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Volume 1, Issue 2
Articles
The Politics of Religious Legislation: A Case Study of Pakistan 1979-2000 |
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| Abstract: | Pakistan was achieved in the name of Islam. Much of its politics has revolved around the status of the Islam and notion of making it a political reality. This study explores the Politics made in the name of Islamic Legislation in Pakistan during the era 1979-2000. This research is based on the analysis of the authentic material in the form of literature from scholars and Government documents. Islam is considered to be unifying force but the legislation made in the name of Islam created controversies and opposition, bitter feelings and hatred in society. To make it more blinkered and intolerant, Islamic legislation should be made only through the Ijtehad performed by radicals. | |
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| Keywords: | Islam, Pakistan, Politics, Religious Legislation, Islamization | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)01 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)01 | |
| Page Nos: | 1-12 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 1 | |
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The Impact of Political Instability on Economic Growth in Pakistan: Application of ARCH Model |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of the study is to determine the impact of political instability on economic growth. For this purpose, we measured political instability by means of three proxies: terrorism, govt. type and election year whereas economic growth is determined with GDP annual growth rate. We used data from 1988 to 2016 and applied ARCH model as our dependent variable (economic growth) is subject to heteroscedasticy and ARCH effect. The results showed that political instability measured with terrorism and election year has negative effect on economic growth. However, govt. type is also found to be negative though insignificant. The study adds to the literature of Pakistan and is helpful for policymakers and investors | |
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| Keywords: | Political Instability, Economic Growth, ARCH Model, Pakistan | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)02 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)02 | |
| Page Nos: | 13-20 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 2 | |
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China-Pakistan Strategic and Defensive Relations |
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| Abstract: | This study evaluates the strategic and defensive relations between Pakistan and China along with the concept of soft power. Relationship between Pakistan and China is always being focused by the world. The developments of these relations are discussed with the help of historical data. Despite differences of society, language and culture, between these two countries the friendship is enhancing day by day. The study will examine the facts back of the phrase of Time-Tested Pakistan China Friendship: Deeper than Oceans, Sweeter than Honey, throughout the history of Pak-China relations, these remained in positive directions. Pakistan and China should shared interests for regional stability, enhancing economic opportunities and regional cooperation. | |
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| Keywords: | Strategic and Defensive Relations, Soft Power, Historical Perspective | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)03 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)03 | |
| Page Nos: | 21-34 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 3 | |
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The Impact of Transformational and Transactional Leadership Styles on Employee’s Performance |
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| Abstract: | The purpose of this study is to determine that Transformational leadership and transactional leadership style has an impact on employee’s performance. For this purpose data was collected from managers of banks existing in Gujranwala region. The survey was adapted from the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) regarding transformational and transactional leadership style. These two leadership styles are positively associated with employee’s performance whereas transformational have more significant affect then transactional style. The present study has shown a statistically considerable positive relationship existing between the five dimensions of transformational leadership and three dimensions of transactional leadership with the two dimensions of employee’s performance. Model shows moderate relationship between variables but they have significant effect on them. | |
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| Keywords: | Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership Employee performance | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)04 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)04 | |
| Page Nos: | 35-48 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 4 | |
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Terrorism as a New Face of Warfare: Identifying Its Emerging Facets and Future Challenges |
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| Abstract: | Terrorism is the most important problem of the today’s world. It is not a new phenomenon in the national and international politics but it expanded in the post World War II period. Despite its growth as a multi-faceted political concept, it is not well-understood especially, in the Western World where every act of violence against state or society is considered terrorism. It has become all too pervasive in the post 9/11 period where anti-government protests, legitimate political movements and uprisings for independence, ethnic discriminations, domestic religious or sectarian acts and several other actions involving violence have been bracketed as terrorism. But the question regarding oppression of states against the innocent citizens demanding their right of self-determination is still unanswered. This paper is an attempt to identify the origins of terrorism as it has come to preoccupy the world in the post 9/11 period, its various dimensions and new faces, and to identify its emerging facets and future challenges. | |
