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Volume 2, Issue 2
Articles
Cotton Processing and Spinning Industry in Pakistan: A Case Study of Lyallpur City |
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| Abstract: | This study explores the growth of cotton processing and spinning industry in Lyallpur. Cotton industry was established by British government especially in Lyallpur which was renowned as the greatest industry of Pakistan. Cotton the white gold enhanced the position of spindles and spinning industry. These industries played important role in the economy of Pakistan generally and especially in Lyallpur, a city of Punjab. Library research has been used to analyze the growth of cotton processing and spinning industry in Lyallpur. Primary and secondary sources were used to draw a rational conclusion. This study observed that due to vague strategy of governments the cotton industry faced problems in growth. Heavy taxes were imposed on production of cotton industry and many taxes were also imposed on the imports of industrial machinery. This study recommends that government should reserve a special budget for industry. Machinery and industry must be given rebate on imports and exclusion of taxable income. | |
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| Keywords: | Cotton, Spinning, Economy, Development, Industry | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)01 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)01 | |
| Page Nos: | 1-19 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 1 | |
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9/11 and Pak-US Relations: Identity Issue of the Protagonist in The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid |
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| Abstract: | This research paper explores the stages of identity formation of the protagonist Changez in the novel The Reluctant Fundamentalist by Mohsin Hamid. It has been written in the backdrop of 9/11 at USA. In such a chaotic situation, the identity retention for an outsider, especially one from some economically poor state, really becomes a crucial issue. The personal and cultural identity of the protagonist Changez passes through various stages at USA. The writer’s position as a Pakistani definitely provides an ideological position to the protagonist. The researcher has tried to analyze the three stages of identity development by the application of Eura Jung & Michael L. Hecht’s (1993) Communication Theory of Identity (CTI) which provides four frames such as personal, enacted, relational and communal. Anyhow the researcher has delimited his research to the application of relational frame only. The relational identity of the protagonist has been highlighted through ‘I/We -You’ pronouns which set a juxtaposed analogy pattern | |
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| Keywords: | Identity, frames, culture, native, enunciator, communication Critical Discourse Analysis | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)02 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)02 | |
| Page Nos: | 20-30 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 2 | |
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Measuring the practices of Quality Management in Teacher Training Institutions: A Quantitative Aanalysis |
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| Abstract: | This study was intended to determine the practices of quality management adopted by the administrators of the teacher training institutions in Punjab Pakistan. The study was delimited to thirty (30) GCETs and ten (10) campuses of the education university out of which 40 Principals and 60 teachers were selected by using Simple Random Sampling (SRS) technique. A five point rating scale was developed keeping in view the Juran and Demings’ Quality management frame work for the leaders and administrators. The same questionnaire was administered to the Teachers to cross check the opinions of the Principals for authenticity of the results. The collected data were analyzed by applying inferential as well as descriptive statistics. The results revealed the poor practices of quality management adopted by the administrators in these institutions. The paper suggests providing a special training to all the Principals regarding quality management and the inclusion of a new subject entitled “Managing Quality in Teacher Education” in all the teacher training programs. | |
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| Keywords: | Quality, Quality awareness, Teacher Education, Quality management | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)03 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)03 | |
| Page Nos: | 31-41 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 3 | |
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Paradoxical Democratizing Process in Pakistan: A Qualitative Analysis |
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| Abstract: | An essential customs for a democratic system is strong civil-military relations but in the history there are certain states in which military take over the civilian government like Africa, Cuba, Malaysia, Libya, Thailand, Turkey, Egypt etc. While observing Pakistan’s history, it was evident that the absence of democratic values in our political culture has permitted the military to effortlessly infiltrate all parts of the legislative framework. Toppling over democratic institutes by Military Dictators started soon after independence. There were many difficulties which provoked uncertainty towards a stable governmental framework in Pakistan. In this research both analytical and descriptive methods will be utilized. The analytical method will help to critically evaluate the role of military and gaps of civilian government. .The tenacity of this paper is to suggest some tools to tackle the military intervention in politics that will enhance the process of democratization. | |
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| Keywords: | Civil, Military, Leadership, Stability, Freedom, Accountability, Supremacy | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)04 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)04 | |
| Page Nos: | 42-54 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 4 | |
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United States Foreign Policy towards South Asia: A Critical Analysis |
