environment that led to the consolidation of their strategic interdependence in the post 9/11 period. This research study has employed the qualitative method in which secondary sources of data have taken from existing literature, published and unpublished research works and primary data was collected by conducting interviews of International Relations experts’ to analyze the factors behind Sino-Pak geo-strategic interdependence in the post 9/11 period. It focuses on China’s importance and engagement in the emerging dynamics of South Asia, especially India’s efforts for regional superiority and its partnerships with major powers, particularly with the US. The outcome of discussion reflects that in the post 9/11 period, the Indo-US strategic cooperation added new dimensions to the China and Pakistan partnership | |
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| Keywords: | China-Pakistan strategic interdependence, China, Indo-US nuclear deal, Pakistan, Strategic Cooperation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)18 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)18 | |
| Page Nos: | 250-264 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 18 | |
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| Indian Tactical-Short Range Missiles, Fragile Nuclear Doctrine and Doctrinal Crisis Triggers Crisis and Strategic Instability in South Asia | ||
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| Abstract: | Fascist regime of India is pouring billions of dollars in military modernization and to procure modern weapons system. Continuous military modernization is endangering regional peace and stability. Paper carefully calibrates Indian missile developments with fraught doctrinal changes. Central objective of this paper is “crisis within Indian fragile nuclear doctrine motivates Indian leaders to pave the way for spiral of crisis besides authorize preemptive military strikes against Pakistan. Fragile nature of Indian nuclear doctrine is resulting in crisis instability and endangering strategic stability.” Paper rejects the notion that guardians of Pakistan nuclear weapons will use nuclear weapons. It is clear that Indian politico-military leaders are complicating decision making process. It will inevitably confront decision making challenges during crisis and in the midst of war resulting in deterrence breakdown. It rejects the preexistent notion that Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program is fastest growing. It rather prove with substantial data India fits into this category. This research paper also rejects the notion that Pakistan introduced TNWs in South Asia. It rather brings into limelight the correct notion that New Delhi is missile proliferator and introduced TNWs in South Asia | |
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| Keywords: | TNWs, Cold War, Nuclear, Balakot Crisis, Doctrine | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)19 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)19 | |
| Page Nos: | 265-277 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 19 | |
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| Gender Quota and Women’s Political Participation in Pakistan: A Case of General Elections 2002 | ||
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| Abstract: | The paper aims to critically evaluate the impact of gender quota on women’s participation in the 2002 general elections. For this purpose, the study has analyzed overall participation of women as candidates and subsequent success as legislator. Women legislators’ level of education, profession, age, and previous political and parliamentary experience have also been calculated. Data have been collected from official websites of the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) and National Assembly (NA). Several studies and reports have also been consulted. The findings of the study have supported this arguments and revealed that increased number of seats have benefitted women of upper strata as traditional culture is not accustomed to deliver opportunity to all segments of society. However, exceptional cases are always there. | |
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| Keywords: | Gender Quota, Female Legislators, Politically Influential Families | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)20 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)20 | |
| Page Nos: | 278-291 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 20 | |
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| Frames for United Nations Climate Change Conference 2015 Comparison of Elite Dawn and Popular Jang Newspapers Evidence from Pakistan | ||
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| Abstract: | The present article explores the role of two leading dailies of Pakistan. Dawn and Jang are analyzed related to coverage of Paris Conference or Conference of Parties 2015 (COP21). The method utilized for the study is quantitative content analysis. Framing theory is being utilized. It is found that there is limited coverage of the global event of COP21 (N=35) in one month. Dawn newspaper has triple coverage when compared with Jang, however, Dawn newspaper has relied on the foreign news agencies and the voices of foreign political system are heard which means that the daily does not adequately domesticate the event in national context. Jang has emphasized on the national political system. It is recommended that Pakistani journalists in Dawn newspaper must domesticate the event by bringing it back to Pakistan. Jang should emphasize on the global event and linking it to national political system rather than giving political protocol to the national governments | |
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| Keywords: | COP21, Domestication, Framing, Dawn, Jang, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)21 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)21 | |
| Page Nos: | 292-305 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 21 | |
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| Pak-US Collaboration on Afghanistan and USSR War 1979 to 1988 | ||
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| Abstract: | Pakistan has always been very vital because of its geographical location and strategic position. On Christmas Eve, the Soviet Union attacked on Afghanistan in 1979. USSR wanted to conquer Afghanistan. Soviet distinction was Pakistan but USSR dream just remained a dream. Pakistan put this violation to USA and joined the USA block. With cooperation of USA, Pakistan fights against the USSR in the favor of Afghanistan. USA supported with weaponry Morley against the USSR invasion in Afghanistan. Pakistani, Afghan arms and freedom fighter defeated the USSR. With the withdrawal of USSR troops from Afghanistan, Pakistan outlived its utility with United State. This article seeks to analysis the impact of the Pak U.S collaboration on Afghanistan war against the Soviet Union. Also seek for analyze the implication of Pak U.S strategy on the current demission and future relations with each other. It argues that the two countries share the main goal of the Afghanistan Pakistan strategies which is to defeat power full Soviet Union in Afghanistan. However, the study additionally argues the two countries are yet realizing truly strategic partnership as their performance of the country to defend the any threat in the region | |
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| Keywords: | Collaboration, USA, Pakistan, Afghanistan, USSR, strategies, War, CIA, ISI | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)22 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)22 | |
