News
- Quarterly Published
- Paper submission last date for Volume 4 issue III (September, 2020) July 30, 2020
- Recognition by Govt of Pakistan (HEC) in Y category.
Contents Volume 3, Issue 1
| Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants of Property Crimes in Pakistan: A Case Study of the Punjab | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | This study is an empirical attempt to explore the effects of various socio-economic, demographic and law enforcement variables on the property crimes of Punjab, Pakistan. In this regard a panel data set from the year 2010 to 2014 of 34 districts of Punjab has been used to investigate the relationship between Dependent and Independent Variables. Haussmann’s test suggested that Fixed Effect Model is more appropriate to be used in empirical procedure .Empirical findings have explored a positive and significant relationship of population growth, economic activity, untraced property crime rate, police strength and proclaimed offenders while the influence of literacy rate indicate a negative and significant association with property crime rate of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Findings of the study are way forward for policy makers and to bring reforms i.e. controlling population, enhancing literacy rate, making reforms in law enforcement institutions and providing more security into the area where there is more economic prosperity. | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | Property Crime, Socio-Economic and Demographic Determinants, Punjab, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)01 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)01 | |
| Page Nos: | 1-16 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 1 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| Oil Politics in the Middle East: Understanding the Genesis of Petrodollar Strategy | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | WWII evidenced the blockade of oil supply is the synthesis of the defeat and self-sufficiency of energy has the victorious outcome. Oil ensures the life of industrial economy. The developed could never be sustained developed if energy defaults. US and the allies post WWII technically and diplomatically suzerain the M.E oil reservoirs. US/UK/French oil companies maintained the monopoly from exploring/surveying/ drilling/exploiting the regional oil wells up-to fixing the prices. For the sustenance of oil companies contractual assignments the regional authoritarian/dictatorial regimes were fit to the realist interests’ augmentation of imperialist/capitalist actors. The regional politics amalgamated the world’s necessity of oil into oil politics. The exterior profound penetration in regional political cores fueled the regional rivalries and generated the oil anarchy to protect the Jewish state and to rule diplomatically/economically on regional entities. Hegemony on IPE the US dollar leading status was strategized with petrodollar: no oil with no dollar | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | Oil Politics, Divide Empra, Petrodollar, Bretton Woods System | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)02 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)02 | |
| Page Nos: | 17-37 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 2 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| Representation of Sanjha (United) Punjab in Abdullah Hussein’s The Weary Generations: A Syncretic Analysis | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | The study aims at providing a representation of ‘Sanjha Punjab’ in The Weary Generations (Udas Naslain) by Abdullah Hussein under the perspective of syncretism. It examines the lives of various groups of people such as Muslims, Sikhs and Hindus in one community at different stages socio-political, cultural, economic and religious perspectives regardless of their religions. However, for the textual analysis, Bhabha’s notion of hybridity/syncretism has been taken as a theoretical framework. Moreover, this study can be helpful to preserve Punjabi culture through the insight of past lives of these groups of people. This study is an invitation of love and peace for the people in the current scenario that they may come and live in multicultural societies. As the multicultural society addresses all issues regarding the animosity and hostility related to the lives of the people whether they belong to Muslim, Sikh, Hindu or other community | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | Sanjha , Punjab, Syncretism, Harmony, Culture | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)03 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)03 | |
| Page Nos: | 38-53 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 3 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| Iranian Nuclear Program: Impacts on Saudi-Iran Relations | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | This research aims to analyze the regional and international factors which have affected the policies and stance adopted by two important Iranian regimes towards Iranian nuclear program by using a comparative method discussed under the neo-realist approach. States claiming sovereignty develop offensive military capabilities to defend themselves and extend the power. It is generally assumed as a fact that Iranian nuclear program is a matter of unprecedented threat for Saudi Arabian territory and its allies in the region as well. As it is perceived that existence of nuclear threat is sufficient to embolden Tehran’s belligerence in the proxy wars against Riyadh as both is engaged aggressively, wrestling across the region for hegemony and leverage. The ceaseless quest for regional hegemony fluctuated over the entire Middle East for last many decades. Especially, the post-2003 era is characterized by the Shi’ite–Sunni sectarian tensions, which have greatly shaped the Saudi response to the Iranian nuclear program. | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | Nuclear Program, Neo-Realist Approach, Proxy War, Sectarian Violence | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)04 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)04 | |