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| Abstract: | This paper examines the United States interests and its strategies in South Asia. The region has emerged as progressively vibrant interest to United States foreign policy in the 21st century. During the Cold War era, the U.S. interests were to save the region from communist expansion. But, the recent changes in global power affiliations have made South Asia an important region. After September 11 tragedy and the Indo-US strategic collaboration the situation have changed the framework of relationship between the United States and South Asia. Present involvement of the U.S. in Afghanistan and Pakistan, Indo-Pak contention, concerns about the proliferation of nuclear armaments, struggle with terrorism, and rising of Chinese influence in the region has considerably increased the importance of South Asia in the United States policy making. United States must enhance the strategic partnership with the countries in the South Asian region for peace and stability. | |
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| Keywords: | United States South Asia Foreign Policy Interests | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)05 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)05 | |
| Page Nos: | 55-64 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 5 | |
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Significance of Internal Cash Flows on Investment of a Firm and Use of Cash Flow Sensitivity as Financial Constraints: A panel data Analysis |
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| Abstract: | This paper tested the sensitivity of investment to the cash flow in non-financial (manufacturing and utility/service) companies listed at KSE from 2004 to 2011, using fixed effect model and GMM. Investment decisions in real assets of an organization are very crucial and are treated at the hub of an organization. Investments are financed by internal and external sources of financing. The internal source of financing is basically cash flows generated by a firm from its operations. The results reveal that the sensitivity is significantly higher for younger and low dividend payout companies. However, sensitivity with respect to size was not found significant, which means size of a firm has no impact on investment sensitivity due to its internal cash flows in Pakistan. | |
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| Keywords: | Investment, Cash-flow, Tobin’s q, financial constraints | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)06 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)06 | |
| Page Nos: | 65-78 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 6 | |
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Learners’ Self-Regulation and Achievement: Implications for Foreign Language Learners |
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| Abstract: | Self-regulated learning (SRL) research shows that the progress of autonomous learners increases by integrating foreign language teaching strategies of SRL. This work examines usage of SRL as described by students and throws light on its three main components which are – direction, presentation, and assessment that influence the prediction of foreign language achievement. The interviews conducted with teachers (n=57) show that teachers do not bother to think about SRL during teaching in classroom. The quantitative data (n=225) was gathered through two different methods that are five-point Likert scale questionnaire and the English achievement exam taken by University. The quantitative analyses highlight that participants’ SRL level is moderate to low. The foreign language achievement can be forecasted through SRL as language achievement and SRL have important relationship. The conclusion emphasizes that SRL is of great importance in foreign language teaching and teachers should promote SRL implementation in language teaching. | |
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| Keywords: | Self-Regulation, Target Language Proficiency, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-2)07 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-2)07 | |
| Page Nos: | 79-91 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 7 | |
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Depiction of Liberalism in Pakistani Urdu Drama: A Cultivation and Feminist Analysis |
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| Abstract: | The present research deals with identification of liberalism, use of gendered language and portrayal of women in Pakistani Urdu drama content. Urdu dramas which were shown on Pakistani channels during prime time, from 1st January 2016 to 1st March 2018 were considered the population of the present research. Sampling frame was developed by making a list of the most popular drama as reported by the middle class of Multan and two of the most frequently reported dramas were selected for analysis. A quantitative content analysis of all the scenes of dramas BESHARAM and O’ RANGREZA was conducted whereas feminist analysis was done to observe the gender representation in the title of selected dramas. The results indicated that content of Urdu dramas is showing liberal content in much abundance and mainly through women representation. Moreover gender discrimination has been high on agenda and gender biased language has frequently been used. The content developers of Pakistani Urdu drama must focus on the culture and norms of a Muslim society and must not follow the traditions set by the drama industry of the neighboring countries blindly. | |
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| Keywords: | Urdu Drama, Liberalism, Content Analysis, Cultivation, Gendered Language | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)08 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)08 | |
| Page Nos: | 61-74 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 8 | |
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Legal Rights of Transgenders in Pakistan: Theory and Practice (Case Study of Faisalabad Division) |
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| Abstract: | This paper examines the rights of transgenders passed by the Government of Pakistan and their implementation in the country specially focused on Faisalabad division. In Islam every human has equal rights, but in Pakistan it is hard to say that “Transgender” has been neglected or being ignored by the governments and society. This paper highlights various issues faced by this community in Pakistan. The research is based on Primary data and analysis of this paper shows that Government fails to implement passed law regarding this marginalized section of the society. There should be need to provide education, health and economic opportunities for this community. | |