| Page Nos: | 305-317 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 22 | |
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| The Neocolonial Paraphernalia and the Socio-Cultural Crisis of the Local in Rizwan Akhtar’s Lahore, I am Coming | ||
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| Abstract: | This paper attempts to explore the effects of neocolonialism caused by the economic, and military oppression of the local population of Pakistan with reference to the selected poetry from Lahore, I am Coming (2017) by Rizwan Akhtar. Furthermore, we aim to dig deep into the psychological crisis/confusion and physical trauma of the local Pakistanis that consequently follows this oppression. The neocolonial modes of power practice, as explored in this article, include economic exploitation, linguistic imperialism, psychological domination and militaristic oppression of the Pakistani local population by Western imperialist practices. Akhtar’s poetry critically takes into account the dominating role of neocolonialism which on one hand promotes cultural sameness, linguistic expansion and the military oppressions in the name of Global War on Terror whereas on the contrary, it unravels the unsound position of the postcolonial local who suffers the most under the prevailing phase of modern day neocolonialism. The analysis of Akhtar’s selected poetry, reveals that the aforementioned techniques used by western powers continue to dislocate the Pakistani local and intensely affect the very roots of the traditional Pakistani society. Akhtar's poetry, above all, is the poetry of general rights of humanity which unmasks the obscure as well as overt challenges fostered under the popular tag of development in the guise of neocolonialism | |
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| Keywords: | Neocolonialism, Consumer Expansion, Double Militarization, Terrorism, Linguistic Imperialism, Psychological Imperialism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)23 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)23 | |
| Page Nos: | 318-331 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 23 | |
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| The Knowledge Economy and Open Innovation: Evidence from Pakistan | ||
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| Abstract: | In the era of industrialization, the role of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is more crucial to boost the economy of every nation. Particularly, in line with developed nations, SMEs has also key importance for developing nations like Pakistan. However, the SME’s performance in open innovation (OI) is not reached the satisfactory position in Pakistan. That is the reason, the Pakistani SMEs are not achieved the higher performance. In response to this issue, the objective of this study is to investigate the role of maximization of internal innovation and external knowledge incorporation to increase the firm’s OI performance. Furthermore, the moderating role of knowledge management is also observed. Managerial staff of SMEs was preferred to get response. After evaluating the data by using Smart PLS 3, it was found that maximization of internal innovation; external knowledge incorporation and knowledge management is the key contributor to enhance OI. Additionally, knowledge management is one of the moderating factors which enhance the positive effect of internal innovation and knowledge management on OI. Thus, the study is significant for SMEs and practitioners to enhance OI performance in SMEs. | |
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| Keywords: | SMEs, Internal Innovation, External Knowledge, Knowledge Management, Open Innovation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)24 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)24 | |
| Page Nos: | 332-346 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 24 | |
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| Revisiting High School Students’ Learning Styles in English Subject | ||
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| Abstract: | The prime motive for this endeavor was to explore the tenth grade English class students’ preferred learning styles studying in government secondary school so that English subject teachers could tailor their pedagogical strategies in relation to their students learning needs. Further aim of this study was to identify any significance difference among the students on gender basis, area basis and different categories of school basis. The population of this study consisting of all the secondary level schools working in the government sector and positioned in the province of Punjab. The multi stage cluster sampling method was employed while selecting the study sample from the population. The scale used for the identification of students’ learning styles in this study was developed by Grasha-Riechmann. The data collected through learning style scale was analyzed by employing descriptive statistics technique. The results from data analysis depict that learning styles of the majority of students found to be Collaborative and Competitive. Overall, no considerable difference was surfaced between male-female, urban-rural, general-other categories of 10th grade English class students learning styles | |
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| Keywords: | Learning style, Learning style scale, Grade, Government sector | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)25 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)25 | |
| Page Nos: | 358-370 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 25 | |
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| Punjab Muslim League and its Victory of Elections 1945-46: An Analysis of Internal Party Organization | ||
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| Abstract: | The victory of Punjab Muslim League in elections of 1945-46 represented a turning point in the political history of India. Since that time a scholarly debate started about the causes of this swiping victory of the Muslim League. In this regard, most of the scholars focused on external factors like that it was not the Muslim League, but its opponents that failed to perform well and they gave the chance to Muslim League to win the elections. In the same way, some scholars presented that slogan ‘Islam in danger’, support of landlords, or weaknesses of Unionists or support from the salaried class made Muslim League popular in Punjab; while they ignored the internal cohesiveness of the Punjab Muslim League in that election. So in this context, this paper contends that along with external factors, the internal party organizational strength like its leadership, manifesto, organization, electoral campaign also contributed in the victory of Punjab Muslim League in the elections. In this regard, in order to advance the argument this paper is divided into two parts. The first part focuses on the Punjab Muslim League’s internal party strengths while the second part is about the counter arguments of other writers | |
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| Keywords: | Political Leadership, Party Manifesto, Organizational Structure, Landlords, Salaried Class | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)26 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)26 | |
| Page Nos: | 358-370 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 26 | |
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| Media Treatment of Safer Society for Children: A Comparative Study of Leading Urdu and English Pakistani Dailies | ||