| Page Nos: | 54-64 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 4 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| Nexus between Political Development and Institutionalization: An Analysis of the Institution Building Approach | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | This study finds out the views of Samuel Huntington about political stability and instability, and explains that how the institution building approach is all connected with the several variables like social mobilization, political participation, political stability, economic development and rapid modernization. Political development is the hallmark of modernizing politics and refers to the significance of institutionalization. The concepts of political development, institutionalization and modernization were never free from ambiguity when they were first advanced. This study descriptively and analytically focuses on the institution building approach of Samuel Huntington which has been particularly important to understanding the nexus between political development and institutionalization. This study recommends that political institutionalization of a state will lead to stable political development | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | Political development, Institutionalization Political stability, Modernization, Political Participation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)05 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)05 | |
| Page Nos: | 65-79 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 5 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| The Application and Impact of PEEDA Act on Teachers’ Morale and Performance | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | This study was designed to find out “The impact of PEEDA Act on teachers’ morale and performance”. The study was qualitative as well as quantitative in nature. The target population was all the PEEDA Victims primary school teachers and their Head Teachers of district Dera Ghazi Khan. There were 503 PEEDA Victims out of which 285 were selected as the sample by using simple random sampling technique. To find out the morale and performance of PEEDA Victims, Two questionnaires were developed one for PEEDA Victims and other for their Head Teachers. The collected data were tabulated and analyzed by using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics like percentage, mean and standard deviation were applied to data to generalize the result. Z-test was applied to test the null hypotheses. The results of the study showed that PEEDA Act has slightly positive impact on teachers’ performance but it is negatively affecting teachers’ morale | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | Punjab Employees Efficiency, Discipline and accountability Act (PEEDA) Victims, Morale, Performance | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)06 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)06 | |
| Page Nos: | 80-92 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 6 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| Business Ethics and Employees’ Outcomes: An Empirical Study of Cellular Operators of Pakistan | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | Abstract This study examines the impact of ethical leadership and organizational fairness on employees’ affective commitment and employees’ job performance. Data were collected from the cellular operators working in Pakistan namely Mobilink, Ufone, Telenor, Zong and Warid through questionnaire from 518 employees working in regional and head offices of cellular operators at Islamabad, Lahore, Faisalabad and Multan. The study reported the results of preliminary, correlation and regression analysis by using SPSS. These results indicated that the ethical leadership and organizational fairness has direct and indirect impact through trust in organization on employees’ affective commitment and employees’ job performance. This showed a partial mediation of trust between business ethics and employees’ out comes. Therefore, this study recommended to the stakeholders of companies in Pakistan to adopt this model for their improvement and progress | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | Ethical Leadership, Organizational Fairness, Trust in Organization, Employees’ Affective Commitment and Employees’ Job Performance | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)07 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)07 | |
| Page Nos: | 93-111 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 7 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| The Productivity of Urdu Affixes in Newspapers: A Corpus Driven Research | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | Affixation is one of the ways to form new words in Urdu through the use of prefixes, interfixes, infixes and suffixes. The current study introduces a new way to identify the potential affixes or morphological productivity of affixes in Urdu corpus which are used to form new words. The focus of the research is to find the productivity of affixes in Urdu. A huge corpus is compiled by the researcher to find the productivity of the affixes i.e. prefixes and suffixes. The Corpus driven approach is used by the researcher to analyze the affixes present in the corpus. Along with corpus driven approach, qualitative descriptive method is also employed by the researcher to examine the function of the quantified affixes from the corpus for the analysis of the data. The quantified results of the corpus show that بے is the most productive prefix whileی is the most productive suffix in Urdu. The results also reveal that suffixes are more productive than prefixes. The descriptive qualitative analysis shows that ی plays various functions in the process of affixation that is why it is the most productive affix in Urdu. | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | Affixation, Morphological Productivity, Urdu Productivity, Corpus Research | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)08 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)08 | |