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| Keywords: | Transgender, Act 2018, Faisalabad, Hijra, Khawja Sara, Khusra | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)09 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)09 | |
| Page Nos: | 106-116 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 9 | |
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Historical Significance of the British Education System in Colonial Punjab: A Study in Perspective of its Consequences on the Native Society and Education |
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| Abstract: | This historical research discovers the key features, highlighted principles and the subsidizing factors of the British educational system in colonial Punjab. The objective of this study is the appropriate consideration of the British as well as Indigenous education. Although this study renounces the popular allegory of the radical changes claimed by the British educational system, yet it launches that how it donated to the literary, academic, economic, social and political progression of Punjab. Its outcomes for the regional vernacular were gigantic. It discloses how English became a means of communication, reprisal and confrontation at the hands of inhabitants. In its nature, it is a descriptive and historical one. It critically traces the contextual history of western education with English as the means of instruction in the subcontinent and its influence on the teaching of several subjects and indigenous languages in the postcolonial period. It investigates that how the education in the subcontinent was exaggerated in the wake of diametrical move in the British political policy from engraftment, orientalism, conciliation and amalgamation to antagonism, oppression and hostility | |
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| Keywords: | Education System, Punjab, Missionaries, Socio-religious movements, Presbyterians, Evangelicals | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)10 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)10 | |
| Page Nos: | 117-129 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 10 | |
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Nehru the Father of Indian Atomic Bomb and Integrated Guided Missile Development Program: A Historical Perspective |
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| Abstract: | This paper underlines Nehru’s role in Indian Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. Realists explain states motives behind nuclear proliferation. Apparently there are three motives for states to proliferate. First, counterbalance rival states. Second, acquire nuclear weapons to gain prestige in international arena. Third, accrue the expenditure used for developing nuclear weapons Authors in this study have applied qualitative method. Paper concludes that Nehru was a pessimist, champion of nuclear disarmament and wanted global zero is a mere statement and a flawed notion. The second segment highlights Indian missile proliferation. It brings into limelight threats to Pakistan’s security. It is recommended that Pakistani academia should highlight that Nehru issued directives to Dr. Bhaba to divert peaceful nuclear technology for nuclear weapons development. Secondly, Nehru-Bhaba collusion is responsible for South Asian nuclearization | |
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| Keywords: | Nehru, Nuclear, Non-Proliferation, India | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)11 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)11 | |
| Page Nos: | 130-142 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 11 | |
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Analyzing Pak-EU Relations in the perspective of Economic and Social Interaction in new Millennium |
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| Abstract: | The current research summarizes economic situation and social structure developments of Pakistan. It studies those factors that affect the country’s economic growth and social improvement. The study explores that stable economic growth is crucial for developments in Pakistan. EU as a trading hub provides different economic policies with sectorial development programs, therefore strong ties with EU are in favor of Pakistan. Research then examines and measures the trade potential between EU and Pakistan and discuss the policies of EU such as GSP plus and trade agreements. It also observes level of EU’s cooperation in social developments. It also explores Pak-EU interaction at regional level, Pakistan’s role in war against terrorism and enhanced role of EU in Pakistan. Finally, research explores the impact of this cooperation on Pakistan’s economy and social sector. The economic growth is increasing after GSP plus and it is a positive sign while social sectors needs more developments and concentrations. | |
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| Keywords: | Pakistan, EU, Development, GSP, Trade, Social | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)12 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)12 | |
| Page Nos: | 143-154 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 12 | |
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Pakistan’s Quest for Security of Nuclear Weapons: An Analysis |
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| Abstract: | Fall of Dhaka in 1971 and Indian Nuclear Explosions in 1974, changed the course of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons program. Pakistan developed nuclear weapons due to Indian conventional and strategic superiority. The objective of this study is to highlight Pakistan’s efforts to secure its nuclear program. It emphasizes that Pakistan’s nuclear weapons are heavily guarded and secure. This paper is descriptive in nature and completed in the light of qualitative research method. Paper concludes that though Pakistan nuclear authorities have implemented personnel reliability program. It implements international safeguards yet international community is raising questions on security mechanism and safety of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons. The most important diplomatic task in front of Pakistan at this time is to fight against misunderstandings perceived by international community and to provide satisfaction to the world.155-172 | |
