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Volume 5, Issue 4
Articles
Parental Involvement in Online Learning and Academic Achievements of their Children under COVID-19 Conditions |
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| Abstract: | Due to spreading of deadly COVID-19, all the schools, colleges and universities have been closed for ensuring the social distance and to minimize the effects of this pandemic disease. The closuring of educational institutions has shifted the educational system form face to face learning to distance or online learning. The students are bounded to home to take the online classes due to lockdown. So, the importance of parental involvement has been much increased. The present review research climaxes value of parental involvement in online learning and academic achievements of their children during the COVID-19. The challenges faced by the parents during COVID-19 online learning of their children are also discussed in this study. The review of literature indicated that parental involvement played an important role during the COVID-19 conditions in online learning of their children. Parental involvement showed a positive impact on the student online learning and their academic achievements. A few of the studies also indicated that parental involvement showed the negative impact on the students’ academic achievements. The most important challenge the parents faced during the online learning was economical problem. | |
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| Keywords: | Academic Achievements, Parental Involvement, Policy Makers, School Administration | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)01 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)01 | |
| Page Nos: | 01-14 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 1 | |
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Parenting Styles and Academic Self-Concept of Students |
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| Abstract: | Major objective of the study was to find out the relationship between parenting styles and academic self-concept and major hypothesis of the study was of no significant relationship between parenting styles and academic self-concept. All the students of the 8th class studying in all the government schools at province Punjab and their parents were included in the population-I and II. Four districts of Punjab (Sargodha, Khushab, Rawalpindi and Jhang) were randomly selected. Sample was selected through Multistage Sampling technique (n=960: students and their parents). Parents were approached through their children. Research scales i.e. Parenting Style Dimension Questionnaire (PSDQ-32) and Academic Self-Concept Questionnaire (ASCQ) were adapted to measure the independent & dependent variables of the study. After pilot testing reliability coefficient Cronbach Alpha values for PSDQ, and ASCQ were 0.71 and 0.67 respectively. Data was collected through self-visits. Analysis was done through mean scores one way ANOVA and Correlation to analyze the data. Major findings were; majority of the parents had authoritative parenting style, a handsome number of parents had kept connection of warmth and support with their children; had not regulated and had not indulged with their children; had not granted autonomy, intimidated physically to their children; had disciplined their children. Recommendations were made on the basis of findings and conclusion such as Parents Teaching Meetings (PTM‘s) should be arranged, extended family resources should be developed, media campaigns should be launched by higher authorities to equip parents with knowledge and skills. | |
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| Keywords: | Academic Self-Concept, Elementary Students, Parenting Styles | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)02 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)02 | |
| Page Nos: | 15-26 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 2 | |
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Financial Drivers of Corporate Cash holdings and its Implications: Evidence from Pakistan Stock Exchange |
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| Abstract: | The study inspects corporate cash holding behavior of firms listed at Pakistan Stock Exchange during 2013 to 2018. More specifically, we look into the financial determinants of corporate cash holdings and its impact on firm value during 2013 to 2018.Furthermore, the study investigates which of the theories imply in Pakistani firms regarding corporate cash holding behavior. The study identifies that among financial variables profitability, liquidity, growth, dividend and age have positive significant relationship while leverage and size are showing significant negative relationship with corporate cash holdings. Our study results imply Theory of Pecking Order. Furthermore, value of the firm is being significantly affected by the corporate cash holdings. | |
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| Keywords: | Corporate Cash, Firm Value Growth, Leverage, Net Working Capital, Profitability | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)03 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)03 | |
| Page Nos: | 27-44 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 3 | |
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Identifying the Major Causes of Interpersonal Conflicts of Teachers and Managing Strategies of Conflicts at Secondary Schools in Rawalpindi |
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| Abstract: | The objectives of this study were to find out the major causes of interpersonal conflicts of teachers and managing strategies of conflicts at Secondary schools and to compare the opinions of head teachers and SSTs regarding causes of conflicts and managing strategies for conflicts at Secondary level. The design of the research study was descriptive and all the Head teachers (388) and Secondary school teachers (1300) were population of the study. The sample of the study was comprised of (194) Head teachers and (260) Secondary school teachers which was selected through random sampling technique. In order to collect data, a validated questionnaire was used by the researcher. The major findings of the study showed that majority of the head teachers and secondary school teachers favoured that personal antagonism, a lack of civility, intolerance among teachers, misinterpreted communication, incompatible goals, and stressful environment, personal differences were main causes of interpersonal conflicts and suggested the strategies of accommodating, collaborating, competing and avoiding for handling the interpersonal conflicts. On the basis of findings, the major recommendations were given by the researcher. | |
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| Keywords: | Conflict, Head teachers, Interpersonal Conflict, Management, Strategies | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)04 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)04 | |
| Page Nos: | 45-57 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 4 | |
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Effectiveness of Assertive Training in Developing Social-Emotional Competencies among Adolescents |
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| Abstract: | Adolescence is a developmental stage of transition from childhood to early adulthood carrying immense stress and pressure among growing youngsters. The elevated level of excitement often leads to emotional sensitivity and social problems among the growing adolescents. The present research aimed to determine the effectiveness of assertive training as an intervention to develop and improve social emotional competences among adolescents in Sialkot, Pakistan. The quasi-experimental design (pre-test – post-test with control test) was used. Data was collected by using simple random sampling technique. A sample of 40 adolescents was obtained and was further divided into two groups: experimental group was comprised of 20 participants (girls= 10, boys= 10) and control group with the same number. A demographic sheet and Social-Emotional Competence Questionnaire (SECQ) were used for data collection. The experimental group attended assertive training while the control group did not receive treatment. Paired sample t-test showed statistically significant difference in means of overall score of SEC before and after treatment (t = -15.50, p = .000). Moreover, the pre-post difference on the level of dimensions of social emotional competence was highly significant (pairwise t-tests; all p< .05) in the intervention group except on the dimension of decision making with (t = 1.67, p = .110). The findings of the experiment concluded that assertive training significantly improved the overall social emotional competencies among adolescents. | |
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| Keywords: | Adolescents, Assertive Training, Social Emotional Competence | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)05 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)05 | |
| Page Nos: | 58-70 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 5 | |
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Inspecting the Effect of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor on Quality of Life: The Moderating Role of Economic Benefit |
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| Abstract: | China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is serving as a promising project for the citizens of Pakistan. The basic purpose of this research is to explore the influence of CPEC infrastructural development on the local community of Baluchistan and northern areas of Pakistan. This project tends to improve the quality of life of common man with the help of economic boost-up. The survey approach was utilized to collect the data from 385 locals of targeted areas. In order to analyze data, structural equation modeling (AMOS) method was used. The findings of the current study showed that economic benefit moderates the relationship of quality of life and perceived positive impact in positive direction. It is evident from the responses of local population of Baluchistan and northern areas of Pakistan that CPEC will enhance their quality of life. | |
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| Keywords: | CPEC, Economic Benefit, Quality of Life, Special Economic Zones | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)06 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)06 | |
| Page Nos: | 71-87 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 6 | |
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Management of Social Media Marketing by Higher Education Institutes |
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| Abstract: | This study has focused towards identification of important management dimensions related to Social Media (SM) marketing in the context of Higher Education Institutes (HEIs). The findings of study have highlighted current execution strategies of selected HEIs across various management dimensions of SM. Due to exploratory nature of this research; primary data was collected through fifteen in-depth interviews from those responsible for management of SM. The results have shown nine critical management dimensions of SM marketing including Selection of SM Platform, Defining Target Audience, Building SM Team, Defining SM Policy, Setting SM Objectives, Content Creation, Performance Measurement, Reporting and Managing Feedback. The universities in Pakistan have displayed a varied execution strategy across the identified dimensions with different focus level. This study has provided HEIs important insight regarding SM management to strategize SM based marketing communication. It has also added to the missing literature regarding SM management in the context of HEIs. | |
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| Keywords: | Higher Education Institutes, Marketing Communication, Social Media Dimensions, Social Media Management | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)07 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)07 | |
| Page Nos: | 88-104 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 7 | |
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The Tragedy Within the Comedy: The Politics of Narrativizing Émigré Crisis in Vladimir Nabokov’s Pnin |