| Page Nos: | 112-129 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 8 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| Revisiting the Controversy over Status of Tibet | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | This paper attempts to explore historical contextual to understand the controversy over the status of Tibet region. Over decades, the status of Tibet region sharing borders with India and China is the subject of discussion. In 1950, Chinese Liberation Army entered Tibet and took control of it and Chinese government’s official statement declared Tibet as an integral part of China. Chinese action was condemned on regional as well as international level. Chinese government refuted this condemnation as it claimed that Tibet region was part of China for last centuries and Chinese army entered the region only for consolidation of China‘s security on its western border. Eventually the Chinese arguments are not accepted. On the other side, India because of cultural and religious harmony claims that Tibet once was part of India. Thus the status of Tibet region is disputed. | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | Tibet issue, China, India, Chinese Liberation Army | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)09 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)09 | |
| Page Nos: | 130-140 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 9 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| The Flipped Classroom: A Teaching Model for Teacher Education | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | The Purpose of this study is to introducing flipped learning strategy to novice Pakistani teachers and exploring their perception and views about its effectiveness. The investigators used case study as a qualitative approach to get deep knowledge about the phenomenon under investigation. Design Base Research (DBR) was employed for the intervention of flipped classroom learning model for a teaching course offered at post graduate level in a public university. Multiple tools like structured observation, field notes, questionnaire and face to face interviews were employed for data collection. The analysis consists of three parts: first part deals the analysis of observed classroom practices, second part discusses about the change of attitude due to intervention and third part talks about the analysis of students’ interviews conducted at the end of the study to further explore the effectiveness of flipped model. The qualitative and quantitative analysis shows that flipped pedagogy is a productive teaching approach in Pakistani context by considering of some factors like relevant content and size of videos, layout of classroom and role of teacher | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | Flipped Classroom, Collaborative Learning, Case Study, Designed Based Research | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)10 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)10 | |
| Page Nos: | 141-156 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 10 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| A Sociological Analysis of Women Protection Rights against Violence in Punjab, Pakistan | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | The present research explored the level of knowledge of women about the types of violence and the level of knowledge of women protection laws. The common woman of Pakistani society is incapable to avail the protection laws against violence. The women of Faisalabad were selected for the present study. Multistage sampling technique was adapted and a sample of 384 women was drawn. Interview schedule was used to collect data. Chi square test was applied. After analysis, results showed that there is no association between giving harsh gestures to a woman with their knowledge about protection rights. Results also showed that women agreed that women protection rights can protect women from violence when the daily usage items are destructed, and/or they are slapped. It is recommended that women should be triggered by educating the women at various levels by effective role of media | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | Violence, Human Rights, Women Protection, Harsh Gesture | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)11 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)11 | |
| Page Nos: | 157-166 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 11 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| Ethics of Disagreement in Sharīʻah and its Value for Contemporary Pakistani Society | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | The division of Muslim Ummah and presence of hatred between different schools of thought caused severe damage to the Ummah. This paper aims at exploring the importance of Islamic ethics of disagreement and its relevance to bring harmony between various schools of thought, with special reference to Pakistani society. The Holy Prophet declared the jurisprudential disagreements to be a blessing for Muslims. Indeed it was an art of agreeing to disagree. However, this knowledge of disagreement took the shape of discord and division in the world today. Ikhtilāf is a product of ijtihād and therefore, should not be abandoned. It follows discussion on the need of promoting the concept of disagreeing among the scholars in such a rational way that it elaborates different facets of Sharīʻah. This article finds that responsibility, of creating harmony among various schools of thought and promotion of ethics of disagreement rests with the Muslim jurists and the international institutions via employing the tool of Collective Ijtihād. Furthermore, this article recommends looking at the disagreements as a scholarly discussion for a peaceful society. | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | Ethics, Disagreement, Ijtihād, Sharīʻah, Muslim Jurists | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)12 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)12 | |