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| Keywords: | Nuclear weapon, Weapon of Most Destructions (WMDs), Security | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)13 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)13 | |
| Page Nos: | 155-172 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 13 | |
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Gender vs Party Ideology: A Study of the Legislative Priorities of Female Legislators of Religious Political Parties in the12th National Assembly of Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This article examines the effects of party ideology on female legislators’ law making preferences. Scholars have pointed out that party ideologies deeply influence the legislators’ parliamentary work. The main objective of this paper is to explore the legislative priorities of women members of the religious political parties in the 12thNational Assembly of Pakistan. The analysis is based on an in-depth analysis of legislative Bills moved by female members of Mutahida Majlis e–Amal (MMA) during the period from 2002-07. It is important to explore the main focus of Private Member Bills (PMBs) submitted by female legislators to understand their policy interests. It will also help to identify if they showed any commitment to raise issues that mainly affect women. The findings of the paper indicate that women legislators always adopt and support party ideology even on gender issues. It is evident that party affiliation has a dominant influence on the legislative priorities of women members of the parliament of Pakistan | |
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| Keywords: | Party Ideology, Legislative Bills, Legislative Priorities, Gender Issues | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)14 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)14 | |
| Page Nos: | 173-186 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 14 | |
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Nineteenth Century Libertarian and Enlightened Social and Cultural Organization of Baloch Tribes of Dera Ghazi Khan |
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| Abstract: | In this article, it has been discussed that at the beginning of the nineteenth century in sub-continent, when the central government had almost lost all his authority and there was chaos in the country, in Dera Ghazi Khan, the Baloch tribes in their tribal organization had at that time maintained their social and cultural cohesiveness. The Baloch tribal society, even at that time which is generally considered as medieval period, was based on enlightened values. It had in its social organization, established enlightened and liberal cultural traits like egalitarianism and religious toleration, respect for women and children, justice in its social organization even in that times of medieval period of that region. So in this context, in this article it has been discussed that the modern values of individual rights, egalitarianism, liberty, enlightenment, toleration, respect for women and rule of law were present at that time in Baloch tribal society. | |
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| Keywords: | Tribal Organization, Tumandar, Egalitarian, Libertarian, Enlightened | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)15 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)15 | |
| Page Nos: | 187-195 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 15 | |
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Women Empowerment Through Legislation: An Analysis of Editorials and Comics of Pakistani Mainstream English Dailies |
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| Abstract: | The current study targets to examine the treatment on issue about legislative measures on violence against women and gendered stereotype roles, in two mainstream Pakistani English dailies from 26th February 2016 to 31st December 2017. Legislative measures on violence against women are directly related to sustainable harmony and peace in society. In the year 2016 finally; regional, national and global campaigns and pressures are created condition for making law in Punjab on ferocity against female. Through content analysis and semiotic analysis the researchers analyzed the role of Pakistani dailies played in levitation of mass awareness, enhanced understanding about the seriousness of the issue, people engagement and willingness to respect and accept the law. Dailies contributed to highlight the sensitivity of issue and narrated the women protection bill; support its strength and significance in both in editorials and comic illustrations but editorial cartoons often sketched the situation as it depicted the domestic gendered stereotypes in our society The findings revealed that editorials of Pakistani dailies pointed out the worth of female voters and their political participation but less discussed the females role should be mandatory in policy making and their role as the head or member of all esteem organizations | |
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| Keywords: | Women Empowerment, Legislative Measures On Violence Against Women, Editorial Cartoons, Gendered Stereotype Role, Pakistani Dailies | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)16 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)16 | |
| Page Nos: | 196-207 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 16 | |
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Effect of Personality Traits on Collaborative and Competitive Learning Styles at University Level |
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| Abstract: | The present research aims to investigate the impact of personality features on collaborative and competitive learning. The Big Five Theory used to examine the impact of personality traits on learning styles. Four hundred students were randomly selected using the non-probability (comfort) sampling technique for this descriptive research design. Large-scale inventory and Gasha-Riechmann student learning skills scales were used after translation in the national language. Cronbach Alpha assured the validity of the instrument by offering expert opinion and pilot testing and reliability where all reliability of the questionnaire was established (α = 0.92). Resultantly, students’ personality traits were more inclined toward collaborative style rather than the competitive style of learning, and correlation was found strongly significant between five factors and learning styles. Teaching style in accordance with individual differences and learning styles may strengthen students. Students’ social training, academic adjustment, and collaborative opportunities rooted personality traits and learning. | |