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| Abstract: | This research aims to examine the novel Pnin by Vladimir Nabokov in the light of Gilles Deleuze and Filix Guattari’s concept of Minor Literature. This research is a qualitative study of the protagonist Timofey Pnin, an émigré, who demonstrates all the three characteristics of minority literature i.e. “deterritorialization of language”, “connection of the individual to political immediacy” and “collective assemblage of enunciation” (18) as delineated by Deleuze and Guattari in their work Kafka: Towards a Minor Literature. The importance of this research lies in the fact that it highlights the politicization of the omniscient narrative voice that draws attention to itself, attempting, albeit transparently, to manipulate the understanding of the reader about the other characters in the novel in general and of Pnin in particular. The narrative of the novel, therefore, merits a closer analysis to perceive the émigré crisis couched in the novel’s comic episodes associated with the life and personality of Pnin. | |
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| Keywords: | Comedy, Émigré, Minority Literature, Narrator, Tragedy | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)08 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)08 | |
| Page Nos: | 105-114 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 8 | |
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Gender Discrimination through Stereotype Role Depictions: Content Analysis of a Textbook used in a Developing Country |
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| Abstract: | Gender discrimination in Pakistan is strongly discouraged, yet it has been one of the greatest concerns throughout the history of Pakistan. The textbooks currently being used in Pakistan present and represent stereotypical roles that reinforce gender discrimination. This study aims at identifying and exploring the elements of gender stereotypes and related roles in the Sindh English Textbooks that are part of the curriculum for grades ninth and tenth in the matriculation system of Education in Pakistan. The research carried out is a blend of quantitative and qualitative method employed to study the extent of gender discrimination, based on two indicators drawn from the feminist theory. The two indicators, namely, exclusion of women and quality representation in the textbooks were further broken down into 21 categories. Data was analyzed by using descriptive analysis techniques and the results were interpreted in the light of the feminist theory. The findings of the study revealed that the theme of male dominance exists and is prevalent throughout the contents of the selected English textbooks. The study recommended revision of the content, within the prescribed books of the curriculum to avert ideologies that further the concept of gender biasedness, hence further reinforcing social and domestic roles discriminating against women to an ever-increasing percentage. | |
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| Keywords: | Exclusion, Feminism, Gender Bias, Gender Discrimination, Gender Stereotype, Hidden Curriculum, Sexist Language, Underrepresented | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)09 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)09 | |
| Page Nos: | 115-130 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 9 | |
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Impact of Head-teachers’ Instructional Approaches on Teachers competencies at Campus Schools in Karachi |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to investigate teachers’ perceptions of head-teachers’ instructional approaches and its impact on teachers’ competencies at campus schools in Karachi, since lack of teacher competencies has been a substantial issue, as it has remained ineffective teaching, which affects students' academic achievement. Achieving the research objectives a quantitative research design with a survey technique was used. Five hundred twenty-five respondents were selected by a convenience sampling, and finally 470 teachers’ data founded correct for analysis after screening, with a 90% response rate. The Smart PLS was utilized for calculations, reliability, validity and hypothesis testing, and descriptive analysis was done through SPSS. The results revealed that the perceptions of campus school teachers regarding their heads instructional approaches, as an instructional resources provider, feedback on teaching and learning, and visible presence have a significant and substantial effect on teacher competencies. It is suggested that school leaders should employ and include instructional approaches such as instructional resources provider, feedback on teaching and learning, and visible presence to improve their teachers' competencies. | |
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| Keywords: | Teachers Perceptions, Instructional Approaches, Teachers Competencies | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)10 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)10 | |
| Page Nos: | 131-146 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 10 | |
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Married Women’s Negotiations about their Reproductive Rights with Patriarchy |
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| Abstract: | The present study was carried out to explore how married women discuss their reproductive health issues with their spouses. Gender and power theory was used to describe the effect of sociocultural and economic factors on women’s decision making about the size of the family and sex. Women’s negotiating power about the use of contraceptives was studied by taking respondents of the urban city of Lahore and rural areas of Rasol Nagar and Ali Pur Chatta. Data was collected from 20 married women by using semi structured interviews and thematic analysis was later employed. The findings discovered the variability in the women's autonomy on the bases of their background and also revealed the ignorance of women about the religious teaching regarding sexual and reproductive life and majority of them were relying on the interpretation led by religious clergies. Furthermore, cliché attached to reproductive and sexual life facilitated the hesitation in women to remain ignored and consequently nurtured the existing patriarchal domination in private life too. The results of this study might have policy implication for gender specialists, government and civil society working for women empowerment to understand the sensitivity of this issue and take necessary measure towards sensitization of women’ needs. | |
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| Keywords: | Autonomy, Contraceptives, Empowerment, Negotiation, Patriarchy, Religion | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)11 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)11 | |
| Page Nos: | 147-159 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 11 | |
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Analysis of Undergraduate Students’ Performance during Covid-19: Evidence from a Public University in Karachi |
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| Abstract: | The study focused on student’s academic performance in undergraduate programs with aim to analyze whether or not Covid-19 impacted the academic performance of undergraduate students. With a sample of n = 124 undergraduate students, the study employed the survey research with participants from two campuses of a public university in Karachi. The study was conducted using simple random sampling technique. A questionnaire with 26 items was developed and administered to 21 pilot study participants. The data was collected through personal visits, online submission and other web applications. Out of n=133 samples, nine responses were rejected as they were incomplete, smudgy or delayed. The data was analyzed through SPSS version 22. Independent sample t-test was applied to two groups of undergraduate students studying in the morning and evening regular programs of studies using 0.05 level of significance. The study failed to reject the null hypotheses. The findings of the study supported the developed hypotheses and no significant difference was found in the opinions of the university students concerning their perceptions. The academic performance of undergraduate students was found to have been impacted by Covid-19 equally due to online lecture style and non-availability of resources. | |
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| Keywords: | Academic Performance, COVID-19, Pandemic,Public University, Undergraduate Students | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)12 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)12 | |
| Page Nos: | 160-172 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 12 | |
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Diverse Animals’ Imagery, Symbolism and Vitality in the Poetry of Ted Hughes |
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| Abstract: | The paper discusses the animal’s vitality in the poems of Ted Hughes from the perceptive of deconstruction and psychoanalysis. Additionally, the notion of animals’ vitality is expanded into mythological or religious dimensions, when animals intercede in human existence and assume an equal status to god. The paper also investigates how Hughes goes beyond animals’ identities and gives them extraordinary powers. Hughes’ representation (in this paper) of the animals such as “Pike,” “Swans,” which appear in A Primer of Birds (1981), “Little Whale Song,” which is included in the volume Wolf Watching (1989) attempts to evoke the power and egotism of animals. All metaphors and symbols linked to animals are the physical characteristics of animals and are based on the shamanist idea. His poems undermine the traditional binary antagonism between man and animal and show why animals are more powerful and spiritual than humans because they live according to their instincts. | |
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| Keywords: | Animalism, Divinity, Myth, Ted Hughes, Vitality | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)13 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)13 | |
| Page Nos: | 173-184 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 13 | |
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Belt and Road Initiative: A Step towards Shared Economic Growth |
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| Abstract: | Belt and road initiative is strategic economic program that will enhance the economic growth of countries by facilitating through infrastructures development and ease in trading procedures. The case studies discussed in this article from Pakistan, Malaysia and Kazakhstan concluded that these countries have witnessed significant positive changes due to the participation in the belt and road. The GDPs have improved and the influx of foreign direct investment has increased that signifies the growth of a country, thus it can be concluded that belt and road initiative is a step towards shared economic growth and development through economic integration. The policies under BRI would be beneficial for all the countries involved in it to create paths for the mutual growth and development that support the progress in world economy. | |
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| Keywords: | Belt Road Initiative, GDP, Economic Integration, Shared Economic Growth | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)14 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)14 | |
| Page Nos: | 185-193 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 14 | |
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Psycho-Existential Displacement in Shakespeare’s The Tempest: A Fanonian Study |
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| Abstract: | This research presents a critique on William Shakespeare’s The Tempest (1623) by using Fanon’s idea of ‘Psycho-Existential Crisis’. Unlike the traditional western criticism that enshrines Shakespeare as the champion of human values and universality, Postcolonial Criticism dethrones and subjects him to Critical Race Theory, Feminist and New Historicist Analogies. Fanon’s Black Skin, White Masks (1967) and The Wretched of the Earth (2004) have been used as primary texts with the particular focus on ‘Psycho-Existential Crisis’ that permeates the ideology where whiteness is associated with humanity and one is also required to meet white standards if one wants to be a human. Caliban and many other characters in The Tempest have been depicted with this racist mentality. This research, therefore, puts a lens at the power relationships tracing out the torturing effects of this racist tendency upon the mental and physical health of the people of colour. It challenges Shakespeare’s representation by arguing that Shakespeare was complicit in racial politics. | |