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| Keywords: | Terrorism, Definition, Evolution, Emerging Facets, Future Challenges | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)05 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)05 | |
| Page Nos: | 49-64 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 5 | |
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Subversion of Traditional Feminine Stereotyped in Selected Pakistani Fiction |
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| Abstract: | This article investigates the subversion of traditional feminine stereotyped in the Selected Pakistani Fiction, The Weary Generation by Abdullah Hussain. Pakistani writers have always highlighted the struggle and oppression of women in a patriarchal society and represented as women as weak and obedient. However, this novel stands out among the traditional novels written in Pakistan. The selected novel influenced by western ideologies portrays women as independent and confident beings. The selected Pakistani Fiction examines the main female archetype and the socio-political atmosphere that gives them birth regarding women’s autonomy and liberty. In this regard, Azra, the protagonist, subverts the traditional beliefs regarding the rights, freedom, tasks, and assignments of females in the patriarchal society. For discussion, Friedan’s Feminine Mystique has been taken as a theoretical framework. Through this, it displays a ray of hope and opens new corridors for women’s prosperity. The selected fiction is recommended for future researchers to identify the impact of western ideologies regarding female, gender, and sexuality in the Pakistani context | |
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| Keywords: | Hussein, Feminine Mystique, Feminine Archetype, Subversion | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)06 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)06 | |
| Page Nos: | 65-76 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 6 | |
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China’s Xinjiang and Pakistan’s Baluchistan Problem: Impacts on CPEC |
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| Abstract: | The events of 9/11 have radically altered the entire discussion of Minorities – especially Muslim ones – and the issue of terrorism. As real as is the threat of al-Qaida and its international connections, many regimes of the world have seized on the US Global War against Terrorism to legitimize their own repression of Muslim and even Non-Muslim minorities. We have witnessed this in both friendly state, China and Pakistan. Most of the heterogeneous populated states consist of different ethnic communities. Each ethnic identity has different voices and demands, for the accomplishment of which, a continuous struggle is going on, influencing the national politics. Pakistan and China like other developing states of the world is also in front of identity crisis almost in there important federating units, Pakistan in Baluchistan and China in Xinjiang, with different concerns. These concerns are sometimes ethno-nationality, decentralization of powers, provincial autonomy and economic discrepancies. After the dismemberment of East Pakistan, the most sensitive and hot issue is the case of Baluchistan’s ethno-national movement which sometimes in different occasions seem to be transformed to a militant or an insurgent group for fulfillment of their objectives. And same problem in china’s Xinjiang in the case of the Uyghur. In this paper elements of Baluchistan’s and Xinjiang ethnic movement, its causes and CPEC as a solution will be thoroughly analyzed. | |
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| Keywords: | Ethno-Nationalism, Baluchistan, Accomplishment, Xinjiang Militancy, Multi Dimensional Socio-Economic | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)07 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)07 | |
| Page Nos: | 77-88 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 7 | |
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Interaction in Business Discourse: A Comparative Study of the Journalistic Stance in Pakistani English Newspapers |
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| Abstract: | The current study explores the authorial presence in the journalistic business discourse by comparing the use of two interactional features of hedges and boosters in the business news-reports and the business columns. The data comprised the corpus of business news-reports and the business columns of 0.45 million and 0.65 million words, respectively. This corpus was drawn from four widely circulated Pakistani English dailies i.e., The Dawn, The Business Recorder, The Nation and The Daily Times. AntConc 3.4.4, a corpus tool, was used to identify total frequency occurrences of the lexical resources of hedges and boosters. The study also enlists and compares ten more frequently used expressions of hedges and boosters in the corpus to establish that the business columns are more interactive than the business news-reports. It is envisaged that the ESP syllabus designers and educationists may benefit from the findings of the study to develop effective teaching materials to improve the English communication skills of the business students | |
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| Keywords: | Interactional Metadiscourse, Business Discourse, Stance, Hedges, Boosters | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)08 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)08 | |
| Page Nos: | 89-100 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 8 | |