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| Keywords: | Personality Trait, Learning Style, Collaborative, Competitive | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)17 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)17 | |
| Page Nos: | 208-221 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 17 | |
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Flow of Development through PPFC Award: Media Projection on Key Public Issues of Peripheral Punjab (Pakistan) |
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| Abstract: | PML (N) regime in Punjab announced its first Punjab Provincial Finance Commission (PPFC) Award keeping in view the demands of their districts in remote peripheries. Present study finds the nature of development (horizontal or vertical) in peripheral Punjab considering public demands or issues set on media. For this purpose, triangulation technique of research is employed on study. It evaluates the public perception over seven vital issues i.e. education, health, terrorism, unemployment, corruption, economic crisis and energy deficiency. The data is collected from two districts of peripheral Punjab Jhang and Mianwalifrom a random sample of 600 respondents. Media agenda is analyzed through content analysis in two leading Urdu national dailies i.e. Jang and Express during the period year of November, 2017 to January, 2018. The findings of the study reveal that significant positive relationship between public perception and media agenda on the issues of the study (r = +0.99). This study has policy and strategic implication. | |
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| Keywords: | Media Projection, Public Perception, Punjab Provincial Financial Commission (PPFC) | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)18 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)18 | |
| Page Nos: | 222-235 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 18 | |
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Property in Peril due to Legal Actions against Property |
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| Abstract: | The legal actions directly or indirectly against property include Interlocutory injunctions, Attachments (of property) before Judgment, Mareva injunctions and Actions in rem. Such actions though stand apart in their nature and procedures yet have some similarities. Mareva injunction not being very common in Pakistani jurisdictions has not been discussed in this article and will be dealt with in a separate article. Restraining orders by courts of competent jurisdictions against properties and commercial activities have significant consequences in trade and commerce. Such orders include interlocutory injunctions, attachments before judgment and arrest of res under an action in rem in Admiralty jurisdiction. In such cases property in question is affected and consequently the owner of such property may suffer adversely with considerable impact on commercial and trading activities. In this article an endeavor has been made to compare the three modes of restraining property by a court and differentiate between them. Reading the three approaches together may help in learning about the origin and object of these actions. Restraints on use of property found wrongful or without reasonable justification after a considerable time on conclusion of the matter before court have no effective mechanism for redress or remedy. Such issue will be taken in forthcoming articles. | |
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| Keywords: | Property in Peril | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)19 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)19 | |
| Page Nos: | 236-248 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 19 | |
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Liminal Characters in Ali’s Fiction: A Postcolonial Critique |
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| Abstract: | All the countries those who have experienced the colonial occupation had to undergo a change in their culture and civilization. Similarly, the people of the colonized states dwelt in a situation in which they would become liminal characters. The present study explores the liminal characters in Twilight in Delhi by Ahmed Ali. Liminality is one of the issues of postcolonial studies which has been propended by Homi Bhabha, and the researcher has taken postcolonialism as a general framework of the study. The critical study of the novel shows that the major character, as well as minor characters of the novel, are liminal ones. The study is significant for the readers, students and researchers who are interested in Pakistani Literature in English. | |
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| Keywords: | Ahmed Ali, HomiBhabha, Liminality, Pakistani Literature, Postcolonialism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)020 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)020 | |
| Page Nos: | 249-260 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 20 | |
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Relevance of the Partition in the Strategic Relations in Pakistan and India |
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| Abstract: | Strategic Relations between India and Pakistan are very important factor to study geostrategic politics of south Asian region. Postcolonial states of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh are successors to British Colonial India and relations between these states have been affected number of times by historical facts and fiction associated with partition of India. Pakistan and India are result of partition of British India and accessions of native Indian states. British India was directly ruled by the British administration and they divided these areas according to the agreed formula of All India Muslim League and Indian National Congress that was nearly 60 percent of the territory colonial India. Remaining 40 percent territorial division of India was in the hands of rulers of Princely states. Shedding the light on the areas incorporated in Pakistan after partition of India in the results of decisions of the rulers of native Indian states had made this study quite unique and interested especially when Pakistan and China are developing the China Pakistan economic corridor. | |