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| Abstract: | Children embraces over 45%Pakistan’s overall population since they are vulnerable to raise their distresses themselves, all segments of society are responsible to make a safer society for children. Safest society for children may become public and political agenda if media accelerates integrated awareness campaigns to train families, children, teachers and all stakeholders. Six months analysis of leading dailies aims to analyze weather children broader issues; education, survival, protection and development were given any preference or not. The results show the significance variance the way English and Urdu dailies had given coverage to the children issues. Very few editorials, columns and features were issued on children problems so it illustrates that media is not playing its responsible role in enhancing awareness about making the safer society for children | |
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| Keywords: | Safer Society For Children, Children Issues, Media Treatment | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)27 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)27 | |
| Page Nos: | 371-379 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 27 | |
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| Role of Organizational Commitment and Performance Appraisal Politics in Employee Turnover Intention | ||
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| Abstract: | Despite lot of studies have discussed the employee behaviour in pubic organizations, understanding and consequences related employee turnover intention still received little intention. The main objective of the study is to investigate the moderating role of organizational commitment on the relationship of performance appraisal politics and employee turnover intention in Punjab Emergency Services, Pakistan. The survey technique has used to collect the one hundred one (101) responses for data analysis. The partial least square structural equation modelling has adopted to draw the findings of the study. The results of study revealed that performance appraisal politics (PAP) and employee turnover intention (TOI) in Rescue 1122 found the positive relationship. Alternatively, organizational commitment (OC) found also negatively related with TOI, mean OC decreasing the TOI. Furthermore, moderating role of OC found negatively influencing the relationship of PAP and TOI. Therefore, OC plays the main role in decreasing the PAP and TOI influence on Rescue 1122 employees. The study framework should empirically validate on other government and private department as well. | |
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| Keywords: | Organizational Commitment, Performance Appraisal Politics, Employee Turnover Intention, Rescue 1122 | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)28 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)28 | |
| Page Nos: | 380-394 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 28 | |
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| The Effect of In-Service Teachers’ Morale Training on their Motivation to Teach at Secondary School Level in Lahore | ||
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| Abstract: | This study examines the effect of in-service teachers’ morale training on their motivation to teach at secondary school level in Lahore. The study was experimental in nature and the Single Subject (A-B-A) Design was used to conduct the study. The population of the study was comprised of all female teachers working in private secondary school level in Punjab. Sample of thirty teachers of a private secondary school was selected through convenient sampling technique. Teachers’ motivation scale developed by Shoura & Singh (1998) and Everard & Morris (1996) was adapted for this study. Parametric statistics Kolmovorove-Simrnov and Shapiro-Wilk were applied to check the normal distribution of the data. The data were analyzed by using statistical package of social sciences (SPSS) version 22. Mean score, Standard Deviation, and Independent sample t-test were used to find difference between demographic variables. The results concluded that teachers’ morale training has a significant effect on teacher’ motivation to teach at secondary school level. The results of the study were likely to help teachers, administrators and policy makers in improving the quality of teaching and teachers’ training | |
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| Keywords: | In-Service Teachers, Training, Morale, Motivation, Self-Efficacy | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)29 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)29 | |
| Page Nos: | 395-408 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 29 | |
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| Teachers' Time: Teaching Practices along with Non-academic Additional Duties of Elementary School Teachers | ||
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this research was to find out the impact of additional duties on the teaching practices of elementary school teachers. Teachers in Pakistan often remain engaged in non-academic activities, thereby badly impacting the studies at the schools. The objectives of the study were to identify the issues related to additional duties along with academic practices of elementary school teachers and also ascertain the demanding expectations of government school teachers by society. It was found that majority of the teachers were of the opinion that engaging teachers to perform non-teaching activities negatively affect their primary duty of teaching and learning. It was recommended that teachers should concentrate on teaching only and should not be assigned any non-academic work | |
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| Keywords: | Teacher, Non-Academic Duties, Additional Duties, Elementary Education, School | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)30 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)30 | |
| Page Nos: | 409-419 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 30 | |
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| Co integration among Major South Asian and Developed Stock Market Indexes and their Association ship with KSE 100 Index | ||
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| Abstract: | The main motive of current study is to examine the association ship among South Asian markets, Developed stock markets and their influence on KSE 100index.The equity market integration becomes a study of interest from last few years. The Globalization and decentralization has increased the interdependence between stock markets. International investors’ and portfolio managers always look for the opportunity of diversification. Johansen test for co-integration approach to measure long association ship was employed. The findings reveal that the South Asian equity indices have no long run association ship. Similarly, there is no interlink age among the Developed market indices. South Asian markets have no influence on KSE 100 index. However, developed stock exchanges have an influence on KSE 100 index. On the basis of our finding we recommend that investors can achieve the benefit of diversification across investing in south Asian markets or across investing in Developed markets. But developed markets have an influence on KSE 100 index, so simultaneously investing in KSE 100 index and developed markets one’s cannot achieve the benefit of diversification | |