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| Keywords: | Displacement, Postcolonialism, Psycho-Existential Crisis, The Tempest | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)15 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)15 | |
| Page Nos: | 194-204 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 15 | |
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India-Pakistan Standoff (2001-2002): Chinese Diplomacy to De-escalat |
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| Abstract: | An eye ball situation emerged on India Pakistan border after terrorists targeted the Indian parliament in 2001. This situation created a tense environment in the region. International and regional powers played their due role to remove the tightness between the two nuclear rivals (India and Pakistan). Chinese diplomatic efforts to remove the war like situation between south Asian neighbors, has key importance because she is not only international and regional power but also neighboring the both states and having cordial relations with both states. This paper is an attempt to highlight the role and efforts of Chinese leadership to de-escalate tension between the two states. This study also high-lights that the time tested friendship between China and Pakistan is not changed as many scholars believed that after Ding Xiaping the Chinese attitude changed towards Pakistan. Secondary data in the form of books, newspapers (both from India and Pakistan) and material from foreign office is used to conduct study. Qualitative method is used to analyses data. | |
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| Keywords: | De-Escalation, Indian Parliament, Kashmir, Nuclear Rivals, Terrorism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)16 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)16 | |
| Page Nos: | 205-216 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 16 | |
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A Challenges of Using ICT at Secondary Schools in Rawalpindi |
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| Abstract: | The main aim of this study is to examine the Challenges of Using ICT at Secondary Schools in Rawalpindi. Information Communication and Technology is a source of connecting, sharing, transferring, and communicating out knowledge and information around the world. ICT consist of all equipment’s, applications and services that involve communication. Computer, cell phones, television, radios, and satellite system all are part of ICT. Total population of secondary schools in Rawalpindi City was four hundred and four out of them forty schools were randomly selected. Purposive Random Sampling was used in this study. Sample size of this study was three hundred. Seven schools’ teachers were selected randomly. Self- developed questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire was developed by researcher with the help of supervisor and they have refined its items after having taken the response of the expert. Schedule interview questionnaire was developed by the researcher to conduct interview from teachers. It is concluded that the use of ICT in the classroom is very effective and use for the both teachers and the students .It helps for the both teachers and the students for teaching and the learning. On the bases of the conclusion it is recommended that the government should allow and pay the attention on the using of the ICT in the classroom for the both students and teachers because now the learning is impossible without the use of technologies in the classroom. | |
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| Keywords: | Challenges, Usages, Students, Teachers | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)17 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)17 | |
| Page Nos: | 217-226 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 17 | |
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Investigating Washback Effects of the GRE (Verbal) on Test Takers (Successful & Unsuccessful) in Sindh, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This study has investigated the washback of the verbal section of Graduate Record Examination (GRE) on test takers, specifically focusing on washback upon learners’ perceptions, attitudes, and test preparation strategies in Sindh, Pakistan. The study employed a mixed method research design where survey was conducted from 56 participants and two focus group interviews were conducted from 8 GRE test takers. Two instruments were adapted from Hawkey (2006) and Moore et. al. (2012) respectively and the analysis was done using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis method. The data revealed that washback of GRE (verbal) was strong and it worked in both positive as well as negative directions. Students had positive views about the usefulness, motivation for taking the test, and standardized and systematic nature of the test making organisation, while they had negative views regarding the cost of the test, its difficult language and non-communicative vocabulary. Unsuccessful test takers were seen willing to take the test again by learning from their own experiences. Successful test takers shared preparation plans and strategies which helped them in getting the required scores. Test making authority of the GRE test must look into what test takers have to say about its cost and difficult language so that the test could be made more authentic and communicate for those who have to take it for getting scholarships abroad. | |
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| Keywords: | ETS, Graduate Record Examination (GRE), Language Tests, Verbal Part of GRE, Washback | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)18 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)18 | |
| Page Nos: | 227-241 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 18 | |
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Understanding of Students in the Concepts of Geometry at Secondary Level District Lasbela, Baluchistan: An Evaluative Study |
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| Abstract: | This study investigated the understanding of the students in the concepts of Geometry at secondary level. Geometry as one of the branches of the mathematics has an important in the study of mathematics. In this study 15 (Girls/Boys) schools were selected. Teachers (Male/Female) were 58 and students (Girls/Boys) were 600. The Following Tools used in research (i). Test of students through text book exercises (ii).Test of students through their conceptual understanding (iii). Check list for assessment the physical and learning environment of classroom and school (iv) questionnaire for teachers. These tools were divided in different parts. Researcher has discovered that the factors that are responsible for students' difficulties in learning geometry include: teachers' methods of instruction, lack of proof by students, lack of background knowledge, poor reasoning skill in geometry. Recommendations are formed on the basis of findings of this research study. School Management should give more time to geometry so concepts of Geometry may easy to understand. Lack of Concept building of geometry in early classes is also a big problem. | |
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| Keywords: | Conceptual Understanding, Curriculum, Geometry, Secondary Classes, Standards | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)19 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)19 | |
| Page Nos: | 242-257 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 19 | |
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Strategies and Challenges of Novice Public-School Teachers related to Classroom Management at the Elementary Level in Lahore |
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| Abstract: | This study aimed to explore the perceptions of novice teachers about classroom management and the importance of classroom management at the elementary level in Lahore. Specifically, this study explored the challenges novice teachers faced in their early days and the strategies they have used during class management. A qualitative case study research design was used. Twenty teachers participated in the study who were selected through a purposive sampling technique. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore the challenges and strategies of classroom management. It was revealed that all novice teachers considered classroom management critical all of them firmly believed that only a well-managed classroom ensures an effective teaching-learning process. The study’s findings suggested that despite their pedagogical approach, novice teachers found classroom management an arduous task owing to several factors: overcrowded classrooms, lack of training, support, and guidance, and the absence of facilities. | |
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| Keywords: | Challenges and Managing Strategies, Classroom Management, Novice Teachers | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)20 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)20 | |
| Page Nos: | 258-271 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 20 | |
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Online Teaching at ECE: Perspectives of Early Childhood Educators |
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| Abstract: | This study was conducted to investigate the perceptions of teachers about online teaching for the students of early childhood education level whose age are from 3-8 years. For this purpose, 200 teachers at private schools of urban Islamabad were approached in which 197 have responded. A questionnaire on five point Likert scale was developed to take data from teachers. Data was analyzed through descriptive statistics. The findings of the research reflect that online teaching may not appropriate for the students of ECE as they need face to face interaction for individual attention which is not fulfilling in online teaching and the children performance are adversely affected. On the other hand, the findings also revealed that the children performance may not be clearly assess through online assessments procedures. | |
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| Keywords: | Early Childhood Education, Online Classes, Teachers | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)21 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)21 | |
| Page Nos: | 272-284 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 21 | |
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Legitimizing Oppression: An Althusserian Study of Jamil Ahmed’s The Wandering Falcon |
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| Abstract: | This study aims to analyze the coercion on downtrodden people and the role of the state to legitimize the oppression in Jamil Ahmed’s The Wandering Falcon through the perspective of Althusser’s function of repressive state apparatuses in the capitalist society. It also tends to highlight the factors of class inequalities, marginalization and oppression that cause suffering for the destitute class especially in tribal areas of Pakistan. The state uses repressive state apparatuses such as the judiciary and armed forces to oppress those who violate the ideology of the state by emerging as a threat to the interests of the ruling class. Henceforth, the lives of the under privileged people are so difficult in those areas that they have to fight the battle of their survival against state-sponsored oppression. This study contributes to resolving the problems of the downtrodden people who are struggling to cope up for their rights in Pakistan | |
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| Keywords: | Destitute Masses, Repressive State Apparatus, State-Sponsored Oppress | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)22 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)22 | |
| Page Nos: | 285-294 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 22 | |
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Historical Analysis of Federalism in Pakistan from Partition to 1973 Constitution |