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| Keywords: | Bengal, British India, India, Pakistan, Partition, Princely States, Punjab Radcliffe Award | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)21 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)21 | |
| Page Nos: | 261-269 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 21 | |
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Religious Motives and Facebook Usage in Pakistan: A Case of Teenagers |
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| Abstract: | Given research study aimed to found Religious motives, needs and engaging with the religious contents on social networking site gratifies among Facebook users depending on their behavioral tendencies, time patterns and other demographic Convenient sampling technique was used under non-probability sampling through offline survey to collect 405 Muslim students from different academic institutions of Lahore. Information of demographic characteristics of participants was collected using demographic information sheet. Participant’s behavior of using Facebook and their Religious Motives, time periods, and type of content they used to watch and share were measured suing self-developed scale of Facebook using behavior. Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis was used to found relationship between Facebook use and Religious motives along with the correlation to participants’ demographics. Significant correlation was found between Facebook using behaviour and sharing of content on Religious Motives. Significant positive correlation was also found between Facebook using tendencies and participants demographic. Discussions of the study were included, Facebook use among population was directly linked time period they spent using Facebook and their motives to share religious content and motives. | |
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| Keywords: | Correlation, Facebook, Muslim Students, Religious Motives, Time Patterns | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)22 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)22 | |
| Page Nos: | 270-284 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 22 | |
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Punjab Govt. Policy to Recruit Female Teachers in Boys’ Schools: Prospects, Problems and Challenges |
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| Abstract: | This study has been conducted to find out whether female teachers have to face problems while working in Boys Public Schools in the presence of male colleagues and prospects of male staff about their female counterparts in the province Punjab. A questionnaire was developed by the researcher to find out female teachers’ prospects, problems and challenges while working in Boys Public Schools, interviews were also conducted by the researcher from male and female teachers working in Boys Public Schools. Data were collected from 84Boys Public Schools from two districts Lahore and Okara by using convenient sampling technique. 183 female teachers and 200 male teachers (EST, SESE, ESE and PST) participated in this study. Mean, chi square and Cramer’s V were measured. Findings indicated that there were no significant difference in the views’ of female teachers of urban/rural and (EST, SESE, ESE and PST) teachers. Female teachers were satisfied in Boys Public School except the issue of single staff room and free amalgamation of both genders reported by some of them. Responses from male teachers showed that they were satisfied by this recruitment policy. On the other hand some did not seem to be in the favor of this recruitment policy because they considered it as gender biasness. | |
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| Keywords: | Challenges, Female Teachers, Problems, Prospects, Recruitment Policy | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)23 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)23 | |
| Page Nos: | 285-294 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 23 | |
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Expression of Feminist and Post-Feminist Sensibility in Pakistani Paintings |
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| Abstract: | From the second half of twentieth century, feminism gained momentum as an ideology and movement. As an ideology, it evolved and incorporated new perspectives and as movement it began influencing all walks of life. The impact of feminist thought and sensibility can be seen in the art works produced by both male and female artists of the world. The present study focuses on how the feminist and post-feminist sensibility can be seen in the art works of female artists from Pakistan, especially with subject matter focusing on female identity. The study shows a transition in the Pakistani female mindset that coincides with the changes in feminist ideology in the world. The findings of the study reveal that the depiction of woman in Pakistani painting transformed from a position of weakness to a position of strength. | |
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| Keywords: | Female Identity, Feminism, Ideology, Pakistani Art | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)24 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)24 | |
| Page Nos: | 295-311 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 24 | |
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Comparative Study of Male and Female Athletes about Effect of Stretching Exercises on Flexibility |
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| Abstract: | The present experimental research investigated the effectiveness of the stretching exercises to flexibility and Eighty athletes selected of age 18-24 years included (N=40) Female and (N=40) male athletes selected from different Universities of Punjab. The selected individuals divided into female and male group’s separately along with 6 weeks training sessions, have stretching protocol which included separate sessions along with warm-up sessions. The six weeks stretching program showed improvement of 2.8% in female group and 1.7% in the male group respectively. The female stretching training revealed 1.1% more improvement as compared with male group. A group of control subjects (N=40) were also maintained for further comparison. The flexibility was measured through sit and reach test evaluated before training sessions as a pre-exercise and after 6 weeks as a post-exercise measurement. Pre and post-exercise evaluation had been analyzed by paired sample test and effect size of subjects also calculated through Cohen’s D resulted 1.41 and 3.55 respectively. The subjects were followed for 4 months and check the recurrence rate of injuries, resulted 12.2% injuries in control group subjects while intervention group showed 7% and 9% respectively. | |