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Causes and Consequences of PNA’s Agitation about the Election of 1977: An Analytical Study in Perspective of Print Media |
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| Abstract: | This research focuses on the PNA’s demands such as restoration of democratic government as indicated by the 1973 constitution. Besides this, Freedom and Supremacy of the judiciary and the removal of black laws, state of emergency and different curbs on common freedoms were the major parts of its demands. The purpose of PNA was to compel the government to dissolve the National and all Provincial Assemblies and formed an interim government to conduct fair and free elections so; this paper is the outcome of the detailed demands and agitation of the opposition coalition. The focus of this research is also to enforce the political as well as Socio-economic justice. In this research paper, the authors have also tried to highlight the reasons behind this coalition like annulment of Elections, dismissal of the Chief Election Commissioner and the resignation of Prime Minister and the aftermath of this agitation. | |
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| Keywords: | Pakistan National Alliance, Pakistan Peoples’ Party, TahreekNizam-e-Mustafa | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)09 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)09 | |
| Page Nos: | 101-112 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 9 | |
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Exploring the Academic English Speaking Competence of Social Sciences Students at Higher Level: A Case of Southern Punjab |
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| Abstract: | This research work has two-fold purposes. First, it examines the existing speaking competency of the Social Sciences students of Southern Punjab and was delimited to Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. Second, it suggests a need oriented EAP course by measuring the existing competency level of the students in the specific academic context. To execute the Target Situation Analysis, the information is obtained about the students’ existing level of competency. Data is collected from the students of three departments of social sciences through a test which is comprised of Limbo followed by different questions for the discussion of the students. For data analysis, an evaluation sheet is prepared that consists of multiple speaking traits such as shyness, recitation, vocabulary, pronunciation and accent. Later it is quantitatively analyzed to know the mutual imperative disproportion among the learners. The research is significant as it provides valuable cognizance to the various collaborators: researchers, policy makers, instructors and material designers | |
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| Keywords: | English for Academic Purpose (EAP), EGAP (English for General Academic Purposes), Target Situation Analysis (TSA) | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)10 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)10 | |
| Page Nos: | 113-124 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 10 | |
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Contributions of Rural to Urban Area’s Migration to Education in Rural Community: A Study in District Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan |
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| Abstract: | Holy Prophet Muhammad Peace Be Upon has said that the attainment of education is obligatory for all Muslim males and for all Muslim females. Though, a lot of improvements in education sector are required in Pakistan - being a Muslim country. The contemporary state of education in any community is subject to multiple variant socio-cultural and economic factors. However, the core aim of this study has been to analyze positive impacts of rural to urban migration on society’s education. Therefore, for primary data collection, district Karak, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was selected as sampling region. The first-hand data was collected through face-to-face interview from 100 married male respondents having at least 35 years’ age. Findings show that majority respondents viewed that the rural to urban migration has made significant contributions in improving state of education in study area. This inter-geographical movement and migration initiate factors like community’s increasing demand for education, ensuring qualified teachers’ presence, emphasizing teachers’ regularity and punctuality, and hard work by teachers etc. It is recommended that the individuals, groups, and communities shall be given with exposure to academically advanced communities. | |
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| Keywords: | Rural, Urban, Migration, Education, Society, Community | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)11 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)11 | |
| Page Nos: | 125-138 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 11 | |
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Gender Role Conflict: Analysis of its Causes and Psychosocial Impacts on Females |
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| Abstract: | Every gender has the right of a fair level of free thinking and mental growth; however, it can be adversely affected by personality role conflict. This study has aim and concentration of analyzing psychosocial impacts of Gender Role Conflict (GRC) on personalities of females. Based on purposive selection, the literature is cited as secondary data source and respective textual analysis has been made. Theoretical universe for the study has been the female gender of society. The textual discussion was made for reaching the judgment. Conclusion of the study shows that GRC does adversely affect females’ personality psychosocially. It is recommended that the individuals shall be left free, within religio-ethical limits, to live their lives free and healthy as per their choice. Either in home or at office, women should be given advantage and flexibility in respect of their over-burdened and conflicting roles | |