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| Abstract: | The history of federalism in Pakistan has been discussed in this paper. The inception of Pakistan, foundations of federal system, its evolution with the passage of time and its effectiveness in the context of governance in Pakistan has been laid out in the paper. The paper examines comprehensively the constitutional efforts in the shape of 1956, 1962, and the ultimate 1973. The 18th amendment which is considered to be epic has also been studied with its effects to the federalism and federal practices in the country. The mechanism of federalism as a key method to the solutions of all the problems in Pakistan especially with provinces obtaining more power has also been discussed in the research. | |
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| Keywords: | 18th Amendment, 1956 and 1962 Constitutions, 1973 Constitution, Centre-Province Relations, Federalism, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)23 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)23 | |
| Page Nos: | 295-304 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 23 | |
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Translation Norms in Pakistani Literature: A Comparative Study of The Reluctant Fundamentalist And Bunyad Parast |
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| Abstract: | This qualitative study aims at exploring certain features of the Target Text (TT) in comparison with the Source Text (ST) and investigating the factors that affect the translation process. Further, the research examines the essence of the original conveyed in the translation as well as difference in representation of the ST reality in the TT language. The selected texts for this study are The Reluctant Fundamentalist (2007) written by Mohsin Hamid and its translation by Nadeem Akhtar titled Bunyad Parast (2010-12). The Source Language (SL) for this research study is English and the Target Language (TL) is Urdu. The study is delimited to comparative analysis of 8 selected excerpts from the original text and their parallel translations. The study explores translation as a socio-cultural phenomenon from target-oriented approach and is conducted within the paradigm of product-oriented DTS using Toury’s three-phase methodology as a model for investigation. The selected data is analysed through comparative textual analysis of the two texts and examines the differences between them. | |
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| Keywords: | Descriptive Translation Studies, Toury’s Three Phase Methodology, Translation Norms | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)24 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)24 | |
| Page Nos: | 305-323 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 24 | |
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Pakistan’s Engagement with China and Russia: Impacts on the Regional Order |
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| Abstract: | Pakistan is now the gateway to Eurasia and this is increasingly becoming a reality in the light of the integration wave launched by China and patronized by Russia. It is a land bridge to Eurasian Economies and a part of Belt Road Initiatives. 9/11 led to many fundamental changes in the South Asian security framework. Most significant was the rise of Sino-Pak cooperation and the US shifting its priority towards India. The Silk Route analogy often has been drawn upon Afghanistan, but the close interface between Great Powers rendered it unstable for most of the time. Pakistan offers a maritime opportunity to most of the landlocked states of Inner Asia. Russia and China have been securing Eurasian space post-Cold war from the US hegemony. This has led to military and economic cooperation between the two. South Asian Regional Security Complex narrative that rests on India-Pak conflict is witnessing a change with Pakistan looking to engage Russia and China on the economic front and perhaps the Russian option to join defence framework at some later stage. The development is the best option for creating strategic autonomies within the SARSC. | |
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| Keywords: | China, Eurasianism, Pakistan, Regionalism, Russia | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)25 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)25 | |
| Page Nos: | 324-336 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 25 | |
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The Role of Teachers in Perspective of Millennium Development Goals (MDG’S) of Primary Education in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | Sending all children to school is a major millennium development goal related to universalization of primary education around the world. The purpose of the study was to explore the roles of teachers and head teachers in perspectives of millennium development goal of primary education. The research was delimited to khanewal districts. All the govt. primary schools (elementary and secondary having classes of primary) was its population.323 teachers and 68 head teachers were taken through simple random sampling technique. A questionnaire and check lists were used as research instruments .frequency, percentage, and standard deviation and z tests were used for analysis of data. It was found that door to door survey has proven helpful for increasing enrolment and gender discrimination has slightly reduced among educated parents. Pakistan has not achieved the target yet, although government has establishes more schools and recruited highly qualified teachers. | |
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| Keywords: | Enrolment, MDGs, UPE | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)26 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)26 | |
| Page Nos: | 337-347 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 26 | |
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Intricateness of Identity and Race: A Racist Study of Brit Bennet’s Novel The Vanishing Half |
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| Abstract: | The present study endeavors to unveil the phenomenon of racism as a social, cultural and political concept based on falsehood, and problems of ethnicity in America portrayed in Brit Bennett’s (2020) “The Vanishing Half” under the theoretical framework of Frantz Fanon’s (1952) “Black Skin, White Masks.” Basically it is the racial prejudice and bigotry which build a battle/struggle for identity and self-determination. The under discussion work by Bennett come across to the realization of racial prejudice and inferiority faced by the African Americans. Bennett by her four main characters Stella, Desiree, Jude and Kennedy, presents racial prejudice and discrimination which affects their past and present identities. The researchers endeavor to highlight the problems of ethnicity in America under the racist study as to how the writer, Bennett, uncovers the racial inequality and injustice of America in the workings of contemporary life. The researchers examine how the character of Stella escapes from the racial prejudice and reshapes her new identity as a “White Passing”. This study explores that what are the issues behind racism as a social, cultural and political construct in the light of “The Vanishing Half”. The present research recommends the significance of intricateness of identity and race in racist perspective. | |
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| Keywords: | Dual Identities, Ethnicity, Ideology of inferiority, Inequality and discrimination, New Identities, Racial Prejudice, Racism, Social Pathology | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)27 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)27 | |
| Page Nos: | 348-357 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 27 | |
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Emotional Intelligence, Leadership Qualities and Organizational Commitment of School Monitoring Staff |
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| Abstract: | The research aimed to examine Emotional Intelligence, Leadership Qualities and Organizational Commitment of School Monitoring Staff in Dera Ghazi Khan District. The objectives of the study were on the way to identify the correlation flanked by emotional intelligence, leadership qualities and organizational commitment among school monitoring staff and to identify the “impact of leadership qualities on the organizational commitment” of school monitoring staff. The current research was based on Correlation survey research design. Sample of present study was Assistant Education Officers. The current study recruited 100 participants. Sample was drawn purposive sampling strategy. The outcome of the “study” showed so as to “Emotional Intelligence” and leadership skills contain positive co-relation with Organizational Commitment. Results of the “study indicated that there was a significant impact of Emotional Intelligence” as well as Leadership skills on Organizational Commitment. | |
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| Keywords: | Emotional Intelligence, Leadership Qualities, Organizational Commitment | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)28 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)28 | |
| Page Nos: | 358-367 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 28 | |
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Analysis of Social Responsibility Skills with Reference to Life Skills in Secondary School Curriculum |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of the research study was to find out the presence Social Responsibility skills (as an important area of life skills in the Secondary level curriculum. Data was collected through content analysis of curriculum, National Education Policy, and through opinion of curriculum experts, with the help of checklist which was contained of different components of Social Responsibility skills. Chi-Square test was further conducted to compare the three types of data. Results that there is significant difference in three types of data sources regarding Social Responsibility skills(x2 = 155.12, df= 2, P<001), which indicates that social responsibility skills are not present in Secondary level curricula as suggested by National Education Policy. Opinion of curriculum experts supports the findings of content analysis of curriculum. | |
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| Keywords: | Life Skills, Secondary Level Curriculum, Skills | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)29 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)29 | |
| Page Nos: | 368-381 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 29 | |
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Psychometric Evaluation of Terrorism Anxiety Scale |
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| Abstract: | The study investigated the psychometric parameters of the Terrorism Anxiety Scale (TAS) (Zafar et al., 2020) to verify and maintain the norms of a reliable and valid assessment measure. The survey method was used to collect TAS responses from teenagers aged 13 to 19 in Lahore, Karachi, Sahiwal, Haveli Lakhan, and Gujranwala. The sample was drawn using a convenient sampling strategy. The reliability and validity of the scale were assessed by using confirmatory factor analysis that utilized structural equation modeling. The model was refined and modified utilizing the structural equation modeling technique, which gave construct validity standards for the two-factor TAS model, substantial test-retest reliability, and acceptable model fit indices. Internal consistency was also found to be extremely significant. The findings confirmed the construct's high reliability as well as moderate convergent and discriminant validity norms. The construct validity of the model may be revised in future studies involving larger samples from all regions of Pakistan to achieve a high degree of generalizability. | |
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| Keywords: | Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Terrorism Anxiety Scale, Terrorism Impacts, Terrorism-Related Anxiety | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)30 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)30 | |
| Page Nos: | 382-393 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 30 | |
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Exploring Rapport of NTS and Non NTS Recruited Teachers in District Bagh Azad Jammu and Kashmir |