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| Keywords: | Stock Market Indexes, Globalization, Co integration, Diversification JEL Classification: G150 | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)31 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)31 | |
| Page Nos: | 420-428 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 31 | |
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| Women Participation in Environmental Management in the Urban and Rural Areas of District Lahore | ||
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| Abstract: | Present study was conducted to investigate the role of women in controlling the environmental pollution and compare the awareness level of urban and rural women about water, food and sanitation management. The data was collected through a questionnaire in the Urdu language to make it easier to understand for respondents. Sample included 200 women (100 rural and 100 urban). Analysis of data revealed that Modern resources were more easily available to urban women than women of rural area. However, load shedding was reported as a major challenge by the women of both types of localities as electric pumps could not be used regularly without electricity. It was recommended that proper awareness campaigns should be launched by the government on water, food and waste management in both rural and urban setting. | |
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| Keywords: | Women, Environment, Management, Water, Food Waste | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)32 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)32 | |
| Page Nos: | 429-442 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 32 | |
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| Emotional Abuse in Public Schools of the Punjab: An Analysis | ||
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| Abstract: | Emotional Abuse in Public Schools of the Punjab: An Analysis The main objectives of this study wereto identify the perception of teachers regarding emotional abuse and differences in their perception with reference to demographics (gender, age, academic qualification, professional qualification, and work experiences), and to explore students’ experiences of emotional abuse in their classrooms. The findings show that teachers negatively associated to emotional abuse of students. There are minor mean scores differences based on age, gender, academic qualification, and professional qualification demography of teachers. On contrary to the teachers who claim that they are fully aware with emotional abuse and they do not violate this during their teaching learning process however the students reveal that they experience massive amount of emotional abuse in their classroom by the teachers. The study recommends that a training module and socio-ecological resilience model for teachers may decrease the negative attitude to emotionally abuse students | |
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| Keywords: | Social Development, Emotional Development, Emotional Abuse | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)33 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)33 | |
| Page Nos: | 443-460 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 33 | |
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| Media Representations and Refugees Crises: Framing of Afghan Refugees in Mainstream Print Media of Pakistan | ||
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| Abstract: | The main objective of the study is to analyze the framing of Afghan refugees in print media of Pakistan and attempts to generate a substantial body of information about the role of Pakistani media in this regard and presents the issues and problems of afghan refugees after the operation of Zarb-e- Azb and attempts to investigate and compare the policies of leading English print of Pakistan after the incident of APS attack. Quantitative methodology has been opted and content analysis is used as research method. Under the umbrella of framing theory the study concludes that the national security of the state was of prime importance for the media while the problems and issues of Afghan refugees were of least concern. Further, the government policies for Afghan refugees regarding visa facilitation, registration, legal issues, border management crises, educational and health policies were highlighted in media. | |
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| Keywords: | Afghan Refugees, Framing, Print Media, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)34 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)34 | |
| Page Nos: | 461-473 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 34 | |
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| Metacognitive Awareness and Reading Comprehension: Association across Gender and Sector | ||
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| Abstract: | The researcher undertook this study to ascertain the prospective teachers’ metacognitive awareness, their reading comprehension level, and the correlation between them at the university level. 600 participants from different universities of Lahore were selected as a sample. Data was gathered through a modified MAI and a reading comprehension test. Analysis was done through different statistical analysis techniques. The results showed that prospective teachers demonstrate a high level of metacognitive awareness and reading comprehension. However, there was no significant variance in metacognitive awareness and reading comprehension based on gender and sector. Correlation analysis showed that a significant moderate positive relationship is present between metacognitive awareness and reading comprehension. It is encouraged that programs and workshops aiming to impart metacognitive awareness in teachers of the future may be added into the teacher training curriculum. Additionally, it is suggested that instructors should make a conscious effort to create class environments that may prove helpful in nurturing and promoting metacognitive awareness and reading comprehension in prospective teachers as it may prove vital for their careers as a teacher | |
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| Keywords: | Metacognitive Awareness, Reading Comprehension, Prospective Teachers | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)35 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)35 | |
| Page Nos: | 474-485 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 35 | |
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| Pakistan United States Strategic and Nuclear Ties during Zia Regime 1979-1988 | ||
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| Abstract: | Present article is an analysis of progressing trilateral relations ship Pakistan, Afghanistan, and the United States. After an era of Pakistan strong-arming to join the United States lead war terror, This Era from 1977 to 1988 was very important in the history of the World as well as Pakistan U.S associations. Pakistan is the core as well as the explanations. United States policymakers have come to realize that without Pakistan's support, it is not the potential to fight uprising that overlaps the border of Pakistan and Afghanistan. Pakistan Army and ISI informed ties with the militants, history will tell whether Pakistan will graduate to be a long term strategic partner of the United States. For time being, the end game appears to be reconciliations. With the rebellious and the exit of the United States forces from Afghanistan, Whether the Pakistan Military establishment will use its leverage over the Afghan and Taliban to help peace to the region or not remain nuclear. Historical president word Zia ul Haq to jimmy carter president United States. We did not need the peanut because of Pakistan's huge support and loss on the Afghanistan USSR war. To some extent, it depends on other players and whether they will continue to play a zero-sum game | |