| Page Nos: | 167-179 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 12 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| Academic English Language for Social Sciences Learners: A Case Study of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | This study is twofold in nature. The intent of undertaken research is to probe out the academic English language needs and to suggest a course to cater the academic needs of the social sciences learners of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan and to. Taking insights from the theory of ESP and EAP, needs analysis is carried out. In this regard, the data was collected through interviews from fifteen instructors of three disciplines: Economics, Education and Mass Communication; to judge the existing level of students’ competence and their requirements. Key points of the data were evaluated qualitatively by conferring the themes. Findings about the present situation analysis revealed the low proficiency of the learners to cope up the target situations. So, in light of the existing situations of learners regarding Academic English Language needs, a course is suggested to revamp the learning of social sciences learners. | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | English for Academic Purposes(EAP), Present Situation Analysis (PSA), Target Situation Analysis(TSA) | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)13 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)13 | |
| Page Nos: | 180-193 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 13 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| Indo-Israel Relations: Implications for Pakistan | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | The purpose of this research is to elucidate Indo-Israel relations through an eye of its implementation for Pakistan. In the account of Indo-Israel relations, the hypothesis asserts that both states intensely needed to increase underpins to each other, after the end up of the cold war between the United States of America and the USSR. Both states bilateral relations in trade, cultural, water management, city development and agricultural development are general and defence cooperation in particular. With the passage of time, the growing ties between India and Israel are increasing a great pose of implications for Pakistan. This increasing relation is creating implications for Pakistan in sense of defense, national security, economic constraints, territorial integrity, isolation of Pakistan from the international forum and nascent unrest etc. In this descriptive research, the analysis shows this growing relation is posing a threat of balance of power in south Asia in general and Pakistan in Particular | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | Indo-Israel Relations, Implications For Pakistan, MOSSAD, RAW | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)14 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)14 | |
| Page Nos: | 194-206 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 14 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| Influence of Social Background on English Language Proficiency at Secondary Level | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | The present study aimed to investigate the influence of social background on the students’ performance of English at the secondary school level. 150students and9 teachers of the English languagefrom six public secondary schools of D. G. Khan were selected as data using stratified sampling and systematic random sampling techniquesrespectively. The study used cross-sectional survey design. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data from students and teachers. Quantitative data were summarized using descriptive statistics and presented and tabulated, while qualitative data were put under themes and presented in the narratives. The study found that the use of mother tongue and cultural knowledge had a negative influence on the performance of English. The use of mother tongue impinges on their proficiency. The study recommended that teachers should come up with interactive teaching methods regarding the English curriculum | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | Social Background, 1stlanguage, Negative Influence | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)15 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)15 | |
| Page Nos: | 207-222 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 15 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| Investigating the Metropolitan Hegemon: A Postcolonial Sociological Reading of The Reluctant Fundamentalist | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | The current study explores the intricate and interdependent relationship between the modern metropolitan centers and the non-metropolitan peripheries by questioning the discursive modes of hegemony prevalent in the wake of the postcolonial era. With a postcolonial sociological stance, the study employs a framework based on the concepts of Metropolis and Hegemony proposed by Farias & Stemmler (2006), Ashcroft (1998), Gramsci (1971) etc. The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid is chosen as a text for the study. Contrary to the traditional critiques of postcolonial studies, this study suggests a paradigm shift in the favor of postcolonial sociological perspective to have a comprehensive understanding of the sociological dimensions of postcoloniality of the modern world. The study shows how The Reluctant Fundamentalist is suggestive of an interdependent relationship between the metropolitan hegemon and the non-metropolis. Changez’s effort to identify with himself with metropolitan hegemon is not successful and ultimately he realizes the dynamic relation between the metrolpolitan and non-metropolitan identities striving for stability in chaos. | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | Postcolonialism, Metropolis, Urban Sociology, Hegemony | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)16 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)16 | |