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| Abstract: | The present study explored Rapport of NTS and Non NTS Recruited Teachers in district Bagh Azad Jammu and Kashmir at Elementary Level. The objective of the study were to explore the perceptions of students toward NTS and non NTS recruited teachers. A survey method was used to collect data through questionnaires. There were 1360 students in selected schools of district Bagh. Using non probability sampling technique (Convenient Sampling) the researcher took 300 students (male and female) as sample of the study. The questionnaire was developed validated then distributed and collected back. Analysis of the data revealed that NTS recruited teachers have good rapport as compare to non NTS. The NTS teachers were found well prepared, effective and devoted to their duties as compare to non NTS teachers. Students were found satisfied by their performance and their behavior and treatment. The researcher concluded that NTS teachers are well reputed as compared to the teachers recruited through other modes. It is recommended for the government to ensure the transparency in the selection of teachers through NTS or any other valid testing agency. | |
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| Keywords: | NON NTS, NTS , Primary Level, Rapport, Recruited, Teachers | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)31 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)31 | |
| Page Nos: | 394-404 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 31 | |
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Forensic Investigation of Road Traffic Accident Cases in Pakistan and Types of Physical Evidence |
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| Abstract: | Road accident is an eminent, socio-economic, and felonious problem in all developed and under-developed countries. The dynamics and significance of road accidents are changing day by day and it has not been attracted sufficient attention from modern sciences. Pakistan being an underdeveloped country is far from the advanced traffic management system to curb the increasing score of accidents. Notwithstanding the recent advanced improvements in confronting the road safety challenges, the situation is alarming in Pakistan due to the old and routine methodology of investigation in road accident cases. In this study, attention has been drawn towards the lack of advanced techniques, highlighting research gaps and types of physical evidence in road accident cases in Pakistan using the data collected from primary (survey and interviews) and secondary (government and NGO) sources. The findings show that flaws in substantial and procedural laws, the inability of investigation officers, corruption in government institutions, and non-collection of physical evidence from crime-scene are the main reasons for the deteriorating situation of road safety in the country. | |
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| Keywords: | Forensic Science, Road Accident, Vehicles, Physical Evidence | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)32 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)32 | |
| Page Nos: | 405-422 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 32 | |
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Bidirectional Relationship between Terrorism and Pakistan Stock Market: Evidence from ARDL and Nonlinear ARDL Approaches |
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| Abstract: | This study used to find the effect of terrorism attacks over the Overall Pakistan Stock market for the period from January-2005 to December 2019. This study used all the companies registered in the Pakistan stock exchange. By employing ARDL technique this study statistically proved the existence of long-run relationship between the variable as there is co-integration between them. Diagnostic tests are also found to be satisfactory. Goodness of Fit R2 of the model is 12.6% which is due to the impact of other variables on the stock return. NARDL is also applied and the results indicated that stock market reacts to terrorism activities in the short term due to increases and decreases in terrorism activities. However, no long run asymmetry is observed. This study couldn’t include international stock markets due to time and financial constraints. Future research can included other countries’ data and compare the results with this study. | |
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| Keywords: | ARDL, NARDL, Pakistan, Stock Exchange, Terrorism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)33 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)33 | |
| Page Nos: | 423-440 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 33 | |
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Relationship between Man and Nature in Paulo Coelho’s Alchemist: An Ecocriticial Study |
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| Abstract: | The study is an attempt to examine the aspects of the relationship between human beings and nature through the Ecocritical study of Paulo Coelho’s novel Alchemist. Through the application of the theory of Ecocriticism, the study explores the role of nature in the lives of human beings and their success. The study deals with the importance of earth and nature and shows that without nature our life is nothing; without nature no one can achieve one’s goals. Ecocriticism throws light on the way all the creations of universe have rights and how the existence of both the human beings and nature influences each other. There is a description of friendly behaviour of nature towards its admirer. Nature is a supreme being and human beings depend on it for everything. It plays a great role in the development of human beings. All the things in the universe, even the sand of desert helps a man to reach his destination. No one can feel this peace but when a person pays attention on this, he feels it passionately. | |
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| Keywords: | Alchemist, Ecocritical Study, Ecocriticism, Man and Nature | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)34 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)34 | |
| Page Nos: | 441-454 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 34 | |
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Afghanistan Under the Shadows of Taliban and Implications For Pakistan and Regional Security |
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| Abstract: | The Taliban's possible return to Kabul would affect the region, in the short term, the situation in Afghanistan may benefit regional players; China, Russia, Pakistan, and Iran but in long term, can become problematic for these nations. This study shed light on the future prospects of regional politics, in case the Taliban return back to the driving seat of Kabul as there are historical and ideological facts that can help to understand it. The power structure of future government in Afghanistan will determine, the future of the region and Pakistan’s relations with Afghanistan. In case the Taliban remain successful to seize power alone, it affects differently on the neighboring states and the region, and if they return with power-sharing formula as desired by the western power, the implications will be different. Pakistan and regional players should prepare for both situations so that they can manage the situation accordingly. This study examined the eventual geopolitics of the region, in case of Taliban return to power. | |
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| Keywords: | Afghanistan, Geopolitics, Implications, Ideology, Pakistan, Taliban | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)35 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)35 | |
| Page Nos: | 455-469 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 35 | |
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Exploring Education for Global Citizenship: Qualitative Content Analysis of Islamiyat Textbook |
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| Abstract: | Education for global citizenship is not a new concept, it empowers the students to foster an awareness of others' expectations towards the interconnected world. It helps the learner to develop values and attitudes toward global citizenship education so that they face challenges of an interconnected world in a positive way. Textbooks play a vital role in this regard. This study was designed to explore the values and attitudes towards education for global citizenship in the textbooks of Islamiyat of elementary classes. The finding of the study explored that textbooks A, B and C are promoting and developing Islamic values and morals in every sphere of life. Student will be able to adopt these values and attitude in practice such as human brotherhood, unity, tolerance, equality, fulfilment of covenant, justice, sincerity, piety, truthfulness, punctuality, purity, service to the people, rights of worship, love of homeland and people, national unity. It is recommended that textbook should provide the broader concept of humanity and religion. Islam guides in every field of life, so there is a need to add content that will give the learner broader scope of living in the wider world. There is a need to align the national curriculum and textbooks with SDG 4.7 which promote the GCE. | |
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| Keywords: | Global Citizenship Education, Islamiyat Textbooks, Values and Attitudes | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)36 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)36 | |
| Page Nos: | 470-482 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 36 | |
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A Comparative Analysis of Gender and Educational Leadership in Pakistan and the United Kingdom |
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| Abstract: | This paper considers gender differences in educational leadership theory and practice in two countries: Pakistan and United Kingdom. The differences are highlighted and explored through a comparative analysis of gender roles and its multitude effects on women. By undertaking the analysis, the research brings forth the different issues that are hampering the progress of women in educational leadership roles; the exacting demands of the developed world that still favor men over women and the societal frameworks in developing countries like Pakistan. The research repeatedly delves into the issue of differential treatment by including statistics and other insights to further inform the main hypothesis of the present research. The breadth of issues faced by women from both countries paint two stark but different realities. Moreover, the paper offers solutions in terms of what work needs to be done towards a more thoughtful understanding of leadership, in both countries. | |
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| Keywords: | Education and Leadership, Educational Attainment, Gender Differences | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)37 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)37 | |
| Page Nos: | 484-498 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 37 | |
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Effect of Cooperative Learning Strategies on Students’ Learning |
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| Abstract: | It is noticed that students are stay deprived from the practical teaching because our teaching and learning system has its base on rote system. In this paper, researcher tried to bring in teaching method that may support students learning so that they are able to develop their concepts by promoting self-learning to polish students’ creative abilities. This study was purely experimental in nature and data was collected from control and cooperative learning (experimental) groups twice. Students of first group were taught with the help of cooperative learning strategies and no such treatment was given to control group students. Data was collected from both groups and analyzed by using descriptive statistics as well as analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA). Study results showed that there was a significant difference seen and students those were taught by using cooperative learning strategies were able to perform significantly better than control group students. | |
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| Keywords: | Cooperative Learning Strategies, Self-Regulation, Independent Learning | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)38 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)38 | |
| Page Nos: | 499-510 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 38 | |
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Individual Preferences and Constraints: A Naturalistic Study of “Exit West |