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| Keywords: | Afghanistan, Pakistan, Relations Peanut Aid, US, USSR | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)36 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)36 | |
| Page Nos: | 486-497 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 36 | |
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| Opinion of the Female Voters Regarding Female Deprivation of Vote Casting in Southern Punjab, Pakistan | ||
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| Abstract: | Female right to vote casting are being compromised because of the changing trends in the political institution of Pakistan. Majority of the female gender is facing discrimination on social, economic cultural and political grounds in many areas of Pakistan especially in southern Punjab. The current research finds out patriarchal structure in southern Punjab subjugated female in all sphere of life. This results in the social and religious restrictions of female towards vote casting. Females from three divisions of southern Punjab including Multan, Bahawalpur and Dera Ghazi Khan were the population of this research study. A sample of 750 female participants has been selected as a sample size through stratified sampling technique but the information was collected from 600 female respondents due to the cultural restrictions for them. Social norms and values of our society must facilitate female counterpart towards their social economic political as well as cultural rights | |
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| Keywords: | Discrimination, Legislative Rights, Patriarchy, Politics, Restrictions | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)37 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)37 | |
| Page Nos: | 498-507 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 37 | |
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| News Valance of CPEC: Exploring the variables of Treatment, Issue Projection and Image in English Press of China and Pakistan | ||
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| Abstract: | The image, treatment and Issues projection of CPEC become significant when there are extensive reports appeared in foreign media with the apprehensions from the countries intend to maintain status quo. This study examines the magnitude, treatment and difference of coverage of CPEC in highly circulated English newspapers of China and Pakistan i.e. People’s Daily, China Daily, Dawn and The News. The quantitative content analysis technique is employed for this study during March, 2014 to December, 2017. The theoretical foundation of this study is Grunig (1992) model of Public Relations. The findings of the study reveal that the newspapers of both countries are reflecting significant positive image of CPEC. Both newspapers give significance to economic, political and strategic aspects whereas inadequate significance is given to social and legal aspects of this corridor. Moreover, significant difference observed on the treatment of CPEC. However, the Image projected falls in the domains of Press Agentry and Public Information | |
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| Keywords: | China, CPEC, English Press, Grunig Models of Public Relations, Issues, Pakistan, Treatment | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)38 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)38 | |
| Page Nos: | 508-522 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 38 | |
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| District Consumer Protection Council Gujranwala: An Analysis of its Performance | ||
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| Abstract: | All provinces in Pakistan, including Islamabad, have their own consumer protection laws. All of these laws contain provisions for the establishment of consumer protection councils. The main purpose of these consumer protection councils is to protect the consumer from the machinations of manufacturers, traders, dealers and retailers. These consumer protection councils are functioning in seventeen districts of Punjab province. Gujranwala is one of the seventeen districts where the consumer protection council has been formed. This study evaluates the performance of District Consumer Protection council Gujranwala and finds the fact that the performance of this council has been satisfactory. But very small fines are imposed which need to be increased so that people think ten times while violating. | |
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| Keywords: | Authority, Complainant, Fine, Respondent | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)39 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)39 | |
| Page Nos: | 523-530 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 39 | |
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| Punishing Delinquency: Views of the Secondary School Teachers to Control Delinquency in Sindh, Pakistan | ||
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| Abstract: | Juvenile delinquency is an antisocial behavior committed by minor group of people. Being antisocial, family members, law enforcement agencies and school administration are concerned with controlling it. This article provides understanding about it and how it can be controlled in the school context. The structured questionnaire filled by a sample of 345 teachers conveniently selected out of 2540 appointed teachers in a district of Hyderabad and analyzed through SPSS provide an understanding about what delinquent acts take place within schools and how teachers control them. The delinquent acts as lying, physical assault and truancy were observed by the teachers being motivated by social media including mobile phones, TV and Internet, and family and company of friends. The teachers perceived educating process as training and discipline students; however, more emphatically they believed physical punishment as controlling delinquency within the students. This article suggests education process should be delivered with effective manner. | |
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| Keywords: | Control, Juvenile Delinquency, Punishment, School, Teachers | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)40 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)40 | |
| Page Nos: | 531-543 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 40 | |
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| Vulnerability to Emotional Problems among the Parents of the Children with life-threatening Illness and Developmental Disabilities | ||
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| Abstract: | The current study is related to about the emotional problems of the parents whose children have life threatening disease and developmental disabilities in Pakistan. The sample included 100 parents as research participants (N=100), 50 were parents (n=50) of the children with life-threatening illnesses in which 25 were male parents and 25 were female parents. Similarly 50 parents (n=50) of the children with developmental disabilities were taken in which 25 were male parents and other 25 were female parents. The participants were selected from both government hospitals and private clinics and from the institution for the children with special needs. T test has been used for the statistical analysis. The results have shown the significance difference in the levels of emotional problems among parents of children who have life-threatening illnesses and developmental disabilities. On the basis of current results, it is recommended that in future studies gender difference may also be compared. | |