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| Keywords: | Flexibility, Recurrence, Sit and Reach Test | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)25 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)25 | |
| Page Nos: | 312-319 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 25 | |
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Trans-Recognition: A Growing Venture on the World Stage and Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | This paper explores the historical, social, political and cultural circumstances within which sexed and gendered identities are formulated and designated. It also explores the space between conventionally stereotyped gender identities and the fluid and anomalous social dynamics. Although, much has been written on what sex, sexuality and gender are, and what they are not. The importance of the heterosexual matrix as the source of sexual designations and gender conventionalization is underplayed on the world social stage generally and the political stage in specific. This paper is an attempt at trying to understand how transgender identities are created and are embodied in the socio-historical context. In doing so one should tried to reassess the contemporary treatment of genders and to what extent they can be justified generally on the whole and in the Pakistani context in specific. | |
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| Keywords: | Fundamental Right, Gender, Identity, Transgender | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)26 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)26 | |
| Page Nos: | 320-333 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 26 | |
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A Recursive Constructive Alignment Curriculum Development Model |
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| Abstract: | This paper presents a revised curriculum model with a flexible structure enabling academic instructions to equip graduates with the knowledge, skills, competencies, expertise, dispositions, and values in line with today's global knowledge-driven society. Recursive constructive alignment along with some new meta-processes has made the model more flexible, open, and recursive. It is believed that the new technology integration meta-process will allow educational institutions to extend the reach of their teaching-learning process beyond conventional classroom environments for their students’ overall development and institutional branding essential to survive in today’s competitive world. | |
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| Keywords: | Constructive Alignment, Curriculum Development, Curriculum Models | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)27 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)27 | |
| Page Nos: | 334-346 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 27 | |
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Intellectual Property and Economic Growth: A Review of the Literature |
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| Abstract: | This Study is based on descriptive research and reviews the literature related to intellectual property and economic growth. There is a wealth of literature on intellectual property and economic growth and everyone’s opinion is different from another’s. Both of them were described as seen by anyone. Literature related to the two has grown exponentially since the advent of TRIPS. Even in developing countries, much has been written about it. With so many new inventions in the world, there has been an increase in literature related to intellectual property and economic growth and this is a very good development. The study concludes by reviewing intellectual property and economic growth related literature that the literature on both of them has highlighted the importance of intellectual property, but the economic importance of intellectual property needs to be further highlighted through good writings. | |
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| Keywords: | Development, Economic Growth, Intellectual Property, TRIPS | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)28 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)28 | |
| Page Nos: | 347-355 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 28 | |
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Interaction Level among Veteran and Novice Teachers at Secondary Level: A Diagnostic Study |
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| Abstract: | Main objective of the study was to explore the interaction level among veteran teachers and novice teachers. Population of this study was all the Secondary school teachers (SSTs) and secondary school educators (SSEs), Elementary school teachers (ESTs) and Senior Elementary school educators (SESEs) of District Sialkot. For data collection 72 teachers (36 novice teachers and 36 veteran teachers, maximum 4 novice teachers and 4 veteran teachers from each school) were randomly selected from selected schools of each tehsil i.e. tehsil Daska and tehsil Pasrur to find out the interaction level of teachers. The researchers used multi-stage cluster random sampling for data collection; TQI (Teachers questionnaire about interaction) was developed to collect data from selected teachers to find out the interaction among teachers. Data analysis showed that the interaction level of veteran teachers with novice teachers regarding to collegial practices factor was very high, while on the other side interaction level regarding lesson planning factor was least. Keeping in view of results it was suggested that proper mechanism should be arranged for healthy interaction of teachers with one another for betterment of teaching learning process. | |
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| Keywords: | Interaction level, Novice teachers, Secondary Level, Veteran teachers | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)29 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2018(2-II)29 | |
| Page Nos: | 356-366 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v2-2 | |
| Article #: | 29 | |
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