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| Keywords: | Female, Gender Role Conflict (GRC), Psychological, Social Impact | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)12 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)12 | |
| Page Nos: | 139-152 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 12 | |
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Letter of Credit and its Significance in International Commerce |
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| Abstract: | In the world of commerce and trade, trust and confidence form the basis of transactions. However such confidence cannot be left at the discretion and conduct of the parties thereto. It necessarily requires a prudent device or mechanism to materialize the process aptly. The international trade requires a fair, safe and speedy system of delivery and payment as its necessity. The parties in business especially in international business are usually not known to one another and hardly come across. All the agreements between them may mainly be made electronically while sitting far apart. In order to achieve the goal, an instrument popularly called “Letter of Credit” came into existence and developed accordingly with the passage of time and needs of commerce. The said instrument ensures the delivery of goods or services as well as the payment in consideration there of safely and simultaneously. The corresponding banks act as agents for the respective parties and payments are release on production of original documents called Bills of lading which are generally negotiable and play a dynamic role in international trade and commerce. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the significance of the said instrument of documentary credit called letter of credit (L/C). | |
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| Keywords: | Possession, Negotiability, Documentary Credit, Guarantee | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)13 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)13 | |
| Page Nos: | 153-165 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 13 | |
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Effect of Classroom Management Strategies to Increase Motivation of Students with Learning Difficulties at Secondary Level |
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| Abstract: | The recent research study distillates on the exercise of motivational and classroom management schooling tactics in the government schools of Lahore, Pakistan. Motivation is important to achieve any goal in life; it is for teaching. And it is more important for students with learning difficulties. The method the instructor motivates students, and the way students are interested in learning is very important. The study focused on exploring the motivational and classroom management strategies, helpful to increase the motivation of students with learning difficulties, and to assess the outcome of these strategies on the academic achievement of learners. The present research study was conducted in five secondary and higher secondary level public schools involving 200 teachers and 500 students from class 9th and 10th as participants. This research study was quantitative in nature. Two questionnaires were developed and approved by experts in the field. The respondents’ responses were analyzed to draw conclusions. The findings of the study showed that it is academically beneficial for both high & low achievers in the classroom. The research suggests that in-service teachers should be given refresher courses so that, they can adapt helpful motivational and classroom management strategies. | |
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| Keywords: | Learning Difficulties, Management Strategies, Motivation, Secondary Level and Leadership Style | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)14 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)14 | |
| Page Nos: | 166-176 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 14 | |
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Impact of Politico-economic Changes on the Resettlement of Kharal Tribe in Punjab |
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| Abstract: | Punjab is in an exclusive location of south Asian region with reverence to its, administrative and Political history and its politico-economic system. The socio-political setup of Punjab has been matter to many ups and downs in the past. The impact of its historic contextual past on the features of population and their behavior requires not to be overlapped. The features and approach of population in Punjab, precisely economic and socio-political setup, either openly or indirectly is intensely interconnected to its long formed history. Economic activities and Social customs of the people of this area are interconnected with their traditionally earned traditions and behavior. It can be, therefore, valuable to have a brief analysis of a tribe of its historical background with its link to the Economic and political changes. The research work in this point is a serious effort to look in this regard with introduction of an important Kharal tribe of the Punjab region. | |
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| Keywords: | Kharal, Mughal, Politico-Economic, Punjab, Sikh | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)15 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)15 | |
| Page Nos: | 177-187 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 15 | |
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A Descriptive Analysis of Applied ESL Teaching Techniques: A Comparison between Public and Private Secondary Schools |