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| Keywords: | Emotional Problems, Life-Threatening, Developmental Disabilities, Vulnerability | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)041 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)041 | |
| Page Nos: | 544-553 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 41 | |
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| Pakistan Tehreek-Insaf’s Strategy for Polls: A Comparative Study of Candidates in 2013 and 2018 General Elections of Pakistan | ||
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| Abstract: | Pakistan Tehreek Insaf (PTI) emerged on the political scene of Pakistan as the third political force with new ideology, slogans and political trend setter. The 2013 elections of Pakistan became a launching pad for PTI and it secured a government in KPK after these elections and after it started national level politics in Pakistan. The interest of people in PTI and PTI level of confidence could be measured through the calculation of candidates in elections of 2013 and 2018. This study provides a brief comparison of the candidates contesting the election from the plate form of PTI in 2013 and 2018 elections. This study will help to understand the draw backs in the selection of candidates, performance of PTI and justification for the victory of PTI in the 2018 election. PTI emerged as the leading political force in KPK, Punjab and Center and second political force in Sindh but failed to perform well in Baluchistan in 2018 elections. There were indicators in the lists of candidates and results of the 2013 elections about the performance of PTI for 2018 and PTI performed accordingly in the 2018 elections that is visible in the comparison of candidates of 2013 and 2018 elections contesting the elections on the ticket of PTI. | |
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| Keywords: | Candidates, General Elections 2013, General Elections 2018, National Assembly, Pakistan Tehreek Insaf, Provincial Assemblies | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)42 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)42 | |
| Page Nos: | 554-564 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 42 | |
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| Depiction of Social Class, Religion and Education through TV Drama: A Sociological Analysis | ||
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| Abstract: | Present research paper is based on the sociological analysis of Hum TV dram Ranjha Ranjha Kardi with reference to its effects on social class, religion and education of community. Case study under qualitative research design was followed and data was collected through in-depth interviews of participants and the data obtained has been thematically analyzed for the evaluation of results. This play supports Karl Marx’s class-differentiation theory and depicts that the elite class still forms the norms and values of the society. The drama attempted to show that the cast system has no division in Islam and Islam has given equal rights to all casts. It identified the people who go to shrines and they go to any extent to fulfill their wishes blindly following the actions asked by the clerics there. The play endorses that under the guise of religion illegal work is being validated. Results were showed that the misuse of religion is common and much of the importance has been given to education through this drama and major problem those with lower economic status face in getting education and societal advantages. Results of the study would add more in existing knowledge of social media for the ethical development and moral values of the society. | |
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| Keywords: | Depiction, Education, Religion, Social class, Sociological Analysis, TV Drama | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)43 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)43 | |
| Page Nos: | 565-575 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 43 | |
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| Sufi Practices at the Dargah of Karmanwala Sharif: An Appraisal | ||
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| Abstract: | This study deals with the spiritual practices at the Dargah of Hazrat Karmanwala Sharif, which is a part of the Naqshbandiyya Order. It is an empirical discussion of the Naqshbandiyya order and its role in social structure, also rethinking of spiritual practices at the Dargah. This study tries to find out the answers of the following research questions: Why do people visit Dargah of Karmawala Sharif? What sort of practices is carried out at the Dargah? How does the culture influence the religion? The study argues that the Sufis of Karmawala Sharif were above prejudice in their dealings with the masses, irrespective of their caste, creed, religion and gender. These Sufis were of the view that Sufism is only way to access Allah in light of the teachings of Holy Quran and Sunnah, therefore they spread message of love, peace and harmony across the humanity. These were the Pirs of Karmawala Sharif which kept in the balance in the Muslim rule, the colonial and postcolonial period. | |
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| Keywords: | Dargah, Naqshbandiyya, Religion, Spirituality, Sufism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)44 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)44 | |
| Page Nos: | 576-586 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 44 | |
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| The Effect of Instructional Leadership on Teachers’ Efficacy and Performance at Federal Government Educational Institutions | ||
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| Abstract: | This study investigated the effect of Instructional Leadership on teachers’ teaching efficacy and performance at Federal Government Educational Institutions (Cantts/ Garrisons).The data was collected through the Survey method from the Elementary School Teachers (ESTs) including males=223 and females=177 selected by the Simple Random sampling technique. The School Principals’ Instructional Leadership was measured witha 5 point Likert rating scale developed by (Hallinger & Murphy, 1985)comprising 11 subscales and 71 items. Its reliability was 0.81 Cronbach’s Alpha which is highly reliable. Whereas the Teachers’ teaching efficacy was measured with a 5 point Likert rating scale by (Moran & Hoy, 2001) comprising 3 subscales cumulatively bearing 0.76 Cronbach’s Alpha. These scales were administered to the ESTs for the collection of data. On the other hand, their performance was measured by taking their terminal GPA of the subjects they taught for the whole year. It is concluded that the teachers working in FGEI’s were agreed that their principals possess good instructional leadership qualities but they gave neutral responses against teacher efficacy. In the same pattern, their performance was moderate. The results also showed the existence of a significant correlation between independent and dependent variables. | |
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| Keywords: | FGEI’s (C/G), Instructional Leadership, Performance, Teachers’ Efficacy | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)45 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)45 | |
| Page Nos: | 587-597 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 45 | |