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| Abstract: | The present research study endeavors to probe out the aspects of individual preferences and constraints through the naturalistic study of Hamid’s (2017) Exit West, under the theoretical framework of Zola’s (1964) The Experimental Novel: And other Essays. The purpose of this research is to identify the naturalistic factors that affects an individual free will and how he or she acts by facing certain environmental constraints. Zola (1964) is the proponent of naturalistic theory and according to this theory, a person’s actions and choices are experimented by his or her heredity and environment. This study measured the influence of certain factors that govern human nature and behavior by highlighting the lives of two main characters, Nadia and Saeed. It focused on the issues of survival, human nature and behavior, detachment and social environment affecting the lives of protagonists. This qualitative approach of the study supports the reasons and findings that have been discussed with the help of naturalism. This research also analyses application of naturalism with the help of experimental methods that triumphed everywhere. | |
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| Keywords: | Constraints, Experimental Methods, Human Nature and Behavior, Individual Preferences, Naturalism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)39 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)39 | |
| Page Nos: | 511-518 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 39 | |
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Admissibility of Digital Evidence: A perspective of Pakistani Justice System |
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| Abstract: | Digital evidence is any evidence which can be stored, exchanged or generated in electronic form. Such type of evidence has assumed a crucial role in modern day adjudication of criminal cases. In the recent past, digital evidence was treated as secondary evidence in Pakistan, however, keeping in view its increasing relevance to detect and punish crimes in the information age, some critical legislative changes were made to give the status of primary evidence to the digital evidence. This article suggests that the status of digital evidence has become primary to the extent of its admissibility only. In relation to weight or appraisal, it is still regarded as a circumstantial evidence requiring corroboration. This approach can be changed by judicial precedents implementing the changes brought about by the legislature. | |
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| Keywords: | Admissibility, Authenticity Digital Evidence, Reliability | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)40 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)40 | |
| Page Nos: | 518-530 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 40 | |
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Exploring the ‘Civil Repair’ Role of Media: A Case Study of the Easter Bombings in Sri Lanka |
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| Abstract: | On the day of Easter Sunday April 21, 2019 within the span of 20 minutes in Sri Lanka there was a chain of six coordinated suicide attacks in historical churches and standard hotels in the capital city Colombo along with other places. The attacks left at least 253 people killed including at least 35 US, UK and Indian nationals. Media all around the globe took up the incident immediately and produced a variety of a discourse on it. Jeffery C. Alexander stresses that media in such conflict times produce a ‘solidarity discourse’ to play a ‘civil repair’ role in the society. This study is an effort to explore and analyze the discourse produced by The Daily Mirror; a Sri Lankan newspaper, and by The Express Tribune; a Pakistani newspapers. Employing the ‘ideological square’ and the ‘lexicalization’ strategies of the Critical Discourse Analysis proposed by van Dijk the researchers intend to explore and identify whether and to what extent the selected newspapers have played the role of ‘civil repair’ by producing the ‘solidarity discourse’ in the aftermath of the Sri Lankan Easter Bombings. Findings show that The Express Tribune played the role of ‘Civil Repair’ by producing the ‘solidarity discourse’. However, the Sri Lankan Newspaper; The Daily Mirror’s coverage lacked the ‘solidarity discourse’ in the aftermath of the Easter bombings. | |
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| Keywords: | Civil Repair, Civil Sphere Theory, Easter Sunday Bombing, Ideological Square, Lexicalization, Solidarity Discourse | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)41 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)41 | |
| Page Nos: | 531-546 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 41 | |
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Critical Analysis of the Academic Performance of Students at High Secondary Level (HSL) |
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| Abstract: | Students are the asset of education. Every age of a child vary different needs and level of understanding and learning. “Critical Analysis of the Academic Performance of Students at ‘HSL” is carried out to examine the level of achievement of students due to transition from high school to college at grade 10 and Intermediate level. The present research was conducted to explore the impact of students’ gender on their achievement at higher secondary level/college level and the factors that influence achievement of students at school and college levels. In order to achieve the desire purpose, the research adheres to quantitative method of research. The findings of the research indicated that the school environment, gender difference, peer influence, parent supervision and strength of the class were the factors that affected the academic performance of the students; result also shows for the improvement of academic performance of students at higher secondary level that following measures should be introduced to motivate students. Administrations should arrange refresher and advance course for college faculty lectures, career counseling for students should be organized , student’s attendance should be ensured parents-teacher meeting held twice annually, periodic and systematic evaluation procedures should be develop and individual attention on students should be focused. | |
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| Keywords: | Academic Performance, Higher Secondary Level, School, Student | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)42 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)42 | |
| Page Nos: | 547-557 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 42 | |
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Legal Framework of Right to Privacy: A Comparative Analysis of Western and Islamic Law |
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| Abstract: | Endeavour of this paper is to grasp the idea of the right of privacy to establish its utility for social conformity and harmony in the postmodern world Islam v modern world. It has so happened in the last few decades that Islamic law and Western ideology seems to be poles apart to a common person but this paper serves to establish that Islam emphasizes as much the sanctity of the right of privacy as does western law. This research explores the importance of the privacy of an individual in Islam and shows that how Islam emphasizes maintaining the privacy of data. This paper is a venture to explore the right of privacy in both Islam and western law and to compare and contrast them to highlight the similarities and differences. The research finds out Western law seem to get swept away with the love of freedom to the extent that differentiating human and animal’s life may get difficult whereas Islamic Shariah puts a restriction on individual’s privacy where the individual’s choice seems to influence the society at large. It is concluded that Islam differs from the Western law on the grounds of homosexuality, abortion, gambling, and addiction. It is recommended that as Right of Privacy has ultimate impact on the Society and when the right of privacy conflicts with the social welfare then it must be curtailed otherwise it may be lead to the collapse and disgrace of the society. | |
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| Keywords: | Human Rights, Islamic Jurisprudence, Right of Privacy, Western Law | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)43 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)43 | |
| Page Nos: | 558-570 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 43 | |
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Governmental Strategies to Control COVID-19 in Pakistan and India: A Comparative Study |
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| Abstract: | The current study has focused on the governance issues faced to policy implication and practical implications of the decided immediate precautionary measures. It was a qualitative comparative study of developing countries i.e. Pakistan and India as both countries have almost similar health facilities. The study has tested the managerial theory under the sociological theory of corporate governance. It was found that the government precautionary and recovery measures enhanced stress levels among the people. The people were less cooperative to follow the SOPs and favor following the restrictions during the lockdown. Both countries being developing also faced the travel ban to the other countries even after the same normality as in various western countries. The study concluded that the government could not fight and win the people's rigid belief about the uncertainty of the COVID-19 virus and its spread. So, following the government policies was antagonistic to the people's perception and normality acceptance over the borderline. The study opens the platform for further studies to check the governance issues in other developing countries and compare firsthand data. The study will be helpful for the policymaker and law enforcement agencies to understand the flaws of implementing the rules over the laymen. | |
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| Keywords: | COVID-19, Governance Issues, Governmental Strategies, Control, Pakistan, India, SOPs | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)44 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)44 | |
| Page Nos: | 571-589 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 44 | |
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Edhi Foundation: A Struggle for Humanitarian Survival under the Global Welfare Vision |
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| Abstract: | The social specific system is managed by the official and non-official organizations under the umbrella of concluded agreement powers. These are the social work organizations that respect, prefer and defend human basic rights; and with the passage of time they improve the civic, political, social, economic, cultural and fundamental human rights. In the regard of their rights these organizations guide the people and try to provide them the facilities to get access to their rights. These are the Social welfare organizations that recognize the States as the key actors in the promotion of the human rights. Among these social organizations, “Edhi Welfare Organization” is a prominent organization in Pakistan. Edhi International Foundation, with its working branches all over the American and European region, is engaged in doing humanitarian work, especially supporting the people of the Third World. The research article is an attempt to highlight its global welfare social work. | |
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| Keywords: | Critical Discourse Freshwater Spring, Parents to Many, Social Work | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)45 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)45 | |
| Page Nos: | 590-600 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 45 | |
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Role of Education and Labor Force Participation in Influencing Women Empowerment in Pakistan: A Case Study of District Khanewal |