| Page Nos: | 223-233 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 16 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| Formulaic Language in Social Sciences: A Functional Analysis of Lexical Bundles in Native and Non-Native Academic Discourse | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | The current study explicates how differentially the native and non-native writers functionally use the lexical bundles in the academic discourse of PhD theses. The corpus data comprised 200 PhD theses produced by non-native Pakistani scholars and the native scholars in the five different disciplines of the social sciences. To conduct the analysis, the study employs a combination of functional taxonomies of the lexical bundles previously proposed and used by Biber and his associates (see, Biber, et al., 2004 & 2003); Biber & Barbieri, 2007). For data analysis, a corpus tool, AntConc 3.3.5, was used to generate and enlist the 4-word units of lexical bundles found in the collected corpus. These identified lexical bundles were, later, categorized into three functional categories as referential, discourse organizing, and stance. The findings of the study reveal that the native and non-native writers make significantly more use of referential lexical bundles and a minimum use of discourse organizing and stance bundles with certain qualitative differences. It is expected that the findings of the study can help EAP scholars in developing teaching materials to assist non-native writers in improving their academic skills | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | Formulaic Language, Lexical Bundles, Academic Discourse, Ph. D Thesis | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)17 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)17 | |
| Page Nos: | 234-249 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 17 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| Sino-Pak Geo- Strategic Interdependence: Post 9/11 | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | Chinese President Xi Jinping referred to China’s partnership with Pakistan as “higher than the mountains, deeper than the oceans, sweeter than honey.” Pakistan-China relations are usually described by ‘Two Alls’ and ‘Four Goods.’ The ‘Two Alls’ are ‘all-weather friendship’ and ‘all-round cooperation’ and ‘Four Goods’ includes good neighbours, good friends, good partners, and good brothers. To understand Sino-Pak-China relations, it is essential to confer the determinants and the environment that led to the consolidation of their strategic interdependence in the post 9/11 period. This research study has employed the qualitative method in which secondary sources of data have taken from existing literature, published and unpublished research works and primary data was collected by conducting interviews of International Relations experts’ to analyze the factors behind Sino-Pak geo-strategic interdependence in the post 9/11 period. It focuses on China’s importance and engagement in the emerging dynamics of South Asia, especially India’s efforts for regional superiority and its partnerships with major powers, particularly with the US. The outcome of discussion reflects that in the post 9/11 period, the Indo-US strategic cooperation added new dimensions to the China and Pakistan partnership | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | China-Pakistan strategic interdependence, China, Indo-US nuclear deal, Pakistan, Strategic Cooperation | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)18 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)18 | |
| Page Nos: | 250-264 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 18 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|
| Indian Tactical-Short Range Missiles, Fragile Nuclear Doctrine and Doctrinal Crisis Triggers Crisis and Strategic Instability in South Asia | ||
|---|---|---|
| Abstract: | Fascist regime of India is pouring billions of dollars in military modernization and to procure modern weapons system. Continuous military modernization is endangering regional peace and stability. Paper carefully calibrates Indian missile developments with fraught doctrinal changes. Central objective of this paper is “crisis within Indian fragile nuclear doctrine motivates Indian leaders to pave the way for spiral of crisis besides authorize preemptive military strikes against Pakistan. Fragile nature of Indian nuclear doctrine is resulting in crisis instability and endangering strategic stability.” Paper rejects the notion that guardians of Pakistan nuclear weapons will use nuclear weapons. It is clear that Indian politico-military leaders are complicating decision making process. It will inevitably confront decision making challenges during crisis and in the midst of war resulting in deterrence breakdown. It rejects the preexistent notion that Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program is fastest growing. It rather prove with substantial data India fits into this category. This research paper also rejects the notion that Pakistan introduced TNWs in South Asia. It rather brings into limelight the correct notion that New Delhi is missile proliferator and introduced TNWs in South Asia | |
| Author/s: |
|
|
| Keywords: | TNWs, Cold War, Nuclear, Balakot Crisis, Doctrine | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)19 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2019(3-I)19 | |
| Page Nos: | 265-277 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v3-1 | |
| Article #: | 19 | |
| Visit Us: |
|
|