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| Centre-Province Relations: A Historical Perspective | ||
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| Abstract: | Pakistan has been a federal state since 1947 though it remained under question how effective the system was because the federating units repeatedly complained the overpowering of the Central authority over the provincial subjects. Since its inception to date, provinces keep on complaining that they have not been given the due shares, powers and autonomy as promised by Quaid-i-Azam, which he delivered before and after the attainment of complete independence. Even the East Pakistan got separation from the West Pakistan because the Bengalis believed that the East Pakistan did keep on exercising the provincial autonomy. Keeping in view the mistakes of the past, in the 1973 Constitution effort was made to introduce such a federal structure where greater provincial autonomy should be introduced. Therefore, this article attempts to understand the history of working of the federal system in Pakistan from 1947 to 2008 so that one can have an overview of the past experience of the federal system in Pakistan to know exactly how the two political parties, namely Pakistan People’s Party and Pakistan Muslim League (N) responded and behaved to the federal system when they came into power in the centre and the Punjab in 2008. | |
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| Keywords: | Bengali, Constitution, Centre-Centric Tendencies, Colonial Structure, Decentralization, Devolution Plan, Federal Schemes, Provincial Autonomy | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)46 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)46 | |
| Page Nos: | 598-609 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 46 | |
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| Effectiveness of Moral Story in the Moral Development of the Juvenile Delinquents at the District Jail Okara, Punjab Province of Pakistan | ||
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this article was to find out the effectiveness of moral story in the moral development of the juvenile delinquents at the District Jail Okara, Punjab Province of Pakistan. One group pre-test post-test design of pre-experimental research was applied to conduct the research. All male imprisoned juvenile in Punjab province were population of the study. 10 juvenile delinquents were selected by using purposive sampling technique with inclusionary criteria to complete the study. Pre-test was administered to find out the baseline of moral development level of juvenile delinquents. After that, they were given treatment for 23 days to enhance their moral development level. Post-test was conducted after the treatment of 23 days. Data were analyzed through SPSS version 27. Paired samples t-test was applied to calculate the results. The researchers found significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores of all juveniles delinquents which proved that the treatment had role to enhance the moral development level of the juvenile delinquents imprisoned in the District Jail Okara. | |
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| Keywords: | Delinquents, District Jail, Juvenile, Moral Development, Moral Story | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)47 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)47 | |
| Page Nos: | 610-626 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 47 | |
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| Effect of Stretching Exercises on Flexibility of Male Athletes of Punjab University | ||
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| Abstract: | This study investigated that the effects of stretching exercise on the flexibility of male athletes. A sample size of (N=30) selected through simple random sampling method from population. The intervention group comprised of (N=20) subjects. The population of the study was male athletes of Punjab University Lahore. A control group of (N=10) also maintained for comparison. The selected subjects were undertaking pre and post exercises of sit and reach test performed for checking the effect of stretching exercises on the flexibility of male athletes. After the 6 weeks training sessions the post-test conducted for the measurements of flexibility of the same athletes. The subjects followed for 4 months after the completion of research to check the recurrence and resulted that intervention group has less injury. The study is very beneficial for male athletes as their tough and tight schedule and found less time for recovery and relaxation. Stretching of any kind helped sportspersons to ease their brain and body within a short duration. | |
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| Keywords: | Flexibility, Range of Motion (ROM), Sit and Reach Test | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)48 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)48 | |
| Page Nos: | 627-632 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 48 | |
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| Experiences of Pakistani Students in American Universities | ||
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this study was to understand experiences of Pakistani students’ in American Universities. Open-ended interviews were conducted by the first author of the study. Fifteen participants were selected through convenience sampling technique. Symbolic interactionism was followed as a conceptual framework to situate the experience of Pakistani students. Constant comparative method was used to generate themes form the data. The study found that participants experience lack of confidence due to language and culture, they were unrepresentative of true personality, and they found their teachers very helpful. The study also found that people in American universities wanted to live in their zone of comforts, they felt depressed when overloaded with assignments, they were free exercise of their religious activities, and they were never discriminated being Pakistanis. | |
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| Keywords: | Comfort Zone, Depression, Lack of Confidence, Nondiscrimination, Religious Freedom | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)49 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)49 | |
| Page Nos: | 633-644 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 49 | |
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| Role of HDI For the Effect of Urbanisation on Food Security | ||
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| Abstract: | Food Insecurity is a global issue which is having many determinants in urbanisation. The present study investigates urbanisation in food insecurity through the human development index of developing Asian economies. In the present study, the data of selected Asian developing economies is collected from 1990 to 2016. The panel estimation technique, Generalised Method of Moments (GMM), is applied to analyse the relationship between urbanisation and food insecurity and other explanatory variables. Food insecurity is measured by food security indicators given by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO). Average dietary energy supply adequacy (Availability), Prevalence of undernourishment (Access), access to improved water resources (Utilisation) and food imports over total merchandise exports(Stability) have been used as food security indicators. The results support the view that urbanisation holds both opportunities and challenges for a country's development level, which in turn affects food security. The results also claimed that Trade and Foreign Direct Investment have a mixed relationship with food insecurity indicators. The number of disasters increases while Good Governance decreases food insecurity, respectively. | |