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| Abstract: | The present study has attempted to focus on the role of education and labor force participation in influencing women's empowerment in Pakistan. The primary data were collected from 200 female respondents from Khanewal district using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique for econometric analysis. These women working along with their family members are raising their livelihood for their household. The study concludes that the age of the respondents, labor force participation, educations of the respondent and education of the household head (husband/father) are positively influencing women empowerment. However, females living in urban areas have vast opportunities in terms of jobs, education and infrastructure facilities. The study suggests that government should pursue development expenditure on schools at the primary and secondary level, so that attainment of education can be available easily for females living in remote areas. The development of vocational training schools would enhance the skills of females to strengthen and empower them socio-economically, for their future endeavors. | |
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| Keywords: | Education, Female Labor Force Participation, Women Empowerment | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)46 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)46 | |
| Page Nos: | 601-614 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 46 | |
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Factors Effecting the Development of Social Emotional Competence of Muslim and Non-Muslim Students at the Secondary Level in Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This paper investigates the factors affecting the development of social-emotional competence of Muslim and Non-Muslim students at the secondary level in Pakistan. The study was a mixed-method in which the researcher used a QUAN-QUAL sequential explanatory model. All the Muslim and Non-Muslim secondary students, teachers, and head-teachers located in Punjab Province of Pakistan were the populations. A sample of 1124 respondents (800 Students, 300 Teachers, and 24 Head Teachers) was selected through the multistage sampling method. An adapted questionnaire for students, and a developed questionnaire for teachers, and an interview schedule for teachers and head-teachers were used for the collection of data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used on quantitative data and thematic analysis technique was used on qualitative data. Results revealed that Muslim and non-Muslim secondary school students had a moderate level of social-emotional competence and Non-Muslim secondary school teachers had a very high level of agreement towards all factors of social-emotional competence while Muslim secondary school teachers had a high level of agreement towards all factors of social-emotional competence. This study recommends that social learning framework should be incorporated into the current curriculum to increase students’ SEC. | |
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| Keywords: | Secondary Students, Secondary Teachers, Social-Emotional Competence | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)47 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)47 | |
| Page Nos: | 615-634 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 47 | |
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Work Family Conflict, Creative Performance, and Paternalistic Leadership: Analyzing the Paradigms |
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| Abstract: | This study was designed to evaluate the impact of work-family conflict on creative performance, whereas, the paternalistic leadership was tested as the mediating variable in the case of National Highway & Motorway Police. This is a cross-sectional research study having a population parameter of Pakistan. The sample size was 200, as the population size of 2800 employees at NHMP. The results reveled that work-family conflict has a negative impact on creative performance (Beta = -0.024, T-test = -.373, and Alpha = 0.710) and a mild positive impact on the paternalistic leadership (Beta = 0.145, T-test = 2.030, and Alpha = 0.044). Whereas, paternalistic leadership have been identified to have a strong positive impact on the creative performance at NHMP (Beta = 0.513, T-test = 8.124, and alpha = 0.000). The mediation was also been identified to be existed in the model. As indirect impact of coefficient increased dramatically from Beta = 12.37% to 53.64%. | |
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| Keywords: | Creative Performance, Gender Inequalities, Paternalistic Leadership, Work Family Conflicts | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)48 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)48 | |
| Page Nos: | 635-651 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 48 | |
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Light Verbs in Pashto: Traditionally and Generatively |
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| Abstract: | Light verbs have been a topic of discussion for the last six decades. It has been studied cross-linguistically; however, most of the influential accounts of light verbs have been about Indo-Aryan languages, as these languages make extensive use of light verbs in their argument structures. Pashto, an Indo-Iranian language, also makes frequent use of light verbs in its constructions; however, light verbs in Pashto have remained unexplored to a greater extent, both traditionally and generatively. The majority of the accounts discuss complex predicates but not the light verbs in their own right. The goal of this paper is to explore light verbs in Pashto both traditionally and generatively. This involves gleaning light verbs in Pashto by applying yardsticks that have been used cross-linguistically during the last few decades. The generative aspect lies in proposing argument structures/ derivations for the three tenses where slots for the light verbs are located/ proposed. | |
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| Keywords: | Agreement, Case Assignment, Complex Predicates, Light Verbs, Pashto | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)49 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)49 | |
| Page Nos: | 652-664 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 49 | |
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An Investigation of ESL Students’ Perceptions on the Use of Social Networking Applications to Increase Motivation and Vocabulary Development |
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| Abstract: | This study examines the influence of social media on English vocabulary growth and motivation enhancement among ESL students in public and private institutions in Pakistan. This study is descriptive in nature. In this regard, data was gathered through the convenience sampling technique by using a questionnaire from 400 students, 200 males and 200 females, of four universities of Sialkot; two were from public sector and two from private sector. Data was analyzed through SPSS by measuring percentage, mean, standard deviation, and individual t-test to demonstrate the gender difference in the participants' views. The findings revealed that social media stimulates language learning interest among English language learners. As well, noticeably it showed that the majority of the ESL learners viewed the significance of social media sources for motivation enhancement and vocabulary development, and consequently, no gender difference was observed in the study's findings. | |
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| Keywords: | ESL Learners, Motivation, Social Networking Applications, Vocabulary Development | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)50 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)50 | |
| Page Nos: | 665-674 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 50 | |
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Appropriation and Westernization: A Postcolonial Study of the Inheritance of Loss |
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| Abstract: | Appropriation is a process to take or borrow some conventions and beliefs of another culture and practice those conventions and beliefs in their lives merging with their own. Westernization can be defined as a process through which the social setup of eastern areas is changed after coming into contact with the west such as technological changes, change in political setup, in educational setup and many other fields of life. India is the region who bore colonialism for many decades therefore it is rich in appropriation and westernization. So, keeping it in mind, this study aims to investigate the theme of Appropriation and Westernization for the most part by Indian individuals in their lives, religion, and culture, as indicated in Kiran Desai’s novel, The Inheritance of Loss. It is qualitative research which uses the textual analysis as a specific lens, and is designed to explore and analyze the theme of appropriation and westernization in the backdrop of post-colonial India. In The Inheritance of Loss, Kiran Desai endeavors to show that how the effects of colonization become the root cause of the insufficiency of character among local people, and how their eastern character is lost as they try to fit in the Western culture. | |
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| Keywords: | Appropriation, Colonialism, Globalization, Post Colonialism, Westernization | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)51 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)51 | |
| Page Nos: | 665-688 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 51 | |
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Phonological Variation in Verb in Pashto Spoken in District Swat |
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| Abstract: | The present study seeks to find out the phonological variations in Pashto spoken in district Swat. The aim of the study is to investigate the phonological variation in the form of verb in two varieties of Pashto spoken in Swat, i.e, in Upper and Lower Swat regions. The study used a survey descriptive design to collect data. The data was collected about forms of the verb in Pashto which was further confirmed from the thirty participants, i.e., native speakers (fifteen from Upper Swat and fifteen from Lower Swat) through the research instrument of interview (audio recording) and analyzed for the variation in the form of verb. The findings of the study show that these phonological variations were mostly observed in the form of auxiliary verbs related to tense, aspect and tense and aspect combination. | |
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| Keywords: | Derivative Verb, Imperfective, Lower Swat, Perfective, Upper Swat | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)52 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)52 | |
| Page Nos: | 689-700 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 52 | |
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Ideology, Politics and Media: A Critical Discourse Analysis of News Headline about Pakistan Democratic Movement |
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| Abstract: | This study aims to do a Critical Discourse Analysis of the news headlines about Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM). For the critical discourse analysis of this current issue, twenty five news headlines are randomly selected from the regional newspapers. The critical discourse analysis of the chosen headlines reflects that a single political issue is represented differently in different newspapers, and there are multiple perspectives on a single political issue. ‘Dawn’ represents both perspectives of government and opposition. The headlines of ‘Express’ shows the unity and strength of government. The ideological square of Van Dijk reveals that PDM is promoting good and neglecting bad about itself while government is emphasizing good about its policies and hiding the bad aspects of economy and progress. The headlines are a depiction of the editor’s personal inclination towards the political matters. The study shows that newspapers are an index of the newspaper editor’s subjectivity. | |
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| Keywords: | Critical discourse Analysis, News headlines, Pakistan Democratic Movement, Politics, Subjectivity | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)53 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)53 | |
| Page Nos: | 701-713 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 53 | |
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Historiographic Metafictional Portraits of Twentieth Century Scientists in Labatut’s When We Cease to Understand the World |