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| Abstract: | This article describes the existing English language teaching pedagogical interventions prevalent at randomly selected forty public and private sector secondary schools, eighty teachers and the classes they teach by administering two research tools namely questionnaire and classroom observation checklist which were piloted before administration. The results reflect the gap between perception and practices especially in the public sector schools where mother tongue is in vogue rather English to improve the language skills of the students whereas private sector schools go for using different pedagogical interventions along with technology to enhance the English language skills of the students. The study recommends that there must be a separate language teachers’ cadre in government sector and a responsible part be given to teachers training institutions so that proper English language teaching may be ensured and students may be able to get maximum benefit of the monitoring by those teachers training institutions | |
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| Keywords: | ESL, Pedagogical Interventions, Public and Private Secondary Schools, Urdu Language | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)16 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)16 | |
| Page Nos: | 188-200 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 16 | |
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From Divinity to Decoration: The Journey of Lotus Symbol in the Art of Subcontinent |
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| Abstract: | The importance of symbols in the art of Subcontinent is well-established in literature. As we move across cultural connotation of a symbol there is an intriguing shift depending upon the aesthetic use of the symbol. The paper focuses on the journey of lotus symbol in the art of Subcontinent. It maintains that the symbol has been used in the Subcontinent in two principal ways. One set of representations is loaded with spiritual connotations exemplified in Hindu and Buddhist architecture and sculpture. The other use is decorative and appears along with the arrival of the Muslims in the Subcontinent. In both cases there is a similarity in appearance but there is a clear difference in connotation that is endorsed by its position as an architectural element. The study highlights an important transition of a symbol in the art of Subcontinent through providing examples from the ancient, medieval and recent past. | |
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| Keywords: | Islamic Art, Lotus, Punjab, Symbolism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)17 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)17 | |
| Page Nos: | 201-225 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 17 | |
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International Media’s Take on Drone Strikes in Pakistan: Analysis of Newsweek, The Economist, and Time Magazines |
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| Abstract: | To evaluate the representation of Drone strikes in Pakistan by the international media, articles of the three prominent news magazines namely the Newsweek, The Economist, and the Time were analyzed during the year 2013. The analysis of these international mainstream magazines revealed that their attitude was hostile towards Pakistan and they were extremely critical of her Army and intelligence agencies. Newsweek also castigated Pakistan on her relations with the US. Newsweek goes to frame an opinion that if the drone attacks continue to net results, and minimize civilian casualties, there should not be a problem. The Economist also frames the stance in favor of USA to the extent by saying that a surprising number of Pakistanis are in favor of drone strikes as the drones do not kill many civilians and that the Pakistani government has given its secret blessing to the CIA program. | |
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| Keywords: | Drone Strikes, International Media, Newsweek, The Economist, Time Magazines | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)18 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)18 | |
| Page Nos: | 226-234 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 18 | |
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Regional Co-operation among SAARC States: Hindrances and Recommendations |
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| Abstract: | South Asia takes up a significant place in the global political scenario of today – being a turbulent region with a commonly shared cultural backdrop and a shared common political experience. It is one of the most complicated regions of the world with its multi-cultural, multi-ethnic communities and social divisions along with linguistic, regional, communal, political, religious and sectarian lines. These elements contribute an important role in creating differences and uniting the region in the same breath. One can therefore say that the ethnic or communal dimension of South Asian conflicts is well known. In the 21st century, the world saw the potential for state involvement as meetings, partnerships, and places, which changed the old definition of a sovereign state connecting to its limits. South Asia has the tremendous potential to cooperate economically, financially, socially, and energy-led. Still, the whole concept of involvement overshadows the numerous internal and external security problems in all accounts. Collaboration and protection inseparably linked in South Asian states, and neglecting to construct both would lead to the network's inability to take any possible action in the region. This paper investigates the riddle of the obstacle to any thought able course of action on availability by Pakistan and India's security elements. The historico-descriptive method of research is being used in this research paper. | |
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| Keywords: | India, Pakistan, SAARC, Security, South Asia, Terrorism | |
| DOI Number: | 10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)19 | Details Download |
| DOI Link: | http://doi.org/10.35484/pssr.2017(1-II)19 | |
| Page Nos: | 235-244 | |
| Volume & Issue: | v1-2 | |
| Article #: | 19 | |
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