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| Keywords: | Asian Developing Economies, Food Insecurity, Human Development, Urbanisation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)50 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)50 | |
| Page Nos: | 645-662 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 50 | |
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| A Sneaking Exposure to Premiumship through Politics of Tactics and Compromises – Civil Military Relationship during Benazir Bhutto’s Government 1988-90 | ||
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| Abstract: | This study navigates on civil military relationship during the occasion of her first tenure as Prime Minister (1988-90). She made pragmatic approach and used well political tactics to land in corridor of power. Further, it encapsulates and explains how she was convinced; to continue Gen. Aslam Beg as Chief of Army Staff, to retain Sahibzada Yaqoob Khan as Foreign Minister, not to cut the defence budget and not to interfere in military affairs. This research work presents a systematic and factual analysis of her political acumen, sagacity and dexterity to develop civil-military relations in constructive way for the sake of democratic norms, tradition and to inculcate its environment. It also throws light on civil-military relations as well as the circumstances that led towards her ouster from premiership during her first tenure 1988-90. Furthermore, theories like trait theory, behavioral theory, situational theory and path goal theory have also been applied to have a better understanding of Benazir Bhutto’s leadership qualities and administrative abilities. | |
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| Keywords: | Benazir, Military, Pakistan, Prime Minister | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)51 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)51 | |
| Page Nos: | 663-672 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 51 | |
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| A Study on Pre-and Post-Competition State Anxiety among the Athletes | ||
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| Abstract: | This study investigates and evaluates before and after competitive anxiety, self-confidence, and performance of the athletes. The Cognitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 was administered to collect data from 73 athletes, both men and women, before and after the competition. The paired t-test was used to find the significant difference between the pre and post competition. Results showed that the levels of cognitive condition of anxiety before the competition were low as compared after the competition and the levels of somatic state anxiety before the competition was high as compared after the competition, whereas the levels of self-confidence before the competition were high as compared after the competition. This study concludes that the levels of cognitive state anxiety increase after the competition as athletes could not perform according to the performance expectations; on the contrary, the levels of somatic anxiety decrease as there was no pressure of performance on the athletes after the competition and the levels of self-confidence decrease after the competition as athletes could not reach their desired performance levels. | |
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| Keywords: | Anxiety, Athletes, Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2, Performance, Self-Confidence | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)52 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)52 | |
| Page Nos: | 673-679 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 52 | |
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| Perception of Prospective Teachers about the Quality of Pedagogical Course | ||
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| Abstract: | Pedagogy is the discipline that deals with the theory and practice of education; it thus concerns with the practice of good teaching. It ranges from the general to the narrower essentials of vocational education. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of prospective teachers about the quality of pedagogical course. The study was qualitative in nature. The data were collected from 10 prospective teachers of B.Ed. Elementary (Honor) at the Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore, who were selected through purposive sampling technique. A focus group interview was designed to explore the perceptions of prospective teachers about the quality of pedagogical course. The trustworthiness of the data was ensured through triangulation and peer debriefing. The results of the study indicated that prospective teachers were satisfied with the quality of pedagogical course at the Institute of Education and Research, University of the Punjab, Lahore. They mentioned that the pedagogical course enables them to teach at any level confidently. They reported that they joined this course by chance but if they got the chance to choose this course again they will join it by choice. They suggested that the current pedagogical course should be redesigned according to emerging trends. | |
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| Keywords: | Course Pedagogy, Perceptions, Prospective Teachers | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)53 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)53 | |
| Page Nos: | 680-688 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 53 | |
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| Maritime and its Significance in National Economy | ||
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| Abstract: | Maritime and its Significance in National Economy The aim of this article includes identifying the maritime sector and its activities in Pakistan’s commercial and corporate centers. This article is based on descriptive research and vast experience at sea and in maritime sector worldwide of the first author and the second author’s educational and academia skills and expertise. Despite having a coastal belt of more than 1000 kilometers and having considerable number of seafarers performing high profile tasks on foreign ships and shore establishments abroad, awareness of maritime affairs in Pakistan is miserably at the lowest level tending to negligible. General view of maritime activities limits to the port activities and Pakistan National Shipping Corporation having ships in single figure. In fact the maritime sector is wider enough to cover majority of commerce and businesses. International commerce and trading which is back bone of economy of a country mainly depends upon maritime activities. It is indispensable to educate people of Pakistan and officials through publications and other means to utilize the maritime resources available but ignored. The authors through this article endeavor to introduce awareness of one of the most vital areas of the economy. | |
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| Keywords: | General Average, International Commerce and Trade, Jettison, Maritime, Mechanism, Sea, Ship, Subdivisions | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)54 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)54 | |
| Page Nos: | 689-698 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 54 | |
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