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| Abstract: | The paper critically analyses Benjamín Labatut’s When We Cease to Understand the World (2020) as a work of Historiographic Metafiction aiming to undermine the authority and veracity of scientific discourses hailing the individuals featured in the novel as men possessing an unparalleled genius unattainable for normal human beings, along with heaping praise on the scientific achievements. Labatut brings out their humanness, pulling no punches in his prose. Not stopping at that, he sheds light on the sinister side of scientific advancement, exposing all that these geniuses, knowingly or unknowingly, unleashed upon the world, the terrible price that science exacted from them. With some of the most significant leaps in the fields of science during the twentieth century at its nucleus, the novel views them from the atomic orbits around the nucleus. These individuals revolve like electrons around the nucleus of science. As the distance between the nucleus and the electron decreases, escaping the nucleus becomes harder and harder. The novel is structured similar to the concentric circles of an atom, with reality becoming more and more uncertain as one reaches deeper. The nucleus eventually proves to be Schwarzchild’s singularity, an abyss impossible to escape. Labatut exposes science to be a god less benevolent and infallible than it appears to be, making his work relative in the present context of a global pandemic. | |
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| Keywords: | Benjamin Labatut, Historiographic Metafiction, Postmodernism, Science, When We Cease to Understand the World | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)54 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)54 | |
| Page Nos: | 714-725 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 54 | |
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Perception of University Teachers and Students Regarding the Use and Effectiveness of Audio Visual Aids in their Daily Classroom Teaching |
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| Abstract: | The main purpose of this research article was to find out the effective role of Audio Visual aids for university students. AV aids are the most supportive and encouraging tools of teaching and learning process. For this purpose researcher has made a questionnaire of 33 statements. The five point Likert scale with the responses (strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree, strongly disagree) was used. At earlier, data was collected manually and handled manually then sorted out university wise and gender wise. For data coding MS Excel was used and for statistical data analysis SPSS (version 17) software was used. The researcher calculated data Frequency, Descriptive statistics and later inferential statistics by using SPSS (version-17). After getting results it was found that AV aids are the most affective part of the teaching learning process. In this regard, responders have given responses on the getting deeper understanding and knowledge with their help. It also develops classroom in an effective way. It motivates students and teachers in a way they took interest in the learning and teaching. It focuses students’ attention effectively. In this connection, researcher has made some recommendations in this article. University should facilitate students and teachers in this regard according to the interest and level of the students. . Teachers should have training to use AV aids. | |
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| Keywords: | Audio Visual Aids, Dale Cone Of Experience, Effective, Teaching and Learning | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)55 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)55 | |
| Page Nos: | 726-736 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 55 | |
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Role of Research Supervisors to Implement Ethical Practices in Research of Social Sciences |
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| Abstract: | In social sciences, research supervision with ethical considerations is crucial at universities. This study is designed to identify the gap between research students and supervisors in implementation of ethical research standards. Being a survey type study, population comprised of the research supervisors at public sector universities. A sample of 208 supervisors was purposively selected from eight departments. A self-developed questionnaire was used as a tool of research. It is assumed that researchers encounter ethical issues due to inadequate preparation and a lack of research abilities, and as a result, they engage in unethical practices. The findings also suggest that a general understanding of research ethics and its implementation may impact the study's value. This study makes recommendations for raising student understanding of research policies and provides statistical evidence for developing policies and guidelines to prevent unethical behavior at university level. | |
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| Keywords: | Ethical Concern, Implementation of Ethics and Ethical Mechanism, Research Aptitude, Research Culture | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)56 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)56 | |
| Page Nos: | 737-751 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 56 | |
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A Narrative of Hybrid Identity of Second Generation Immigrants in ‘The Buddha of Suburbia‘ |
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| Abstract: | This study examines the difficulties experienced by second-generation immigrants in establishing their identities as depicted in Hanif Kureishi's "The Buddha of Suburbia." It seeks to draw a comparison in identity creation between the characters in this novel and general immigrants today, and how racism, alienation, and intergenerational relationships all work together to shape immigrants' identities in today's multicultural environment applying postcolonial theory. Through thematic analysis from a postmodern viewpoint employing character analysis method, it confirms that a lack of sense of belonging is a universal concern for immigrants everywhere today. The novel's setting exposes a society transitioning to postmodernism, which, among other characteristics, creates a sense of universal meaninglessness, and skepticism. All this eventually gives genesis to the instability of identity as well as a rise in rootlessness and alienation. This study is a humble contribution to knowing the way second-generation immigrants face problems of an identity crisis. | |
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| Keywords: | Alienation, Identity, Intergenerational Relationship, Postcolonial Theory, Racism, Second-Generation Immigrants | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)57 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)57 | |
| Page Nos: | 752-765 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 57 | |
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Socio Economic Barriers Restricting Women Participation in Local Government System in District Bahawalpur |
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| Abstract: | The current study sets out for investigating socio-economic barriers restricting women participation in local government system in District Bahawalpur. Women are actively participating in all fields of life in developed nations which is source of motivation for women in developing countries. Bahawalpur is a former princely state which has its distinctive socio-cultural values and demographic conditions. A quantitative study was undertaken to achieve study objectives. A structured questionnaire was employed as tool for data collection from respondents who were elected as councilor on women quota. Total 124 respondents were recruited as sample through simple random sampling technique. The findings show that 61% of the respondents were unaware about local government system. Likewise, 65% of the respondents met opposition from political opponents. In addition, 36% of respondents reported economic problems due to huge expenditures on elections. The study concludes that women are facing numerous socio-economic hindrances and structural barriers for participation in local government system | |
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| Keywords: | Bahawalpur, Local Government System, Restricting Factors, Union Council, Women Councilor | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)58 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)58 | |
| Page Nos: | 766-778 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 58 | |
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Notion and Features of Orientalism in Historiography |
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| Abstract: | Orientalism is a popular political, cultural and intellectual perspective that is used in studying the history of people of the East by the Western thinkers. The Europeans originated this notion in colonial era, advanced in post-colonial period and even now is frequently used by the Americans. The concept of orientalism is built on power and authority with respect to knowledge. Based on their existing knowledge and by using their own point of view, the western thinkers studied the eastern civilizations like Islamic Arab world, African and Indian societies and cultures under Muslim rule. Hence, orientalism emerged as a school of thought whose followers perceived that the eastern cultures and civilizations were inferior to the western cultures and civilizations. The paper attempts to understand the definition and meaning of orientalism, its growth as a system of knowledge in political, cultural and intellectual fields. Furthermore, there is a great need to understand that west has used the notion of orientalism in enhancing its influence and interests in the east. In this respect, Edward Said’s idea of orientalism is examined in great detail. The study analyses orientalists’ method towards historiography by describing features of orientalism. The research also sheds light on criticism received by orientalism. The study concludes that orientalists while writing history undermine progress of the orient civilizations in general, and Islam in particular. | |
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| Keywords: | Colonial Era, Edward Said, Historiography, Knowledge, Orientalism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)59 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)59 | |
| Page Nos: | 779-790 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 59 | |
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Alter (Narrating) The Story of Nation: The Fluidity of 1971 War Narratives in Anglophone Pakistani Fiction |
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| Abstract: | The present article is a critical and reflective reading across three texts produced in the wake of the 1971 War between Pakistan (formerly East Pakistan) and India culminating in the secession and making of Bangladesh. The selected texts which include Moni Mohsin’s End of Innocence, Sorayya Khan’s Noor and Aquila Ismail’s Of Martyrs and Marigold are read as historiographic metafiction since they stay at the continuum of a real historical event and its imaginative narrativization. These texts unearth some interesting angles to view the 1971 conflict by offering how authors’ subjective voices politicize the process of historiography and, in turn, chisel out (alter)narrative perspectives to remember and re-member the otherwise forgotten aspects of national history. The subjective albeit historically-complex angle of different authors offers the possibility of viewing differing voices which are not complicit with a mystified view of nationalist history. In this way, without subscribing to an absolute historical referent, the 1971 War fiction becomes a valid historical account that problematizes the totalizing categories of victim vs. villain in the mainstream official histories from both Pakistan and Bangladesh. | |
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| Keywords: | Alter(Narrating/Ive), Amnesia, Fluidity Of History, Historiographic Metafiction, Post-Conflict, Literature, Remembrance | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)60 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2021(5-IV)60 | |
| Page Nos: | 791-803 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v5-4 | |
| Article #: | 60 | |
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